The effect of Tenebrio molitor larva meal instead of fish meal on growth performance and feed efficiency in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding Nile tilapia juvenile (Oreochromis niloticus) with diets based on fish meal (FM) and Tenebrio molitor (TM) larvae meal on growth performance and feed efficiency. For this purpose, three diets were prepared: Control diet (FM); without T. molitor larvae meal, insect diet (TM); 100% of fish meal has been replaced by T. molitor larvae meal and mixture diet (FM/TM); 50% of FM has been replaced by T. molitor larvae meal. Each treatment was tested in three replications over a 46-day. In the experiment, 1-month-old Nile tilapia juveniles with an average weight of 0.12±0.001 g were used. At the end of the experiment, the best growth was in the FM group, followed by the TM group and FM/TM group, the differences being significant except for FM and TM groups (P<0.05). Weight gain was also in line with growth rates. The SGR was 5.35%, 5.27% and 5.21% in FM, TM and FM/TM groups, respectively, and The difference between FM and FM/TM groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The best FCR was in the FM group which was similar to TM diet (P<0.05). The worst FCR was in the group fed FM/TM diet with a significant difference from the other treatments. The PER changed between 0.87±0.07 and 1.42±0.04 with significant differences among the treatments. The survival rate was 100% in all groups. The data obtained showed that TM has the potential to be used as a protein source in diets of juvenile tilapia.

Keywords

• Nile tilapia juveniles
• Oreochromis niloticus
• Mealworm
• Growth

Jüvenil Nil tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) rasyonlarında balık unu yerine Tenebrio molitor larva ununun büyüme performansı ve yemden yararlanma üzerine etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Nil tilapiya yavrularının (Oreochromis niloticus) balık unu (FM) ve Tenebrio molitor (TM) larva unu bazlı diyetlerle beslenmesinin büyüme performansı ve yem verimliliği üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla üç diyet hazırlanmıştır: Kontrol diyeti (FM); T. molitor larva unu içermeyen, böcek diyeti (TM); balık ununun %100'ü T. molitor larva unu ile değiştirilmiş ve karışım diyeti (FM/TM); FM'nin %50'si T. molitor larva unu ile değiştirilmiştir. Deneme 46 gün boyunca üç tekrarlı olarak test edilmiştir. Denemede, ortalama ağırlığı 0.12±0,001 g olan 1 aylık Nil tilapiya yavruları kullanılmıştır. Deneyin sonunda, en iyi büyüme FM grubunda gerçekleşmiş, bunu TM grubu ve FM/TM grubu izlemiş, FM ve TM grupları dışındaki farklar önemli bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Ağırlık artışı da büyüme oranlarıyla uyumluydu. SGR değerleri uygulamalar arasında karşılaştırılabilirdi (P>0.05). SGR, FM, TM ve FM/TM gruplarında sırasıyla %5.35, %5.27 ve %5.21, ve FM ile FM/TM grupları arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (P<0,05). En iyi FCR, TM diyetine benzer olan FM grubunda tespit edilmiştir (P<0.05). En kötü FCR, diğer uygulamalardan önemli bir farkla FM/TM diyetiyle beslenen grupta görülmüştür. PER 0.87±0.07 ile 1.42±0.04 arasında değişmiş ve uygulamalar arasında önemli farklılıklar görülmüştür. Tüm gruplarda yaşama oranı %100 olmuştur. Elde edilen veriler, TM'nin protein kaynağı olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Nil tilapiya yavruları
• Oreochromis niloticus
• Unkurdu
• Büyüme

References

1. AOAC, (1995). Official methods of analysis (16th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
2. Azaza, M.S., Mensi, F., Ksouri, J., Dhraief, M.N., Brini, B., Abdelmouleh, A., Kraïem, M.M., (2008). Growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed with diets containing graded levels of green algae Ulva meal (Ulva rigida) reared in geothermal waters of southern Tunisia. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24: 202–207.
3. Barroso, F.G., de Haro, C., Sánchez-Muros, M.J., Venegas, E., Martínez Sánchez, A., Pérez-Bañón, C., (2014). The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture 422–423: 193–201.
4. Belforti, M., Gai, F., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., Malfatto, V., Rotolo, L., Marco, M.D., Dabbou, S., Schiavone, A., Zoccarato, I., Gasco, L., (2015). Tenebrio molitor meal in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets: Effects on Animal Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Chemical Composition of Fillets. Italian Journal of Animal Science 14: 670-676.
5. Cek, S., Turan, F., Atik, E., (2007a). Masculinization of convict cichlid (Cichlasomanigro fasciatum) by immersion in Tribulusterrestris extracts. Aquacult. Int.15: 109- 119.
6. Cek, S., Turan, F., Atik, E., (2007b). The effects of gokshura, Tribulusterrestris, on sex differentiation of guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10: 718-725.
7. Gasco, L., Belforti, M., Rotolo L., Lussiana, C., Parisi G., Terova G., Roncarati A., Gai, F., (2014). Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as a potential ingredient in practical diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Abstract book Conference “Insects to Feed The World” The Netherlands 14-17 May.
8. Gasco, L., Henry, M., Piccolo, G., Marono, S., Gai, F., Renna, M., Lussiana, C., Antonopoulou, E., Mola, P., Chatzifotis, S., (2016). Tenebrio molitor meal in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles: Growth performance, whole body composition and in vivo apparent digestibility. Animal Feed Science and Technology 220: 34-45.

