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ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER IŞIĞINDA CAMIN TARİHSEL SÜRECİ

Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 67 - 91, 10.01.2017

Abstract

Cam, tarih boyunca bazen bir
boncuk bazen bir kap formu bazen ise pencere camı olmak üzere birçok çeşitli
formda karşımıza çıkmıştır. En erken örneklerine seramikler üzerindeki sırlama
ile rastladığımız camı daha sonraları ise kullanım eşyası olarak görmekteyiz.
MÖ. 3. binlerin sonuna doğru boncuk yapımında kullanılan cam olasılıkla bu
dönemlerde pişmiş toprak boncuklara bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.
Camın bir kap formu olarak en erken örnekleri ise Tell Alalakh Yerleşimi’nde
MÖ. 14. yüzyıla tarihlenen tabakalarda ele geçmiştir. Camın önemli bir madde
olarak Tunç Çağı’ndaki ticarette kullanıldığının en büyük kanıtı MÖ. 14.
yüzyılın sonlarına tarihlenen Uluburun Batığı’dır. Cam, MÖ. 12. yüzyıldan MÖ.
8. Yüzyıla kadar çok nadir olarak karşımıza çıksa da MÖ. 8. yüzyılla birlikte
tekrar yaygınlaşmaya başlayacaktır. MÖ. 5. yüzyılda ise özgün biçimlerde ve
süslemelerle Akhaemenid egemenlik altındaki tüm topraklarda görülmektedir.
Yazılı ve arkeolojik veriler üretimin tarihsel süreç içerisinde giderek
arttığını göstermektedir. Özellikle Roma Dönemi’nde serbest üfleme tekniğinin
keşfi ile birlikte toplumun her kesimince kullanılan cam, günlük yaşamda sıkça karşılaşılan
bir malzeme haline gelmiştir.

