Haber mi Hegemonya mı? Kör Noktanın İnşası: Gazze Soykırımı Üzerine Bir Söylem Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Batı medyasının Gazze Soykırımı haberlerinde ürettiği söylemleri Edward Said’in post-yapısalcı analiz yaklaşımı çerçevesinde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Said’in temsil teorisi, Jacques Derrida’nın yapıbozumcu perspektifi ve Michel Foucault’nun bilgi-iktidar ilişkileri kavramsallaştırmaları, çalışmanın teorik temelini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma ilaveten Gramsci’nin hegemonya yaklaşımı, Spivak’ın epistemik şiddet kavramı ve Entman’ın çerçeveleme teorisi üzerine inşa edilen bir teorik çerçeveye dayanmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca Araştırma, 2023-2025 yılları arasında önde gelen Amerikan ve Avrupa medya kuruluşlarında yayımlanan haber metinlerini söylem analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirmiştir. Analiz, Batı medyasının Gazze’yi çoğunlukla “güvenlik tehdidi” ve “insani kriz” çerçevesinde konumlandırdığını, soykırım söyleminin ise sistematik olarak dışlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çerçeveleme hem haber dilinde hem de görsel temsillerde belirgin bir biçimde gözlemlenmiş; Filistinlilerin insansızlaştırılması ve tarihsel bağlamın silinmesi, hegemonik söylemin temel stratejileri olarak öne çıkmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, Batı medyasının Gazze’ye dair bilgi üretiminde tarafsızlık iddiasını sürdürürken aslında politik bir kör nokta inşa ettiğini göstermektedir. Bu durum, medya söyleminin yalnızca haber aktarma değil, ideolojik bir hegemonya üretme işlevi gördüğünü kanıtlamaktadır. Araştırma, Filistin meselesine yönelik medya çalışmalarına eleştirel bir katkı sunarak, bilgi-iktidar ilişkilerinin güncel krizlerde nasıl yeniden üretildiğini anlamaya yönelik teorik ve metodolojik bir çerçeve önermektedir.

Keywords

• Gazze
• Batı Medyası
• Söylem Analizi
• Edward Said
• Temsil

News or Hegemony? Constructing the Blind Spot: A Discourse Analysis on the Gaza Genocide

Abstract

This study aims to examine the discourses produced by Western media in reporting on the Gaza genocide within the framework of Edward Said’s post-structuralist analytical approach. Said’s theory of representation, Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive perspective, and Michel Foucault’s conceptualizations of power-knowledge relations constitute the theoretical foundation of this research. The research is additionally based on a theoretical framework constructed around Gramsci’s concept of hegemony, Spivak’s notion of epistemic violence, and Entman’s framing theory. The study evaluates news texts published by leading American and European media outlets between 2023 and 2025 using discourse analysis. The analysis reveals that Western media predominantly frames Gaza as a “security threat” and a “humanitarian crisis,” while systematically excluding the genocide narrative. This framing is evident both in linguistic choices and visual representations; the dehumanization of Palestinians and the erasure of historical context emerge as key strategies of hegemonic discourse. The findings demonstrate that Western media, while maintaining a claim of neutrality, in fact constructs a political blind spot in its knowledge production on Gaza. This indicates that media discourse functions not merely as a vehicle for news transmission but as a mechanism for producing ideological hegemony. By offering a critical contribution to media studies on the Palestinian issue, this research proposes a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding how power-knowledge relations are reproduced in contemporary crises.

