A new maximum length of the Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810 in the coastal waters of the Turkey

Abstract

A five years old male individual of Spicara flexuosa was captured by trammel nets on February 13, 2021, at 15 m depths from Black Sea region. The total length and weight were measured as 235 mm and 144.06 g. This specimen is the largest that has been reported in coastal waters of the Turkey. Some morphometric aspects of the sampled picarel were also given. The otolith weight was determined as 0.0563 g. Otolith length and width were measured as 8044.31 μm and 4596.48 μm, respectively. Further the abundance and distribution of S. flexuosa should be monitored in the Black Sea.

Keywords

• Maximum size
• Centracanthidae
• Picarel
• morphology
• Turkey

References

1. Affholder, M., Valiron, F., (2001). Descriptive Physical Oceanography, p. 564, Florida, CRC Press.
2. Algan, O., Gökaşan, E., Gazioğlu, C., Yücel, Z.Y., Alpar, B., Güneysu, C., Kirci, E., Demirel, S., Sarı, E., Ongan, D., (2002). A high-resolution seismic study in Sakarya Delta and submarine canyon, southern Black Sea shelf and submarine canyon, southern Black Sea shelf. Continental Shelf Research 22: 1511-1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00012-2
3. Altın, A., Ayyıldız, A., Kale, S., Alver, C., (2015). Length-weight relationships of forty-nine fish species from shallow waters of Gökçeada Island, northern Aegean Sea. Turkish Journal of Zoology 39(5): 971-975. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1412-15
4. Altınağaç, U., Kara, A., Özekinci, U., Ayaz, A., İşmen, A., Altın, A., Cenkmen, R.B., (2009). Selectivity of fishhooks used in blotched picarel (Spicara maena) in artisanal fishery in Dardanelles. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8: 1646-1652.
5. Aydın, M., (2015). A new fish species in the middle Black Sea coastal area; Serranus hepatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Yunus Research Bulletin 4: 45-48 (in Turkish). https://doi.org/10.17693/yunus.77673
6. Aydın, M., (2018a). Maximum length and age report of Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Black Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 34: 964-966. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13615
7. Aydın, M., (2018b). The new maximum length of the striped sea bream (Lithognathus mormyrus L., 1758) in the Black Sea region. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering 33(2): 50-52. https://doi.org/10.18864/ASE201808
8. Aydın, M., (2019). Maximum length and weight of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo Walbaum, 1792) for Black Sea and east Mediterranean Sea. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences 5(2):127-132.