References

  • Aristophanes, Acharnians, çev. C. E. Graves, M. A., Cambridge, 1905.
  • Petronius Arbiter, The Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, çev. W. C. Firebaugh, 2006.
  • Plinius, Natural History, çev. Healy, J. F., 1991, London.
  • Archibald, Z. H., “Contacts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Black Sea in the Early Hellenistic Age”, Black Sea Studies 6, 2007, s. 253-272.
  • Bakır, T., “Daskyleion’da Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı ve Tahribat”, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Dergisi, 369, 1993, s. 291-295.
  • Barag, D., Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Volume I, London, 1985.
  • Bass, G. F. – Peter Throckmorton – Joan Du Plat Taylor – J. B. Hennessy – Alan R. Shulman – Hans-Günter Buchholz, “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 57 (8), Texas, 1967, s. 1-177.
  • __________, “The Uluburun Shipwreck”, KST VII, 1985, s. 619-635.
  • __________, “Excavations At Ulu Burun (Kaş): 1986 Campaign”, KST IX, 1986, s. 371-388.
  • __________, Su Altında Arkeoloji; Bir Arkeoloğun Türkiye Macerası, İstanbul, 2003.
  • Cooney, J. D., Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum, IV. Glass, London, 1976.
  • Curtis, J., “The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq”, Colloque L’Archéologie de l’empire Achéménide, Collège de France, 21-22 Novembre, Paris, 2003, Paris, 2004, s. 1-20.
  • Coşkun, Y., “Cam Hamuru Fayans”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu. Arşivleri, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Dergisi (Emin Bilgiç Anı Kitabı) 3, Ankara, 1997, s. 67-73.
  • Çınardal-Karaaslan, N., “Panaztepe: Geç Tunç Çağı Boncuk Üretimi ile İlgili Bir Çalışma”, Anadolu 38, 2012, s. 67-87.
  • Dardeniz, G., “Cam Üretmek ve/veya Cam İşlemek: Anadolu’da Geç Tunç Çağı Verilerinin Bilimsel ve Arkeolojik Olarak Gözden Geçirilmesi”, 31. Arkeometri Toplantısı, 2016, 147-158.
  • Erten, E. Y., Early Ancient Glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey”, Annales of the 18th. Congress of the International Associations for the History of Glass, Antwerp, 2009, s. 33-37.
  • __________, İ.Ö. İkinci Binde Anadoluda Cam”, OLBA, I, 1998, s. 29-44.
  • __________, “Anadolu’da Roma Camcılığında Küresel Gövdeli Sürahiler”, OLBA, III, 2000, s. 171-179.
  • __________, “Glass in Hittites”, V. International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, 2002, s. 319-329.
  • __________, “Anadolu’dan Örneklerle Demir Çağı’nda Cam”, OLBA IX, 2004, s. 95-110.
  • __________, “Camcılık Tarihinde Üretim ve Kullanım Kavramları”, Seres-III. Uluslararası Katılımlı Seramik, Cam, Emaye, Sır ve Boya Semineri, Eskişehir, 2005, s. 99-107.
  • Fossing, P., “Drinking Bowls of Glass and Metal from the Achaemenian Time”, Berytus IV, 1937.s.121-129.
  • Grose, D. F., The Toledo Museum of Art Early Ancient Glass Core Formed, Rod-Formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 Bc to Ad 50, New York, 1989.
  • Gürler, B., Tire Müzesi Cam Eserleri, Ankara, 2000.
  • HARDEN, D. B., “Ancient Glass I. Pre Roman”, The Archaeology Journal, CXXV, 1968, s. 46-72.
  • Hasdağlı, İ., “Late Classical Kantharoi from Klazomenai’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 65, 2015, 83-127.
  • Higgins, R. A., Greek and Roman Jewelry, University of California Press, 1980.
  • Ignatiadou, D, “Three Cast-glass Vessels from a Macedonian Tomb in Pydna”, Annales du 14e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s.35-38.
  • ___________, “Colorless Glass in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Macedonia”, Journal of Glass Studies 44, 2002, s. 11-24.
  • ___________, “Achaemenid and Greek Colourless Glass”, The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East, London, 2005, s. 419-426.
  • ___________, “Psychotropic Plants on Achaemenid-style Vases”, M. R. Darbandi – A. Zournatzi (eds.), Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross-cultural Encounters, Atina, 2006, s. 327-337.
  • Jones, J. D., “Glass Vessels from Gordion Trade and Influence Along the Royal Road”, The Archaeology of Midas and The Phrygians, Recent Work at Gordion, Philadelphia, 2005, s. 101-116.
  • __________, “Did the Phrygians Make Glass? Sources of Moulded Glass at Iron Age and Hellenistic Gordion”, Annales of the 17e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Antwerp 3-10 septembre 2006, Antwerp, 2009, s. 21-26.
  • Kohler, E. L, The Gordion Excavations, 1950-1973, Final Reports Volume II: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli, Part 1: The Inhumations, Philadelphia, 1995. Lamb, A., “Old Middle Eastern Glass in the Malay Peninsula”, Artibus Asiae Supplementum 23, 1966, s. 74-88.
  • Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, New York, 1853.
  • Lazar, I., “An Oil Lamp Depicting a Roman Glass Furnace - A New Find from Slovenia”, In Instrumentum 22, Slovenia, 2005, s. 17-19.
  • Lightfood, C., Afyon Müzesi Cam Eserler Koleksiyonu - A Catalog of Glass Vessels in Afyon Museum, BAR. International Series 530, 1989.