Keywords

• Gaza
• Western Media
• Discourse Analysis
• Edward Said
• Representation

References

1. 19WLTX. (2023, October 11). Chain message warning of WhatsApp cyberattack linked to IsraelHamas war is a hoax. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ca_1rb4HmZQ
2. 7amleh – The Arab Center for the Advancement of Social Media. (2024, April 25). YouTube’s impact on Palestinian digital rights during the war on Gaza (Position paper). https://7amleh.org/post/youtube-s-impact-on-palestinian-digital-rights-during-the-war-on-gaza
3. Abdul Ameer, I. M. A., Yousif, A. Y., & Mouhsin, R. A. (2025). Analysis of Media Discourse on the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: A Critical Linguistic Analytical Study of UN Data. SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 12(4), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.14445/23942703/IJHSS-V12I4P104
4. Abid Zaid Muhammad Al-awad, F. Y. (2024). The Representation of Palestine and Israel in the Western and Arab Online Media During Gaza Crisis: A Critical Discourse Analysis. University of Kerbala. https://uokerbala. edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Rp-The-Representation-of-Palestine-and-Israel-in-the-Western-and-Arab-Online-Media-During-Gaza-Crisis-A-Critical-Discourse-Analysis.pdf.pdf
5. Access Now. (2024, February 19). It’s not a glitch: How Meta systematically censors Palestinian voices. https://www.accessnow.org/publication/how-meta-censors-palestinian-voices/
6. Adıgüzel, Y., Yılmaz, M. M., & Uybadın, A. (2022). Türkiye’de iletişim sosyolojisi çalışmaları üzerine tarihsel bir inceleme. Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Dergisi, 20(39), 1–46. https://doi.org/10.55842/talid.1110776
7. AFP FactCheck. (2025, October 5). Misinformation about IsraelHamas war surges across social media. [By Gwen Roley] https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.33XW88C
8. Ahmed, S. (2004). The cultural politics of emotion. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

9. Al Jazeera. (2023, November 3). Telegram restricts access to Hamas channels on Google, Apple stores. [By Erin Hale] https://www.aljazeera.com/ news/2023/11/3/telegram-restricts-access-to-hamas-channels-on-google-apple-stores
10. Al Jazeera. (2025, September 16). Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds. Al Jazeera. https://liberties.aljazeera.com/en/israel-has-committed-genocide-in-the-gaza-strip-un-commission-finds/
11. Al-Arja, A. (2025, May 18). Weaponized Artificial Intelligence: The Unseen Threat to Fact-Checking. Al Jazeera Journalism Review. https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2861
12. Ali, M., Naeem, W., & Ahmed, W. (2025). Western Media Bias in the Israel–Palestine Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis. The Study of Religion and History, 3(1), 213-226. https://srhjournal.com/index.php/39/article/ view/127
13. Ali, T. (2024, September 10). Tariq Ali on U.S. & U.K. Arming Israel’s War on Gaza. Democracy Now. https://www.democracynow.org/2024/9/10/tariq_ali
14. Al-Nabit, N. (2025). Undermining humanitarian space in conflict epicenters: The Gaza Strip from the 2006 blockade to post-October 2023 war. Journal of International Security & Emergency Management, 10(17s), 1–18. https:// doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i17s.2782
15. Alsharairi, A., Al-Souob, H. A.-R., AlQadi, M. F., & Shatnawi, S. M. (2025). Social media communication and framing of the Gaza conflict: Impact on public opinion. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 25(3), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v25i3.1153
16. Amnesty International. (2023, October 27). Global: Social media companies must step up crisis response on IsraelPalestine as online hate and censorship proliferate. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/global-social-media-companies-must-step-up-crisis-response-on-israel-palestine-as-online-hate-and-censorship-proliferate/
17. Arabic News. (2023, Ocak 5). 2022 Yıl Sonu İtibariyle Gazze Şeridi’nin Nüfusu. http:// arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html
18. Bağış, B. (2023). Trajedi ve fırsatlar ikileminde Gazze ekonomisi. Kriter Dergi. https:// www.academia.edu/114436674
19. Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., & McEnery, T. (2013). Discourse analysis and media attitudes: The representation of Islam in the British press. Cambridge University Press
20. Barigye, N. Y., Hendrickse, M., & Todeschini, V. (2025, May 26). Genocidal intent in armed conflict: Unpacking the ICJ’s “only reasonable inference” standard. Opinio Juris. https://opiniojuris.org/2025/05/26/genocidal-intent-in-armed-conflict-unpacking-the-icjs-only-reasonable-inference-standard/
21. Bartels, A., Eckstein, L., Waller, N., Wiemann, D. (2019). Interlude: Epistemic Violence. In: Postcolonial Literatures in English. J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-05598-9_14