9. Aydın, M., (2020). First report of Symphodus melops (Linnaeus, 1758) with maximum length in the Black Sea. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 9(2): 125-129. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.741985
10. Aydın, M., (2021). The maximum size and age of Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) in the world. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin In Press. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.830172
11. Aydın, M., Bodur, B., (2018). First record of the red-mouthed goby, Gobius cruentatus (Gobiidae) from the middle Black Sea coast. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences 4(1): 63-67.
12. Bektas, Y., Aksu, I., Kalayci, G., Irmak, E., Engin, S., Turan, D., (2018). Genetic differentiation of three Spicara (Pisces: Centracanthidae) species. S. maena. S. flexuosa and S. smaris: And intraspecific substructure of S. flexuosa in Turkish coastal waters. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 18(2): 301-311. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_09
13. Bilge, G., Yapıcı, S., Filiz, H., Cerim, H., (2014). Weight-length relations for 103 fish species from the southern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 44(3): 263-269. https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2014.44.3.11
14. Borges, L., (2001). A new maximum length for the snipefish Macrohamphosus scolopax. Cybium 25: 191-192.
15. Cengiz, Ö., (2019). Some reproductive characteristics of the blotched picarel Spicara maena (Perciformes: Centracanthidae) from Saros Bay, northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 54(2): 174-179. https://doi.org/10.22370/rbmo.2019. 54.2.1905
16. Çiçek, E., Avşar, D., Yeldan, H., Manaşırlı, M., (2007). Population characteristics and growth of Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting in Babadillimani Bight (Northeastern Mediterranean-Turkey). International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 1: 15-18. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.678829
17. Daban, İ.B., Arslan İhsanoğlu, M., İşmen, A., İnceoğlu, H., (2020). Length-weight relationships of 17 teleost fishes in the Marmara Sea, Turkey. KSU Journal of Aquaculture and Nature 23: 1245-1256. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.682467
18. Dalgıç, G., Ergün, İ.O., Onay, H., Ceylan, Y., (2021). Determination of some biological characteristics and population parameters of the blotched picarel (Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810) distributed in the Eastern Black Sea (Rize – Hopa). Marine Science and Technology Bulletin 10(2): 142-153. https://doi.org/10.33714/masteb.814299
19. Demirel, N., Murat Dalkara, E., (2012). Weight-length relationships of 28 fish species in the Sea of Marmara. Turkish Journal of Zoology 36: 785-791. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1111-29
20. Dulčić, J., Soldo, A., (2005). A new maximum length for the grey triggerfish, Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789 (Pisces: Balistidae) from the Adriatic Sea. Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries-Split Croatia 88: 1-7.
21. Dulčić, J., Soldo, A., (2006). A new maximum length for the garpike Belone belone (Belonidae). Cybium 30(4): 382. https://doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2006-304-012
22. Engin, S., Keskin, A.C., Akdemir, T., Seyhan, D., (2015). Occurrence and new geographical record of Striped seabream Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Turkish coast of Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 15: 937-940. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_4_18
23. Froese, R., Pauly, D., (2019). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (08/2019).
24. Gharaei, A., (2012). Morphometric and meristic studies of snow trout Schizothorax zarudnyi (Nikolskii, 1897) as a threatened endemic fish. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 4: 426-429. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2012.04.04.63123
25. Göktürk, D., Karakulak, F.S., Ünsal, N., Kahraman, A.E., (2012). A new record for occurrence of Symphodus bailloni (Osteichthyes: Perciformes: Labridae) in the western Black Sea coast of Turkey. The Scientific World Journal, 615318. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/615318
26. Gray, R., (2010). Undersea river discovered flowing on sea bed. The Telegraph, London. World Wide Web electronic publication. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/Huge-river-discovered-flowing-on-Black-Sea-bed/article16116408.ece
27. Gunderson, D.R., (1993). Surveys of Fisheries Resources, p. 256, New York, John Wiley.
28. Haşimoğlu, A., Ak, O., Kasapoğlu, N., Atılgan, E., (2016). New maximum length report of Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linneaus, 1758) in the Black Sea, Turkey. Journal Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 22(2): 149-154
29. Hossain, M.Y., Sayed, S.R.M., Mosaddequr Rahman, M., Ali, M.M., Hossen, M.A., Elgorban, A.M., Ahmed, Z.F., Ohtomi, J., (2015). Length-weight relationships of nine fish species from the Tetulia River, southern Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31(5): 967-969. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12823
30. İşmen, A., (1995). Growth, mortality and yield per recruit model of picarel (Spicara smaris L.) on the eastern Turkish Black Sea coast. Fisheries Research 22: 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(95)94955-P
31. İşmen, A., Özen, Ö., Altınağaç, U., Özekinci, U., Ayaz, A., (2007). Weight-length relationships of 63 fish species in Saros Bay, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23(6): 707-708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2007. 00872.x
32. Javor, B., Lo, N., Vetter, R., (2011). Otolith morphometrics and population structure of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) along the west coast of North America. Fishery Bulletin 109: 402-415.
