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Spectral Dialogues: Unveiling Histories of Injustice in Pedro Paramo Through Lyotard’s “Differend” and Derrida’s “Hauntology”

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 29, 225 - 241
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1514447

Abstract

This study investigates the spectral presence of the past in the contemporary world of Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo (1955) through theoretical framework of Lyotard’s concept of “differend” and Derrida’s “hauntology”. It is argued that conflicts between peasants and local rulers under the system of caciquismo following the Mexican Revolution result in a differend because the discourse of rule of judgment serving the interests only of those in power like Pedro Paramo, does not allow peasants to present their damages and seek justice. Since the causes of peasants remain unresolved when they die, the burden of the past marks the present. Like Derrida’s specters, the deceased return to demand that their history is heard. The peasants haunt the living to relate their version of reality unheeded when they were alive. It is claimed that spectral hauntings function as a kind of language communicating the history of oppressed peasants. Hauntings prove that voices of the past cannot be simply denied or buried. The act of return through reconnection with the deceased in a spectral language provides prospects for justice, considering that the specter has the power to transgress ontological boundaries, disrupt established structures, and bring about substantial changes that would reframe society.

References

  • BOTTING F. & EDWARDS J. D. (2013). Theorising globalgothic. In G. Byron (Ed.), globalgothic (pp. 11-24), Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • DAVIS, C. (2005). Etat Present: hauntology, specters and phantoms. French Studies, 59 (3), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/kni143.
  • DERRIDA, J. (1994). Specters of Marx: The states of the debt, the work of mourning and the new international (P. Kamuf, Trans.), New York: Routledge. (Original work published 1993).
  • DOVE, P. (2001). Exigele lo nuestro: deconstruction, restitution and demand of speech in Pedro Paramo. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 10 (1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569320020030033.
  • FOUCAULT, M. (1984). Truth and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.). The Foucault: reader (pp. 51-75), New York: Pantheon Books. (Original work published in 1980).
  • FREUD, S. (1919). The Uncanny (A. Strachey, Trans.). Sammlung, Fünfte Folge. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf
  • GLOVER, D. (2012) Pedro, the uncanny: a note on Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo. Attack of the copula spiders: Essays on writing (pp. 163-179), Windsor: Biblioasis.
  • GONZALEZ, A. A. (2018). Fragmented gothic identities in Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo. In S. C. Vizcaino & I. Ordiz (Eds.), Latin American gothic in literature and culture (pp. 41-52), New York: Routledge.
  • GORDON, A. (1997). Ghostly matters: hauntings and the sociological imagination, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • LYOTARD, J. F. (1988). The differend: phrases in dispute (G. Van Den Abbeele, Trans.), Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Original work published 1983).
  • MILLER, N. (2003). Hauntology and history in Jacques Derrida’s Specters of Marx. Lecture notes, York University, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nodo50.org/cubasigloXXI/taller/miller_100304.pdf
  • RULFO, J. (2002). Pedro Paramo (M. S. Peden, Trans.), Austin: University of Texas Press. (Original work published 1995).
  • ROUSE, J. (2005). Power/knowledge. Division / Faculty Publications, 34. Retrieved from https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div1facpubs/34
  • SHAW, K. (2018). Hauntology: the presence of the past in twenty-first century English literature, Cham: palgrave macmillan.
  • SHKLOVSKY, V. (1917). Art as technique. Retrived from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/first/en122/lecturelist-2015-16-2/shklovsky.pdf
  • VIZCAINO S. C. & ORDIZ I. (Eds.). (2018). Latin American gothic in literature and culture, New York: Routledge.

Spektral Diyaloglar: Pedro Paramo Adlı Eserde Adaletsizlik Hikâyelerinin Lyotard’ın “Differend” ve Derrida’nın “Hauntoloji” Kavramları Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 29, 225 - 241
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1514447