22. Bilge, M. L. “Gazze”, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/gazze (02.11.2025).
23. Brugman, B. C., Burgers, C., & Vis, B. (2019). Metaphorical framing in political discourse through words vs. concepts: A meta-analysis. Language and Cognition, 11(1), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.5
24. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2023, October 19). EU sends formal information request to Meta, TikTok over disinformation on IsraelHamas war. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/eu-sends-formal-information-request-to-meta-tiktok-over-disinformation-on-israel-hamas-war/
25. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. (2024, July 2). YouTube policies spark internal backlash over moderation of Gaza war content. https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/youtube-policies-spark-internal-backlash-over-allegedly-inconsistent-moderation-of-content-relating-to-israels-war-in-gaza/
26. Butler, J. (2023, December 13). There Can Be No Critique. Boston Review. https:// www.bostonreview.net/articles/there-can-be-no-critique/
27. CEP / CBC via Counter Extremism Project. (2023, October 26). How encrypted messaging apps spread war misinformation. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXzdl6PneJE
28. Cherkaoui, T. (2024). Framing the Gaza conflict: Media bias, violence, and the battle of narratives. The Political Economy of Communication, 11(1), 85–99.https://polecom.org/index.php/polecom/article/view/179/416
29. ChinRothmann, C. (2023, October 12). Social media platforms were not ready for Hamas misinformation. CSIS. https://www.csis.org/analysis/social-media-platforms-were-not-ready-hamas-misinformation
30. Citizen Lab (GitHub). (2020). Chatcensorship / WeChat datasets. https://github.com/citizenlab/chat-censorship/tree/master/wechat
31. Citizen Lab. (2023, June 28). Should we chat? Privacy in the WeChat ecosystem. https://citizenlab.ca/2023/06/privacy-in-the-wechat-ecosystem-full-report/
32. Cole, M. (2014). The language of genocide and human rights: Naming, judging, acting. Harvard University. https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/20141120LanguageofGenocide-MatthewCole.pdf
33. Consortium News. (2024, February 8). Pilger & the Palestinians. https://consortiumnews.com/2024/02/08/pilger-the-palestinians/
34. Conway, H. (2020). Screening genocide: Euphemisms as terministic screens in situations of genocide.Georgia Southern University Honors Theses.
35. Çalık Topuz, Z. (2022). Tek taraflı çekilmenin ardından Gazze. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(1), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1057363
36. De Lauri, A., & Mohamed, K. (2025). On speaking out: Refusing complicity with genocide. Public Anthropologist, 7(2), 131–136. https://doi. org/10.1163/25891715-07020001
37. De Morais, S. (2024). War of words: How media shapes perceptions of Gaza 2023,2024 (Master’s thesis, Columbia University). Academic Commons.
38. Derrida, J. (1974). Glas. Éditions Galilée.
39. Discourse Analyzer. (2024). Key Principles of Foucault’s Theory in Discourse Analysis. https://discourseanalyzer.com/key-principles-of-foucaults-theory-in-discourse-analysis/
40. Donohue, W. A. (2017). Genocide and intergroup communication. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.462
41. Durie, A. (2024, November 25). On the Enduring Importance of Edward Said’s The Question of Palestine. Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/on-the-enduring-importance-of-edward-saids-the-question-of-palestine/
42. El Damanhoury, K., Saleh, F., & Lebovic, M. (2025). Covering the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Al Jazeera English and BBC’s Online Reporting on the 2023 Gaza War. Journalism and Media, 6(1), 9. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6010009
43. El Masry, N., Sawaf, Z., King, G., & Baroudi, S. (2025). Gender hierarchies in reporting genocide: An analysis of the dehumanization of Palestinian men in Western media. Communication, Culture and Critique. 0(0), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ccc/tcaf032
44. El-Affendi, A. (2024). The Futility of Genocide Studies After Gaza. Journal of Genocide Research, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2305525
45. Elander, M. (2017). Visual representations of the genocide. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.110
46. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
47. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
48. European Commission. (2023, December 18). Commission opens formal proceedings against X under the Digital Services Act. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-opens-formal-proceedings-against-x-under-digital-services-act
49. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. Longman.
