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The Criticism of the Radio Broadcasting of the West Block on Caricatures of the Soviet Union

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 270 - 291, 23.01.2020

Öz

Radio broadcasting in the Western Block countries made news that harshly criticized Soviet Union during the Cold War. In particular, the broadcasting of the Radio Free Europe, which was established with the support of the USA against communism, directed to the Eastern Block countries and aimed at the Soviet Union. Soviet Union administration started propaganda activities in order to discredit the radio broadcasting of Western Block countries because radio broadcasting couldn't be prevented. Especially during this period, Soviet Union administration tried to discredit the radio broadcasting of the Western Block countries through cartoons. In this study, it was tried to reveal which messages were given in the cartoons prepared by Soviet Union during the Cold War in order to discredit the radio broadcastsing of the Western Block countries. For this purpose, the cartoons identified in the study were analyzed in the light of the semantics concepts of Russian-American linguist Roman Jakobson. The findings revealed that the messages that the Western Block radio broadcasting was administered by the CIA and that the listening to radio broadcasting of Western Block countries posed a danger to the Eastern Block were given and so the Western Block radio broadcasting was tried to be discredited.

Kaynakça

  • Adade, C. Q. (1993). Russia: After the Cold War: the ex-Soviet media and Africa. Race & Class, 35(2), 86-95.
  • Akarcalı, S. (2003). İkinci Dünya Savaşında İletişim ve Propaganda. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • BBC (2011). "BBC Rusya Servisi", https:// www. bbc. com/ news/ world- europe- 12820788, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • BBC (2019a). "Piyano Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. bbc. com/ ukrainian/ blogs/ 2016/09/ 160925 _dk _history _blog _tsalyk _bbc, Etişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • BBC (2019b). "Vatandaş Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. bbc. com/ ukrainian/ blogs/2016/ 09/ 160925_ dk_ history_ blog_ tsalyk_ bbc, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • BIU (2019). "Deli Konulu Karikatür", http:// back- in- ussr. com/ 2019/ 03/ sovetskaya -politicheskaya-karikatura. html?cmtpage=2, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Brennan, J. R. (2015). The Cold War Battle over Global News in East Africa: Decolonization, the Free Flow of Information, and the Media Business, 1960–1980.
  • Journal of Global History, 10(2), 333-356.
  • Chang, K. K.& Lee, T. T. (2010). International News Determinants in US News Media in the Post-Cold War Era. Guy Golan, Tom Johnson & Wayne Wanta (eds.). In International Media Communication in a Global Age (pp. 71-88). USA:Routledge.
  • Culbert, D. (1993). Introduction: Media and the Cold War in Europe. Historical Journal ofFilm, Radio and Television, 13(1), 5-6.
  • Cummings, R. H. (2008). The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 6(2), 168-182.
  • De Oca, J. M. (2013). Discipline and Indulgence: College Football, Media, and the American Way of Life during the Cold War. The United States: Rutgers University Press.
  • Fedorov, A. V. (2016). The Application of Hermeneutical Analysis to Research on the Cold War in Soviet Animation Media Texts from the Second Half of the 1940s.
  • Russian Social Science Review, 57(3), 194-204.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Hotchkiss, N. (2010). Globalizing Security? Media Framing of National Security in France and the United States from the Cold War through 11 September. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 51(5), 366-386.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Jenks, J. (2006). British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War. The United Kingdom:Edinburgh University Press.