  • ___________, “Glass in the Iron Age”, A. Çilingiroğlu – D. French (eds.), Anatolian Iron Ages, Oxbow Monograph 13, Oxford, 1991, s. 67-74.
  • Lightfood, C. – M. Arslan, Anadolu Antik Camları; Yüksel Erimtan Koleksiyonu= Ancient Glass of Asia Minor; Yüksel Erimtan Collection, Ankara, 1997.
  • Matsumara, K., “Analysis of Glass Artifacts Found in 16th Century BC Layer from Büklükale, Turkey – The Oldest Glass Vessel in the Near East”, 20e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Fribourg-Swiss, 2015. Forthcoming.
  • Moran, W. L., The Amarna Letters, Baltimore, 1992.
  • Moorey, P. R. S., Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence, Oxford, 1994.
  • Nicholson, P. T., “Glass and Faience Production Sites in New Kingdom Egypt: A Review of the Evidence”, C. M. Jackson – E. C. Wager (eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 9), Oxford, 2008, s. 1-13.
  • Nightingale, G., “Mycenaean Glass Beads: Jevellery and Desing”, Annales du 14e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s. 6-10.
  • Oates, J. – D. Oates, Nimrud an Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London, 2001.
  • Oliver, Jr. A., “Persian Export Glass”, Journal of Glass Studies 12, 1970, s. 9-16.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., “Towards a History of Glass in the Ancient Near East”, JAOS 93, 1973, s. 259-266.
  • Oppenheim, A. L. – R. H. Brill – D. Barag – A. von Saldern, Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, New York, 1970.
  • Özet, A., “Arkaik ve Hellenistik Dönemlerin Cam Alabastron ve Amphoriskosları”, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 1986 Yıllığı, Ankara, 1987, s. 81-95.
  • ________, “Ankara Anadolu Müzesi Cam Örnekleri ile Antik Çağda Cam Yapımı”, Belleten 51, 1987, s. 592,593.
  • Özgümüş, Ü., Anadolu Camcılığı, İstanbul, 2000.
  • Paspalas, A., “A Persianising Cup from Lydia”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19 (2), 2000, s. 135-174.
  • Pulak, C., “The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign”, American Journal of Archaeology 92, 1988, s. 1-37.
  • Reade, W. J. – D. J. Jones – K. Privat, “Iron Age and Hellenistic Monochrome Glasses from Gordion”, D. Ignatiadou – A. Antonaras (eds.), Annales du 18e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki 2009, Selanik, 2012, s. 81-86.
  • Rehren, T. – L. Spencer – P. Triantafyllidis, “The Primary Production of Glass at Hellenistic Rhodes”, H. Cool (ed.), Annales du 16e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, London 2003, Nothingham, 2005, s. 39-43.
  • Reuther, O., Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes), WVDOG 47 Leipzig, 1926.
  • Schmidt, E. F., Persepolis II. Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries, Chicago, 2010.
  • Shortland, A. J., “Who Were The Glassmakers? Status, Theory and Method in Mid-Second Millennium Glass Production”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26 (3), 2007, s. 261-267.
  • Slayman, A. L., “Roman Trade With the Canary Islands”, Archeology/Newsbriefs, A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America, Vol.50 Number 3, May/June 1997, s. 22.
  • Starr, C. G., Antik Çağda Deniz Gücü, (çev: Gürkan Ergin), İstanbul, 2000.
  • Stern, E. M., “Ancient Glass in Athenian Temple Treassures” Journal of Glass Studies 41, 1999, s. 19-50.
  • __________, Roman Mold-Blown Glass: The First through Sixth Centuries, Roma, 1995.
  • __________, Early Exports beyond the Empire”, Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention, 1991, s. 141-154.
  • Stern, E. M. – N. B. Schlick, Early Glass of the Ancient World 1600 BC-AD 50: Ernesto Wolf Collection, New York & London, 1994.
  • Taştemür, E., Klaros Cam Eserleri, Trakya Üniversitesi-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Edirne, 2007.
  • ___________, MÖ. 7. Yüzyıldan 4. Yüzyıla Cam Kaseler, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul, 2013.
  • Triantafyllidis, P., “New Evidence of the Glass Manufacture in Classical and Hellenistic Rhodes”, Annales du 14e Congres de l’ Association International pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s. 30-34.U
  • ______________, Ροδιακή Υα λουργία Ι. Τα εν θερμώ διαμορφωμένα διαφανή αγγεία πολυτελείας. Οι κλασικοί και οι πρώιμοι ελληνιστικοί χρόνοι, Athens , 2000.
  • ______________, “Early Core-Formed Glass from a Tomb at Ialysos, Rhodes”, Journal of Glass Studies 51, 2009, s. 26-39.
  • ______________, “A Mesopotamian Core-Formed Bottle from Spaliareika at Lousika in Achaia, Greece”, Journal of Glass Studies 51, 2009, s. 217-219.
  • Vermeule, E. T., “A Mycenaean Jeweler’s Mold”, BMFA LXV, 1967, s. 19-31.
  • Von Saldern, A., “Glass Finds at Gordion”, Journal of Glass Studies 1, 1959, s. 22-49.
  • _____________, “Two Achaemenid Glass Bowls and a Hoard of Hellenistic Glass Vessels”, Journal of Glass Studies 17, 1975, s. 37-46.
  • Weinberg, D. G.–E. M. Stern, Vessel Glass, The Athenian Agora 34, Princeton, 2009.
  • Yalç ın,Ü . – C. Pulak – R. Slotta, Das Schiff von Uluburun, Bochum, 2005.
Year 2017, Volume: 7 Issue: 13, 67 - 91, 10.01.2017