50. Falk, R. (2012). How to live together well: Interrogating the Israel/Palestine conflict. In Living Together: Jacques Derrida’s Communities of Violence and Peace(pp. 295–320). Fordham University Press. https://doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823249923.003.0016
51. Fiedler, A. (2025). Discourse, hegemony, and the public sphere: A theoretical framework for the empirical modelling of memory. Cambridge UniversityPress. https://doi.org/10.1017/mem.2025.10010
52. Finkelstein, N. (2025, April 20). A Final Solution to Gaza: Israel’s War and Western Complicity. Greatreporter. https://greatreporter.com/2025/04/20/a-final-solution-to-gaza-norman-finkelstein-on-israels-war-and-western-complicity/
53. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings,1972–1977 (C. Gordon, Ed.). Pantheon Books.
54. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977 (C. Gordon, Ed.). Harvester Press.
55. Fox News. (2023, December 23). TikTok insiders claim company has bias against proIsrael posts. [By Ruth Marks Eglash] https://www.foxnews.com/world/tiktok-insiders-slam-alleged-bias-against-pro-israel-posts-claim-company-serve-hamas-narrative
56. Grey Dynamics. (2024, August 12). Information Operations: Israel’s Digital Siege in the Gaza Conflict. [By Lorenzo Erasmo Vernetti] https://greydynamics. com/information-operations-israels-digital-siege-in-the-gaza-conflict/
57. Grohmann, T. (2021). The concept of representation in the philosophies of Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Gilles Deleuze. KU Leuven. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/365095156
58. Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices. Sage / Open University.
59. Hammond, P. (2018). When frames collide: ‘Ethnic war’ and ‘genocide’. Media, War & Conflict, 11(4), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635218776994
60. Human Rights Watch. (2023, December 21). Meta’s broken promises: Systemic censorship of Palestine content on Instagram and Facebook. https://www. hrw.org/report/2023/12/21/metas-broken-promises/systemic-censorship-palestine-content-instagram-and
61. IAGS. (2025, August 31). IAGS Resolution on the Situation in Gaza. The International Association of Genocide Scholars. https://genocidescholars.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/IAGS-Resolution-on-Gaza-FINAL.pdf
62. Jarvis, M., & Tieger, A. (2016). Applying the Genocide Convention at the ICTY: The influence of paradigms past. Journal of International Criminal Justice,14(4), 857–877. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqw061
63. Kaur, A. (2025). Beyond the battlefield: Framing analysis of media coverage in conflict reporting. 1-18. arXiv preprint. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.10421
64. Khalil, H. A. (2024). A descriptive analysis of Al Jazeera’s coverage of the October 2023 Gaza war (Master’s thesis, Linnaeus University).