33. Karakulak, F.S., Erk, H., Bilgin, B., (2006). Length-weight relationships for 47 coastal fish species from the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22(4): 274-278. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00736.x
34. Karakulak, F.S., Erk, H., (2008). Gill net and trammel net selectivity in the northern Aegean Sea, Turkey. Scientia Marina 72(3): 527-540.
35. Kıdeys, A.E., (2002). Ecology. Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem. Science’s Compass 297: 1482-1483. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073002
36. Kuzminova, N., Martemyanova, K., (2020). Distinctive features of species of spicara genus in Sevastopol coastal area. Eurasian Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 3: 189-194. https://doi.org/10.46239/ejbcs.736056
37. Mater, S., Malkav, S., Bayhan, B., (2001). Investigation of the biological features of the picarel (Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque. 1810) distributing in Izmir Bay. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 8(1-2): 25-32.
38. Navarro, M.R., Villamor, B., Myklevoll, S., Gil, J., Abaunza, P., Canoura, J., (2012). Maximum size of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias) in the Northeast Atlantic. Cybium 36: 406-408.
39. Oral, M., Bat, L., Uysal, İ., (2013). Species Sheets Part VI. Fish. (B, Öztürk, M. Oral, B. Topaloğlu, L. Bat, E.Ş. Okudan Arslan et al., eds), Red Data Book Black Sea, Turkey, p. 118-283, İstanbul, Turkish Research Foundation (TUDAV).
40. Özvarol, Y., (2014). Length–weight relationships of 14 fish species from the Gulf of Antalya (northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology 38: 342-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1308-44
41. Pauly, D., (1980). On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters, and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. ICES journal of Marine Science 39: 175-192.
42. Pollard, D., Carpenter, K.E., Russell, B., (2014). Spicara maena. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014, e.T170280A1307759.
43. Richter, H., Lückstadt, C., Focken, U., Becker, K., (2000). An improved procedure to assess fish condition on the basis of length-weight relationships. Archive of Fishery and Marine Research 48(2): 255-264.
44. Ross, D.S., Hüssy, K., (2013). A reliable method for ageing of whiting (Merlangius merlangus) for use in stock assessment and management. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 29: 825-832. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12204
45. Saygılı, B., İşmen, A., İhsanoğlu, M.A., (2016). Age and growth of blotched picarel (Spicara maena Linnaeus, 1758) in the Sea of Marmara and northern Aegean Sea. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 33(2): 143-149. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2016.33.2.08
46. Sever, T.M., (2019). Diet composition of the blotched picarel Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque. 1810 (Actinopterygii: Sparidae) from the Aegean Sea. Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 71(4): 581-588.
47. Soykan, O., İlkyaz, A.T., Metin, G., Kınacıgil, H.T., (2010). Growth and reproduction of blotched picarel (Spicara maena Linnaeus, 1758) in the central Aegean Sea, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 34: 453-459. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-0903-29
48. Stanchev, H., Palazov, A., Stanceva, M., Apostolov, A., (2011). Determination of the Black Sea area and coastline length using GIS methods and landsat 7 Ssatellite images. Geo-Eco-Marina 17: 27-31.
49. Sümer, Ç., Bilgin, S., Bektaş, S., Satılmış, H.H., (2016). About the record of the black-bellied angler, Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807, from Sinop Coast in the Black Sea, Turkey. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 57(2): 167-170. https://doi.org/10.21411/CBM.A.AFDD5978
50. Şahin, T., Genç, Y., (1999). Some biological characteristics of picarel (Spicara smaris, Linnaeus 1758) in the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23(1): 149-155.
51. Topçu, E.N., Öztürk, B., (2010). Abundance and composition of solid waste materials on the western part of the Turkish Black Sea seabed. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13(3): 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.503684
52. Tortonese, E., (1986). Centracanthidae. (P.J.P. Whitehead, M.L. Bauchot, J.C. Hureau, J. Nielsen & E. Tortonese, eds), Fish of the North-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean, p. 908-911, Paris, UNESCO.
53. Turan, C., (2011). The systematic status of the Mediterranean spicara species (Centracanthidae) inferred from mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequence and morphological data. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 17(1): 14-31.
54. Turan, C., Erguden, D. Gürlek, M., (2016). Climate change and biodiversity effects in Turkish Seas. Natural and Engineering Sciences 1(2): 15-24. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.286240
55. Turan, C., Gürlek, M., Özeren, A., Doğdu, S.A., (2017). First indo-pacific fish species from the Black Sea coast of Turkey: Shrimp scad Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775) (Carangidae). Natural and Engineering Sciences 2(3): 149-157. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.358911
56. Uras, A., (2006). Coasts and Seas. (G. Eken, M. Bozdoğan, S. İsfendiyaroğlu, D.T. Kılıç & Y, Lise, eds), Turkey's Key Biodiversity Areas (in Turkish), p. 44-46, Ankara, Doğa Derneği.
57. Van der Voo, R., (1990). The reliability of paleomagnetic data. Tectonophysics 184: 1-9.
58. Yankova, M., Pavlov, D., Ivanova, P., Karpova, E., Boltachev, A., Bat, L., Oral, M., Mgeladze, M., (2013). Annotated check list of the non˗native fish species (Pisces) of the Black Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment 19(2): 247-255.
59. Zengin, M., (2019). A general approach to centurial history of Turkish Black Sea fisheries. The Journal of Institute of Black Sea Studies 5(7): 31-67 (in Turkish). https://doi.org/10.31765/karen.584037