Abstract

References

  • Aristophanes, Acharnians, çev. C. E. Graves, M. A., Cambridge, 1905.
  • Petronius Arbiter, The Satyricon of Petronius Arbiter, çev. W. C. Firebaugh, 2006.
  • Plinius, Natural History, çev. Healy, J. F., 1991, London.
  • Archibald, Z. H., “Contacts between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Black Sea in the Early Hellenistic Age”, Black Sea Studies 6, 2007, s. 253-272.
  • Bakır, T., “Daskyleion’da Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı ve Tahribat”, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Dergisi, 369, 1993, s. 291-295.
  • Barag, D., Catalogue of Western Asiatic Glass in the British Museum, Volume I, London, 1985.
  • Bass, G. F. – Peter Throckmorton – Joan Du Plat Taylor – J. B. Hennessy – Alan R. Shulman – Hans-Günter Buchholz, “Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 57 (8), Texas, 1967, s. 1-177.
  • __________, “The Uluburun Shipwreck”, KST VII, 1985, s. 619-635.
  • __________, “Excavations At Ulu Burun (Kaş): 1986 Campaign”, KST IX, 1986, s. 371-388.
  • __________, Su Altında Arkeoloji; Bir Arkeoloğun Türkiye Macerası, İstanbul, 2003.
  • Cooney, J. D., Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum, IV. Glass, London, 1976.
  • Curtis, J., “The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq”, Colloque L’Archéologie de l’empire Achéménide, Collège de France, 21-22 Novembre, Paris, 2003, Paris, 2004, s. 1-20.
  • Coşkun, Y., “Cam Hamuru Fayans”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu. Arşivleri, Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Dergisi (Emin Bilgiç Anı Kitabı) 3, Ankara, 1997, s. 67-73.
  • Çınardal-Karaaslan, N., “Panaztepe: Geç Tunç Çağı Boncuk Üretimi ile İlgili Bir Çalışma”, Anadolu 38, 2012, s. 67-87.
  • Dardeniz, G., “Cam Üretmek ve/veya Cam İşlemek: Anadolu’da Geç Tunç Çağı Verilerinin Bilimsel ve Arkeolojik Olarak Gözden Geçirilmesi”, 31. Arkeometri Toplantısı, 2016, 147-158.
  • Erten, E. Y., Early Ancient Glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey”, Annales of the 18th. Congress of the International Associations for the History of Glass, Antwerp, 2009, s. 33-37.
  • __________, İ.Ö. İkinci Binde Anadoluda Cam”, OLBA, I, 1998, s. 29-44.
  • __________, “Anadolu’da Roma Camcılığında Küresel Gövdeli Sürahiler”, OLBA, III, 2000, s. 171-179.
  • __________, “Glass in Hittites”, V. International Congress of Hittitology, Çorum, 2002, s. 319-329.
  • __________, “Anadolu’dan Örneklerle Demir Çağı’nda Cam”, OLBA IX, 2004, s. 95-110.
  • __________, “Camcılık Tarihinde Üretim ve Kullanım Kavramları”, Seres-III. Uluslararası Katılımlı Seramik, Cam, Emaye, Sır ve Boya Semineri, Eskişehir, 2005, s. 99-107.
  • Fossing, P., “Drinking Bowls of Glass and Metal from the Achaemenian Time”, Berytus IV, 1937.s.121-129.
  • Grose, D. F., The Toledo Museum of Art Early Ancient Glass Core Formed, Rod-Formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 Bc to Ad 50, New York, 1989.
  • Gürler, B., Tire Müzesi Cam Eserleri, Ankara, 2000.
  • HARDEN, D. B., “Ancient Glass I. Pre Roman”, The Archaeology Journal, CXXV, 1968, s. 46-72.
  • Hasdağlı, İ., “Late Classical Kantharoi from Klazomenai’, Istanbuler Mitteilungen 65, 2015, 83-127.
  • Higgins, R. A., Greek and Roman Jewelry, University of California Press, 1980.
  • Ignatiadou, D, “Three Cast-glass Vessels from a Macedonian Tomb in Pydna”, Annales du 14e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s.35-38.