65. Khamis, S., & Dogbatse, F. S. (2024). The Gaza war coverage: The role of social media vs. mainstream media. 1-6. IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook. https:// www.iemed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Gaza-War-Coverage-Social-Media-Mainstream-Khamis-Sena-IEMedYearbook2024.pdf
66. Kidir, N. (2025). Müzik ve Politik Söylem: YouTube’da Filistin Direnişi Üzerine Bir Söylem Analizi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi. https:// acikerisim.uludag.edu.tr/bitstreams/4e52d769-dd7f-438a-8b09-03e9cb796da0/download
67. Kihara-Hunt, A. (2025). The Gaza War from the Perspective of International Law. In Gaza Nakba 2023–2024 (pp. 165–188). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4868-6_10
68. Lowe, P. (2023). A network of witnesses: Photography and genocide. In D. Simon &L. Kahn (Eds.), Handbook of Genocide Studies (pp. 248–261). Edward Elgar Publishing
69. Maalej, Z. A., & Zibin, A. (2025). Metaphors They Kill by: Dehumanization of Palestinians by Israeli Officials and Sympathizers. International Journal of Arabic-English Studies, 25(1), 201–222. https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes. v25i1.693
70. Mahlangu, J. (2025). Mediating hegemony: How Western media frames Global South crises in international relations. ResearchGate. Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25134.22089
71. Markkula, E. (2025). Critical discourse analysis of representation of Israel and Palestine in American media (Bachelor’s thesis, University of Turku). UTUPub. https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/180485/Markkula_Eveliina_opinnayte.pdf?sequence=1
72. Matrood, D. T. (2025). The representation of Gaza’s humanitarian crisis in the BBC news report: A critical discourse analysis. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6(1), 924–928. https://
73. McQuillan, M. (2016). Clarity and doubt: Derrida among the Palestinians. Paragraph,39(2), 220–237. https://doi.org/10.3366/para.2016.0196
74. MedCities. (2025). Gaza. MedCities. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from https://medcities.org/member/gaza-2/
75. Meduza. (2023, October 14). Pavel Durov explains why he won’t ban Hamas from Telegram. https://meduza.io/en/news/2023/10/14/will-it-save-lives-or-jeopardize-them-pavel-durov-explains-why-he-won-t-ban-hamas-fromtelegram
76. Misbar. (2024, March 3). Using Female Soldier Influencers as a Tool to Garner Sympathy and Conceal Israeli Army Violence. https://www.misbar.com/en/ editorial/2024/03/03/using-female-soldier-influencers-as-a-tool-to-garner-sympathy-and-conceal-israeli-army-violence doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2025.6.1.924-928
77. Mohamed, A. (2024). Critical Discourse Analysis of Media Coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli War in Two News Channels. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. 12(3), 358-365. https://doi. org/10.5281/zenodo.13758029
78. Monnappa, K. C. (2025). Discursive Constructs: Intersections of Language, Power, and Identity in Media through Foucault and Derrida. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/129403991
79. Möller, F. (2010). Rwanda revisualized: Genocide, photography, and the era of the witness. Alternatives, 35(2), 113–136. https://francegenocidetutsi.org/MollerRwandaRevisualized2010.pdf
80. Munshi, Y. M. (2025). Between realism and reductionism: A critical examination of Noam Chomsky’s interpretations of the Israel-Palestine conflict. International Journal of Future Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3), 1–7. https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/3/47753.pdf
81. Musolff, A. (2010). Metaphor, nation and the Holocaust: The concept of the body politic. Routledge
82. Najchati, V., & Sutami, H. (2025). Hell on Earth 2024: Metaphors of genocide in the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Journal of Language and Literature, 25(2), 563–578. https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v25i2.11086
83. NBC/Axios. (2023, October 12). EU investigating X over IsraelHamas war disinformation. [By Sareen Habeshian] https://www.axios.com/2023/10/12/israel-hamas-disinformation-x-eu-investigation
84. OCHA. (2025, October 01). Reported impact snapshot | Gaza Strip (1 October 2025), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/Gaza_Reported_Impact_Snapshot_1_October_2025.pdf
85. Oversight Board. (2023, December 19). Hostages kidnapped from Israel (Decision). https://www.oversightboard.com/decision/fb-m8d2sogs/
86. Öksüz, M. (2024). Gazze: XVI. yüzyılda bir Osmanlı şehrinin demografik yapısı. İNŞA Dergisi, 2/2 (Mayıs2024), 6-47. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/insadergisi/issue/85040/1446570
87. Pappé, I. (2025, April 23). On ‘Moral Panic’ and the Courage to Speak: The West’s Silence on Gaza. ZNetwork. https://znetwork.org/znetarticle/on-moralpanic-and-the-courage-to-speak-the-wests-silence-on-gaza/
88. Pégorier, C. (2017). Genocide and/or Ethnic Cleansing: Recognition, Prevention and the Need for Definitional Clarity? In: Last Lectures on the Prevention and Intervention of Genocide. Routledge Studies in Genocide and Crimes against Humanity (1). Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 67-72. University of Essex Lecture Notes.