9. Diab, A.S., Aly, S.M., John, G., Abde-hadi, Y., Mohammed, M.F., (2008). Effect of garlic black seed and blogen as immunostimulants on the growth andsurvival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae), and their response to artificial infection with Pseudomonas fluorescence. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 33: 63-68
10. Ergün, S., Soyutürk, M., Güroy, B., Güroy, D., Merrifield, D., (2009). Influence of Ulva meal on growth, feed utilization, and body composition of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at two levels of dietary lipid. Aquacult. Int. 17: 355–361. doi:10.1007/s10499-008-9207-5.
11. Finke, M.D., (2002). Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo. Biology 21: 269- 285.
12. Ghaly, AE., Alkoaik, FN. (2009). The yellow mealworm as a novel source of protein. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 4(4): 319-331.
13. Güroy, B.K., Cirik, Ş., Güroy, D., Sanver, F., Tekinay, A.A., (2007). Effects of Ulva rigida or Cystoseira barbata meals as a feed additive on growth performance, feed utilization, and body composition in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 31: 91–97
14. Henry, M., Gasco, L., Piccolo, G., Fountoulaki, E., (2015). Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: Past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology 203: 1–22.
15. Huang, Q., Hu, J., Zhou, D.G., Sun, L., Ruan, H.B., Wang, X.N., Chen, G., Zhu, T.H., Yang, C.P., Yang, W., (2011). Comparison of growth, development, survivorship and food utilization of two color yarieties of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 54(3): 286- 292.
16. Lange, K.W., Nakamura, Y., (2023). Potential contribution of edible insects to sustainable consumption and production. Frontiers in Sustainability, 4: 1-5.
17. Marco, M.D., Martínez, S., Hernandez, F., Madridb, J., Gai, F., Rotolo L., Belforti, M., Bergeroa, D., Katz, H., Dabboud, S., Kovitvadhi, A., Zoccarato, I., Gascoc, L., Schiavonea, A., (2015). Nutritional value of two insect larval meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens) for broiler chickens: Apparent nutrient digestibility, apparentileal amino acid digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. Animal Feed Science and Technology 209: 211– 218.
18. Ng, W.K., Liew, F.L., Ang, L.P., Wong, K.W., (2001). Potential Of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative protein source in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Research 32 (Suppl.1): 273-280.
19. NRC, (1993). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. National Academies Press, Washington D.C.
20. Özsoy, A.N., Gündoğdu, E., (2017). Tenebrio molitor L. (Un Kurdu)’ de Büyüme ve Gelişim Karakterlerine Ait Genetik Parametre Tahminleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 12(2): 90-99.
21. Odesanya, B.O., Ajayi, S.O., Agbaogun, B.K.O., Okuneye, B., (2011). Comparative evaluation of nutritive value of maggots. International Journal of Engineering Research 2: 1–5.
22. Ogunji, J., Toor, R.U.A.S., Schulz, C.. Kloas, W., (2008). Growth performance, nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticusfed housefly maggot meal (magmeal) diets. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 147: 141–147.
23. Piccolo, G., Iaconisi, V., Marono, S., Gasco, L., Loponte, R., Nizza, S., (2017). Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, in vivo nutrients digestibility, somatic and marketable indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 226: 12–20. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02. 007
24. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Gozález, E.A., Hernáz A.R.., Pino, J.M., (2002). Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Veterinary Entomology 95(1): 214-220.
25. Ravzanaadii, N., Kim, S.H., Choi, W.H., Hong, S.J., Kim, N.J. (2012). Nutritional value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor as food source. Int. J. Indust. Ent. 25(1): 93-98.
26. Roncarati, A., Gasco, L., Parisi, G., Terova, G., (2015). Growth performance of common catfish (Ameiurus melas Raf.) fingerlings fed mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) diet. J. Insects Food Feed. 1: 233-240.
27. Sánchez-Muros, M.J., De Haro, C., Sanz, A., Trendzado, C.E., Villareces, S., Barroso, F.G., (2016). Nutritional evaluation of Tenebrio molitorn meal as fishnmeal substitute for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet. Aquaculture Nutrition 22: 943-955.
28. Siemianowska, E., Kosewska, A., Aljewicz, M., Skibniewska, K., Polak, L., Jarocki, A., Jędras, M., (2013). Larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) as European novel food. Agricultural Sciences 4: 287-291.
29. Tacon, A.G.J., (1988). The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp - a training manual. 3. Feeding methods, FAO Field Document, Project GCP/RLA/075/ITA “Support to the Regional Aquaculture Activities for Latin America and the Caribbean”, Field Document No. 7/E, Brasilia, Brazil, 208 pp.
30. Tran, G., Heuzé, V., Makkar, H.P.S., (2015). Insects in fish diets. Animal Frontiers 5(2): 37–44. doi: 10.2527/af.2015-0018.
31. Tubin, J.S.B., Paiano, D., Hashimoto, G.S.O., Furtado, W.E., Martins, M,L., Durigon, E., Emerenciano, M.G.C., (2020). Tenebrio molitor meal in diets for Nile tilapia juveniles reared in biofloc system. Aquaculture, 519: 734763.
32. Turan, F., (2006). Improvement of growth performance in Tilpia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) by supplementation of red clover (Trifolium pratense) in diets. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 58: 34- 38.
33. Valente, L.M.P., Gouveia, A., Rema, P., Matos, J., Gomes, E.F., Pinto, I.S., (2006). Evaluation of three seaweeds Gracilaria bursapastoris, Ulva rigida and Gracilaria cornea as dietary ingredients in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles. Aquaculture 252: 85–91.
34. Wassef, E.A., El-Sayed, A.F.M., Kandeel, K.M., Sakr, E.M., (2005). Evaluation of Pterocla dia and Ulva meals as additives to gilthead seabream Sparus aurata diets. Egypt Journal of Aquatic Research 31: 321–332.
35. Yilmaz, E., Genc, M.A., Cek, S., Mazlum, Y., Genc, E., (2006). Effects of orally administered Ferula coskunli (Apiaceae) on growth, body composition and histology of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5: 1236-123