  • KRYMR (2019). "Anahtar Konulu Karikatür", https:// ru. krymr. com/ a /kak -kgb -pytalsya-skomprometirovat- radio- svoboda/ 30113513. html, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Kuruoğlu, H. (2006). Propaganda ve Özgürlük Aracı Olarak Radyo. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Lasar, M. (1998). "Right out in Public": Pacifica Radio, the Cold War, and the Political Origins of Alternative Media. Pacific Historical Review, 67(4), 513-541.
  • Lovell, S. (2013). Broadcasting Bolshevik: The Radio Voice of Soviet Culture, 1920s–1950s. Journal of Contemporary History, 48(1), 78-97.
  • Metzl, J. F. (1997). Rwandan Genocide and the International Law of Radio Jamming. American Journal of International Law, 91(4), 628-651.
  • Munton, D. (1984). Public Opinion and the Media in Canada from Cold War to Détente to New Cold War. International Journal, 39(1), 171-213.
  • Nytimes (1988). https:// www. nytimes. com/ 1988/ 12/ 01/ world/ soviet- union- endsyears-of- jamming- of- radio- liberty. html, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • Öymen, O. (2014). Bir Propaganda Silahı Olarak Basın. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • RBTH (2017). "Soğuk Savaş Arşivi", https:// www. rbth. com/ politics _and_ society/ 2017/ 02/ 17/cold -war- archive- how- the- ussr- and- us- battled- each- otherwith- radio- waves_ 704218, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • RBTH (2019). "Kontrol Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. rbth. com/ history/ 330953 -howsoviet-propaganda -mocked -us, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • RFERL (2019). "Özgür Avrupa Radyosu", https://www.rferl.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Riasanovsky, V. Nicholas, & Steinberg, D. Mark (2011). Rusya Tarihi. (Çev. Figen Dereli).İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları.
  • Risso, L. (2013). Radio Wars: Broadcasting in the Cold War. Cold War History, 13(2), 145-152.
  • Rojecki, A. (1999). Silencing the Opposition: Antinuclear Movements and the Media in the Cold War (Vol. 142). University of Illinois Press.
  • Rojecki, A. (2002). Modernism, State Sovereignty and Dissent: Media and the New Post-Cold War Movements. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), 152-171.
  • Roth-Ey, K. (2011). Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War (pp. 1957-1985). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
  • Schwoch, J. (2009). Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946-69. The United States: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sémelin, J., & Libbrecht, L. (1994). Communication and Resistance. The Instrumental Role of Western Radio Stations in Opening up Eastern Europe. Réseaux. Communication- Technologie-Société, 2(1), 55-69.
  • Sharon Wang, S., & Hong, J. (2011). Voice of America in the post-Cold War Era: Opportunities and Challenges to External Media Services via New Information and Communication
  • Technology. International Communication Gazette, 73(4), 343-358.
  • Sherif, A. (2009). Japan’s Cold War: Media, Literature, and the Law. The United States: Columbia University Press.
  • Shinoda, T. (2007). Becoming more Realistic in the Post-Cold War: Japan's Changing Media and Public Opinion on National Security. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 8(2), 171-190.
  • So, R. J. (2013). Literary Information Warfare: Eileen Chang, the US State Department, and Cold War Media Aesthetics. American Literature, 85(4), 719-744.
  • Weathersby, K. (1993). The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War: New Documentary Evidence. Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 425-458.
  • Webb, A. (2013). Cold War Radio and the Hungarian Uprising, 1956. Cold War History, 13(2), 221-238.
  • Winek, M. D. (2009). Radio as a Tool of the State: Radio Moscow and the Early Cold War.
  • Comparative Humanities Review, 3(1), 99-113.