89. Perspektif. (2025, Ocak 4). 2024 yılında Gazze’deki yıkımın boyutu. https://perspektif. eu/2025/01/04/2024-yilinda-gazzedeki-yikimin-boyutu/
90. Philosophy Nest. (2024). Deconstruction in the Lens of Jacques Derrida. https://philosophynest.com/details-3864000-deconstruction-in-the-lens-of-jacques-derrida.html
91. Politico. (2023, October 17). Israel floods social media to shape opinion around the war. Politico Europe. [By Liv Martin, Clothilde Goujard and Hailey Fuchs] https://www.politico.eu/article/israel-social-media-opinion-hamas-war/
92. Roy, A. (2024, October 19). No propaganda on Earth can hide the wound that is Palestine. MR Online. https://mronline.org/2024/10/19/arundhati-roy-no-propaganda-on-earth-can-hide-the-wound-that-is-palestine/
93. S2Jnews. (2023, November 4). From Provocative Dances to TikTok Trends: The Desperate Recruitment Tactics of the IDF. [By Ayesha Malik] https://s2jnews.com/from-provocative-dances-to-tiktok-trends-the-desperate-recruitment-tactics-of-the-idf/
94. Sadiki, L. (2024, September 9). The Gaza War…Is Not Taking Place? Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/gazawar%E2%80%A6-not-taking-place
95. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
96. Said, E. W. (1983). The world, the text, and the critic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
97. Said, E. W. (1992). The question of Palestine (Rev. ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
98. Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and imperialism. New York: Knopf / Vintage.
99. Said, E. W. (1994). Representations of the intellectual. New York: Pantheon / Vintage.
100. Said, E. W. (1994/1995). The politics of dispossession: The struggle for Palestinian selfdetermination, 1969–1994. New York: Pantheon / Vintage.
101. Said, E. W. (1997). Covering Islam: How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (Rev. ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
102. Said, E. W. (2000). The end of the peace process: Oslo and after. New York: Pantheon.
103. Said, E. W. (2002). Yeni Binyılda Filistin Sorunu. İstanbul: Aram Yayınları.
104. Said, E. W., & Hitchens, C. (Eds.). (1988). Blaming the victims: Spurious scholarship and the Palestinian question. London: Verso
105. Sarkoz, B. (2019). Fethinden Emevîlerin sonuna kadar Gazze (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Harran Üniversitesi. http://acikerisim.harran.edu.tr
106. Schabas, W. A. (2012). The law and genocide. In D. Bloxham & A. Dirk Moses (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies (pp. 123–141). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0007
107. Selvarajah, S., & Fiorito, L. (2023). Media, public opinion, and the ICC in the Russia–Ukraine war. Journalism and Media, 4(3), 760–789. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4030048
108. Shaath, K. & Alhila N. (2024). Gazze’de akademik hayat ve direniş. İSAM Bülten. https://bulten.isam.org.tr/gazzede-akademik-hayat-ve-direnis/
109. Shalev, T. & Yosef, E. (2025, September 15). More than 10% of Gaza’s population has been killed or injured, former Israeli military chief says. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2025/09/15/middleeast/1-in-10-palestinians-killed-injured-gaza-israel-intl
110. Sjöbeck, E. (2024). Media framing of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (Master’s thesis, Lund University).