  • ___________, “Colorless Glass in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Macedonia”, Journal of Glass Studies 44, 2002, s. 11-24.
  • ___________, “Achaemenid and Greek Colourless Glass”, The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East, London, 2005, s. 419-426.
  • ___________, “Psychotropic Plants on Achaemenid-style Vases”, M. R. Darbandi – A. Zournatzi (eds.), Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross-cultural Encounters, Atina, 2006, s. 327-337.
  • Jones, J. D., “Glass Vessels from Gordion Trade and Influence Along the Royal Road”, The Archaeology of Midas and The Phrygians, Recent Work at Gordion, Philadelphia, 2005, s. 101-116.
  • __________, “Did the Phrygians Make Glass? Sources of Moulded Glass at Iron Age and Hellenistic Gordion”, Annales of the 17e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Antwerp 3-10 septembre 2006, Antwerp, 2009, s. 21-26.
  • Kohler, E. L, The Gordion Excavations, 1950-1973, Final Reports Volume II: The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli, Part 1: The Inhumations, Philadelphia, 1995. Lamb, A., “Old Middle Eastern Glass in the Malay Peninsula”, Artibus Asiae Supplementum 23, 1966, s. 74-88.
  • Layard, A. H., Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, New York, 1853.
  • Lazar, I., “An Oil Lamp Depicting a Roman Glass Furnace - A New Find from Slovenia”, In Instrumentum 22, Slovenia, 2005, s. 17-19.
  • Lightfood, C., Afyon Müzesi Cam Eserler Koleksiyonu - A Catalog of Glass Vessels in Afyon Museum, BAR. International Series 530, 1989.
  • ___________, “Glass in the Iron Age”, A. Çilingiroğlu – D. French (eds.), Anatolian Iron Ages, Oxbow Monograph 13, Oxford, 1991, s. 67-74.
  • Lightfood, C. – M. Arslan, Anadolu Antik Camları; Yüksel Erimtan Koleksiyonu= Ancient Glass of Asia Minor; Yüksel Erimtan Collection, Ankara, 1997.
  • Matsumara, K., “Analysis of Glass Artifacts Found in 16th Century BC Layer from Büklükale, Turkey – The Oldest Glass Vessel in the Near East”, 20e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Fribourg-Swiss, 2015. Forthcoming.
  • Moran, W. L., The Amarna Letters, Baltimore, 1992.
  • Moorey, P. R. S., Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence, Oxford, 1994.
  • Nicholson, P. T., “Glass and Faience Production Sites in New Kingdom Egypt: A Review of the Evidence”, C. M. Jackson – E. C. Wager (eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 9), Oxford, 2008, s. 1-13.
  • Nightingale, G., “Mycenaean Glass Beads: Jevellery and Desing”, Annales du 14e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s. 6-10.
  • Oates, J. – D. Oates, Nimrud an Assyrian Imperial City Revealed, London, 2001.
  • Oliver, Jr. A., “Persian Export Glass”, Journal of Glass Studies 12, 1970, s. 9-16.
  • Oppenheim, A. L., “Towards a History of Glass in the Ancient Near East”, JAOS 93, 1973, s. 259-266.
  • Oppenheim, A. L. – R. H. Brill – D. Barag – A. von Saldern, Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, New York, 1970.
  • Özet, A., “Arkaik ve Hellenistik Dönemlerin Cam Alabastron ve Amphoriskosları”, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 1986 Yıllığı, Ankara, 1987, s. 81-95.
  • ________, “Ankara Anadolu Müzesi Cam Örnekleri ile Antik Çağda Cam Yapımı”, Belleten 51, 1987, s. 592,593.
  • Özgümüş, Ü., Anadolu Camcılığı, İstanbul, 2000.
  • Paspalas, A., “A Persianising Cup from Lydia”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 19 (2), 2000, s. 135-174.
