Bizans Sanatı’nda Alegorik Bir Figür: Hades

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 21, 149 - 181, 29.01.2021

İlkgül Kaya Zenbilci

https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.806967

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Bizans Sanatı’nda alegorik bir figür olarak beliren Hades’in ikonografisi, kanonik, apokrif ve edebî kaynaklar ışığında ele alınmaktadır. Antik dönem görsel ve edebî kaynaklarına dayalı “kült”ünden tanınan, yer altının -veya ölüler ülkesinin- tanrısı Hades’in Orta Çağ’da süren efsanevi varlığı, ölüm temasının ve cehennemin alegorik bir görüntüsü olarak Bizans tasvirlerinde kendine yer bulmuştur. Hades’in alegorik imgesi, Septuagint’i temel alan Mezmurlar Kitabı’nın 9. yüzyıl ve sonrasına ait resimli kopyalarında pek çok marj resminde karşımıza çıkar. Bu resimler mezmur dizeleri ile ilişkilendirilmiştir ve aynı zamanda belli ayinlerde (orthros, hespera vs.) okunacak mezmurlar için bir tür işaretçi görevi görmüştür. El yazmalarında Hades, günahkârların kabul edilmesi, Lazarus’un diriltilmesi, Anastasis gibi bilindik konulara ek olarak, Barlaam ve Ioasaphat’ın Vita’sındaki hikâyeler gibi, Bizans yazınından seçilen farklı konular içinde de tasvir edilmiştir. Kimi zaman mezmur metinlerindeki kavramsal anlam, içinde Hades’in ve ölülerin yer aldığı sahneler yardımıyla açıklanmıştır. Bu sahnelerdeki figürler günahkârları, Hades ise günahkâr ruhları kucağında tutarak cehennemi temsil eder. Bizans kilise resim programında Hades yalnızca Anastasis sahnesinde görülür. Ancak Hades figür olarak, Anastasis’te her zaman Âdem, Havva ve kral peygamberler Davud ile Süleyman gibi geleneksel bir öge değildir. Tasvirlerde, Hades’in belli bir standart görüntüsü olmasa da onun pagan, günahkâr ve korkunç yönüne vurgu yapılır.

Keywords

Bizans Sanatı, ikonografi, Hades, Anastasis, Alegori

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Thanks

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An Allegorical Figure in Byzantine Art: Hades

Abstract

This study discusses the iconography of Hades, who appears as an allegorical figure in Byzantine Art, in the light of canonical, apocryphal and literary sources. The god of the underworld -or the land of the dead- known from his ancient “cult” based on depictions and literary sources, Hades and his legendary existence in the Middle Ages has found its place as an allegorical image of the theme of death and hell in Byzantine depictions. The allegorical image of Hades in Byzantine Art appears in many marginal illuminations in the copies of Psalterium -based on the Septuagint- from the 9th century and later. Byzantine marginal illuminations are associated with the psalm verses and also serve as a kind of marker for particular verses to be sung at certain service (orthros, vespers etc.) in Byzantine liturgy. In the manuscripts, Hades is depicted in different scenes sourced from Byzantine literature, such as the stories in Barlaam and Ioasaphat’s Vita, in addition to familiar subjects such as Hades receiving sinners, the raising of Lazarus, and the Anastasis. Sometimes the conceptual meaning in a psalm verse is explained with the help of scenes including Hades and the dead. The figures in these scenes represent sinners, while Hades symbolises Hell, holding the sinners in his arms. In the Byzantine church painting program, Hades appears only in the Anastasis stage. However, Hades as a figure is not always a traditional component in the Anastasis, contrary to Adam, Eve and the king prophets, David and Solomon. Although there is no certain standard type of Hades’s image in the depictions, it is emphasized that the figure is a pagan and he has a sinful, threatening and terrible nature.

Keywords

Byzantine Art, iconography, Hades, Anastasis, allegory

Project Number

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