111. Song, Q. (2024). Framing in media and communication studies: A bibliometric analysis. Insight - News Media, 7(1), 674, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18282/inm674
112. Spivak, G. C. (1988). Can the subaltern speak? In C. Nelson & L. Grossberg (Eds.), Marxism and the interpretation of culture (pp. 271–313). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. The Hill. (2023, December 22). Human Rights Watch finds ‘systemic censorship’ of Palestinian content on Meta platforms. [By by Julia Shapero] https://thehill.com/policy/technology/4374224-human-rights-watch-finds-systemic-censorship-of-palestinian-content-on-meta-platforms/
113. The Times of Israel. (2023, March 22). IDF admits psychological warfare attempt targeting Israeli citizens. [By Ash Obel] https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-admits-psychological-warfare-attempt-against-israeli-citizens/
114. Thompson, W. (2001). Michel Foucault — Representation and Power. In Postmodernism and History (pp. 74–90). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-230-62945-5_6
115. TikTok Newsroom. (2023, October 16). Our continued actions to protect the TikTok community during the IsraelHamas war (update). https://newsroom.tiktok.com/our-continued-actions-to-protect-the-tiktok-community-during-the-israel-hamas-wars?lang=en-PH
116. Tweissi, B. (2023). War in the post-truth era: Western media coverage of Israel’s 2023 war on Gaza. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies Case Analysis, 11, 1–12. https://www.dohainstitute.org/en/PoliticalStudies/Pages/ western-news-coverage-of-israels-war-on-gaza-in-the-post-truth-era.aspx
117. United Nations Human Rights Council. (2025, September 30). Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory,including East Jerusalem, and Israel. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/co-israel/index
118. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2025, September 16). Israel has committed genocide in the Gaza Strip, UN Commission finds. OHCHR. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/09/israel-has-committed-genocide-gaza-strip-un-commission-finds
119. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2023-2025). Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories. OHCHR. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices (2025) (A/80/365), Report of the Special Committee to InvestigateIsraeli Practices (2024) (A/79/363), Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices (2023) (A/78/553) https://www.ohchr.org/ en/countries/palestine/special-committee-reports
120. United Nations. (1948). Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. https://www.un.org/en/genocide-prevention/definition
121. UNRWA. (2025). Situation report #155 on the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. United Nations Relief and Works Agency. https:// www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-155-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem
122. UPI. (2023, December 19). Meta Oversight Board overturns decisions on removal of IsraelGaza videos. [By Clyde Hughes] https://www.upi.com/ Top_News/World-News/2023/12/19/Meta-Oversight-Board-Israel-Hamas-Gaza/1071702996516/
123. Üngör, U. Ü. (2024). Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine. Journal of Genocide Research, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709
124. Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). Power and the news media. https://discourses.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Teun-A.-van-Dijk-1995-Power-and-the-news-media.pdf
125. Voce, G. (2023). State-sponsored disinformation about Uyghurs: Euphemism as genocide denial.Binghamton University Research Days Posters. https://orb.binghamton.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=research_days_posters_2023
126. Wagner, K. B., & Unger, M. A. (2018). Photographic and cinematic appropriation of atrocity images from Cambodia: auto-genocide in Western Museum culture and The Missing Picture. Visual Communication, 18(1), 83-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357217742333
127. Washington Morning. (2025). What Kind of Propaganda Is Israel Trying to Do with Female Army Officers? [By Josh Weiner] https://washingtonmorning.com/2025/06/23/what-kind-of-propaganda-is-israel-trying-to-do-with-female-army-officers/
128. Worldometer. (2025). State of Palestine population (live). Worldometers. Retrieved November 2, 2025, from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/
129. Žižek, S. (2025, September 18). Slavoj Žižek’s Complex Views on Palestine and Conflict Truths. PTelegraph. https://ptelegraph.com/explainer/understanding-slavoj-ieks-critical-perspectives-on-the-palestine-issue