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Juan Rulfo'nun Pedro Paramo (1955) adlı romanının çağdaş dünyası üzerinde, geçmişin spektral varlığını Lyotard'ın "differend" ve Derrida'nın "hauntoloji" kavramlarının oluşturduğu kuramsal çerçeve üzerinden incelemektedir. Meksika Devrimi'ni takip eden caciquismo sistemi altında, köylüler ve yerel yöneticiler arasındaki çatışmaların “differend” ile sonuçlandığı, çünkü Pedro Paramo gibi sadece iktidardaki kişilerin çıkarlarına hizmet eden yargının üstünlüğü söyleminin köylülerin zararlarını ifade etmelerine ve adalet aramalarına izin vermediği savunulmaktadır. Köylüler öldüklerinde bile davaları çözümsüz kaldığından, geçmişin yükleri günümüz üzerinde izler bırakmaktadır. Derrida'nın spektral figürleri gibi, hayatlarını kaybeden köylüler de hikayelerinin duyulmasını talep etmek için geri dönmektedirler. Köylüler, hayattayken kulak verilmemiş olan kendi gerçeklik versiyonlarını anlatmak için yaşayanlara musallat olurlar. Spektral görünümlerin, ezilen köylülerin hikayelerini aktaran bir tür dil olarak işlev gördüğü ileri sürülmektedir. Görünümler, geçmişe ait seslerinin basitçe inkâr edilemeyeceğini ya da bastırılamayacağını göstermektedir. Hayalet figürlerinin ontolojik sınırları aşma, yerleşik yapıları sekteye uğratma ve toplumun yeniden düzenlemesini sağlayacak değişiklikleri meydana getirme gücüne sahip olduğu düşünülerek, ölülerle spektral dilde yeniden bağlantı kurma yoluyla gerçekleşen geri dönüş eylemi adalet beklentilerini sağlamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Etik kuruL iznine gerek yoktur.

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum yoktur.

References

  • BOTTING F. & EDWARDS J. D. (2013). Theorising globalgothic. In G. Byron (Ed.), globalgothic (pp. 11-24), Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • DAVIS, C. (2005). Etat Present: hauntology, specters and phantoms. French Studies, 59 (3), 373-379. https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/kni143.
  • DERRIDA, J. (1994). Specters of Marx: The states of the debt, the work of mourning and the new international (P. Kamuf, Trans.), New York: Routledge. (Original work published 1993).
  • DOVE, P. (2001). Exigele lo nuestro: deconstruction, restitution and demand of speech in Pedro Paramo. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, 10 (1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569320020030033.
  • FOUCAULT, M. (1984). Truth and power. In P. Rabinow (Ed.). The Foucault: reader (pp. 51-75), New York: Pantheon Books. (Original work published in 1980).
  • FREUD, S. (1919). The Uncanny (A. Strachey, Trans.). Sammlung, Fünfte Folge. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/allanmc/www/freud1.pdf
  • GLOVER, D. (2012) Pedro, the uncanny: a note on Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo. Attack of the copula spiders: Essays on writing (pp. 163-179), Windsor: Biblioasis.
  • GONZALEZ, A. A. (2018). Fragmented gothic identities in Juan Rulfo’s Pedro Paramo. In S. C. Vizcaino & I. Ordiz (Eds.), Latin American gothic in literature and culture (pp. 41-52), New York: Routledge.
  • GORDON, A. (1997). Ghostly matters: hauntings and the sociological imagination, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • LYOTARD, J. F. (1988). The differend: phrases in dispute (G. Van Den Abbeele, Trans.), Manchester: Manchester University Press. (Original work published 1983).
  • MILLER, N. (2003). Hauntology and history in Jacques Derrida’s Specters of Marx. Lecture notes, York University, Canada. Retrieved from https://www.nodo50.org/cubasigloXXI/taller/miller_100304.pdf
  • RULFO, J. (2002). Pedro Paramo (M. S. Peden, Trans.), Austin: University of Texas Press. (Original work published 1995).
  • ROUSE, J. (2005). Power/knowledge. Division / Faculty Publications, 34. Retrieved from https://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/div1facpubs/34
  • SHAW, K. (2018). Hauntology: the presence of the past in twenty-first century English literature, Cham: palgrave macmillan.
  • SHKLOVSKY, V. (1917). Art as technique. Retrived from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/first/en122/lecturelist-2015-16-2/shklovsky.pdf
  • VIZCAINO S. C. & ORDIZ I. (Eds.). (2018). Latin American gothic in literature and culture, New York: Routledge.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayda Önder 0000-0003-3001-780X

Early Pub Date January 21, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date July 11, 2024
Acceptance Date September 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 29

Cite

APA Önder, A. (2025). Spectral Dialogues: Unveiling Histories of Injustice in Pedro Paramo Through Lyotard’s “Differend” and Derrida’s “Hauntology”. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(29), 225-241. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1514447