  • Pulak, C., “The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign”, American Journal of Archaeology 92, 1988, s. 1-37.
  • Reade, W. J. – D. J. Jones – K. Privat, “Iron Age and Hellenistic Monochrome Glasses from Gordion”, D. Ignatiadou – A. Antonaras (eds.), Annales du 18e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, Thessaloniki 2009, Selanik, 2012, s. 81-86.
  • Rehren, T. – L. Spencer – P. Triantafyllidis, “The Primary Production of Glass at Hellenistic Rhodes”, H. Cool (ed.), Annales du 16e Congres de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du Verre, London 2003, Nothingham, 2005, s. 39-43.
  • Reuther, O., Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes), WVDOG 47 Leipzig, 1926.
  • Schmidt, E. F., Persepolis II. Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries, Chicago, 2010.
  • Shortland, A. J., “Who Were The Glassmakers? Status, Theory and Method in Mid-Second Millennium Glass Production”, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 26 (3), 2007, s. 261-267.
  • Slayman, A. L., “Roman Trade With the Canary Islands”, Archeology/Newsbriefs, A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America, Vol.50 Number 3, May/June 1997, s. 22.
  • Starr, C. G., Antik Çağda Deniz Gücü, (çev: Gürkan Ergin), İstanbul, 2000.
  • Stern, E. M., “Ancient Glass in Athenian Temple Treassures” Journal of Glass Studies 41, 1999, s. 19-50.
  • __________, Roman Mold-Blown Glass: The First through Sixth Centuries, Roma, 1995.
  • __________, Early Exports beyond the Empire”, Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention, 1991, s. 141-154.
  • Stern, E. M. – N. B. Schlick, Early Glass of the Ancient World 1600 BC-AD 50: Ernesto Wolf Collection, New York & London, 1994.
  • Taştemür, E., Klaros Cam Eserleri, Trakya Üniversitesi-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Edirne, 2007.
  • ___________, MÖ. 7. Yüzyıldan 4. Yüzyıla Cam Kaseler, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul, 2013.
  • Triantafyllidis, P., “New Evidence of the Glass Manufacture in Classical and Hellenistic Rhodes”, Annales du 14e Congres de l’ Association International pour l’Histoire du Verre, Venice-Milano 1998, Lochem, 2000, s. 30-34.U
  • ______________, Ροδιακή Υα λουργία Ι. Τα εν θερμώ διαμορφωμένα διαφανή αγγεία πολυτελείας. Οι κλασικοί και οι πρώιμοι ελληνιστικοί χρόνοι, Athens , 2000.
  • ______________, “Early Core-Formed Glass from a Tomb at Ialysos, Rhodes”, Journal of Glass Studies 51, 2009, s. 26-39.
  • ______________, “A Mesopotamian Core-Formed Bottle from Spaliareika at Lousika in Achaia, Greece”, Journal of Glass Studies 51, 2009, s. 217-219.
  • Vermeule, E. T., “A Mycenaean Jeweler’s Mold”, BMFA LXV, 1967, s. 19-31.
  • Von Saldern, A., “Glass Finds at Gordion”, Journal of Glass Studies 1, 1959, s. 22-49.
  • _____________, “Two Achaemenid Glass Bowls and a Hoard of Hellenistic Glass Vessels”, Journal of Glass Studies 17, 1975, s. 37-46.
  • Weinberg, D. G.–E. M. Stern, Vessel Glass, The Athenian Agora 34, Princeton, 2009.
  • Yalç ın,Ü . – C. Pulak – R. Slotta, Das Schiff von Uluburun, Bochum, 2005.
There are 75 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Emre Taştemür

Publication Date January 10, 2017
Submission Date October 10, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 7 Issue: 13

Cite

APA Taştemür, E. (2017). ARKEOLOJİK VERİLER IŞIĞINDA CAMIN TARİHSEL SÜRECİ. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(13), 67-91.