Sovyetler Birliği'nde Batı Blok'unun Radyo Yayınlarının Karikatürler Üzerinden Eleştirisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 270 - 291, 23.01.2020

Öz

Soğuk Savaş döneminde, Batı
Blok'u ülkelerindeki radyo yayınlarında Sovyetler Birliği'ni sert 
bir şekilde eleştiren
haberlere yer verilmiştir. Özellikle Komünizm'e karşı ABD destekli kurulan 
Özgür Avrupa Radyosu'nun
yayınları, doğrudan Doğu Blok'u ülkelerine yönelmiş ve Sovyetler 
Birliği'ni hedef almıştır.
Radyo yayınlarının Doğu Blok'u ülkelerine ulaşmasının engellenememesi 
üzerine Sovyetler Birliği
yönetimi, Batı Blok'u ülkelerinin radyo yayınlarını itibarsızlaştırmaya 
yönelik propaganda
faaliyetlerine girişmiştir. Özellikle bu süreçte Sovyetler Birliği yönetimi, 
karikatürler üzerinden Batı
Blok'u ülkelerinin radyo yayınlarını itibarsılaştırmaya çalışmıştır. Bu 
çalışmada Soğuk Savaş
döneminde Sovyetler Birliği tarafından Batı Blok'u ülkelerinin radyo 
yayınlarını itibarsızlaştırmak
amacıyla hazırlanan karikatürlerde, hangi mesajların verildiğinin 
ortaya konulmasına
çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada belirlenen karikatürler, Rus asıllı ABD’li 
Roman Jakobson'un
göstergebilim kavramları ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda, 
Batı Blok'u radyo yayınlarının
CIA tarafından yönetildiği ve Batı Blok'u ülkelerinin radyo 
yayınlarının dinlenmesinin
Doğu Blok'u için tehlike oluşturduğu şeklindeki mesajlar ile radyo 
yayınlarının
itibarsızlaştırılmaya çalışıldığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adade, C. Q. (1993). Russia: After the Cold War: the ex-Soviet media and Africa. Race & Class, 35(2), 86-95.
  • Akarcalı, S. (2003). İkinci Dünya Savaşında İletişim ve Propaganda. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • BBC (2011). "BBC Rusya Servisi", https:// www. bbc. com/ news/ world- europe- 12820788, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • BBC (2019a). "Piyano Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. bbc. com/ ukrainian/ blogs/ 2016/09/ 160925 _dk _history _blog _tsalyk _bbc, Etişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • BBC (2019b). "Vatandaş Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. bbc. com/ ukrainian/ blogs/2016/ 09/ 160925_ dk_ history_ blog_ tsalyk_ bbc, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • BIU (2019). "Deli Konulu Karikatür", http:// back- in- ussr. com/ 2019/ 03/ sovetskaya -politicheskaya-karikatura. html?cmtpage=2, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Brennan, J. R. (2015). The Cold War Battle over Global News in East Africa: Decolonization, the Free Flow of Information, and the Media Business, 1960–1980.
  • Journal of Global History, 10(2), 333-356.
  • Chang, K. K.& Lee, T. T. (2010). International News Determinants in US News Media in the Post-Cold War Era. Guy Golan, Tom Johnson & Wayne Wanta (eds.). In International Media Communication in a Global Age (pp. 71-88). USA:Routledge.
  • Culbert, D. (1993). Introduction: Media and the Cold War in Europe. Historical Journal ofFilm, Radio and Television, 13(1), 5-6.
  • Cummings, R. H. (2008). The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 6(2), 168-182.
  • De Oca, J. M. (2013). Discipline and Indulgence: College Football, Media, and the American Way of Life during the Cold War. The United States: Rutgers University Press.
  • Fedorov, A. V. (2016). The Application of Hermeneutical Analysis to Research on the Cold War in Soviet Animation Media Texts from the Second Half of the 1940s.
  • Russian Social Science Review, 57(3), 194-204.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev: Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Hotchkiss, N. (2010). Globalizing Security? Media Framing of National Security in France and the United States from the Cold War through 11 September. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 51(5), 366-386.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Jenks, J. (2006). British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War. The United Kingdom:Edinburgh University Press.
  • KRYMR (2019). "Anahtar Konulu Karikatür", https:// ru. krymr. com/ a /kak -kgb -pytalsya-skomprometirovat- radio- svoboda/ 30113513. html, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Kuruoğlu, H. (2006). Propaganda ve Özgürlük Aracı Olarak Radyo. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Lasar, M. (1998). "Right out in Public": Pacifica Radio, the Cold War, and the Political Origins of Alternative Media. Pacific Historical Review, 67(4), 513-541.
  • Lovell, S. (2013). Broadcasting Bolshevik: The Radio Voice of Soviet Culture, 1920s–1950s. Journal of Contemporary History, 48(1), 78-97.
  • Metzl, J. F. (1997). Rwandan Genocide and the International Law of Radio Jamming. American Journal of International Law, 91(4), 628-651.
  • Munton, D. (1984). Public Opinion and the Media in Canada from Cold War to Détente to New Cold War. International Journal, 39(1), 171-213.
  • Nytimes (1988). https:// www. nytimes. com/ 1988/ 12/ 01/ world/ soviet- union- endsyears-of- jamming- of- radio- liberty. html, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • Öymen, O. (2014). Bir Propaganda Silahı Olarak Basın. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • RBTH (2017). "Soğuk Savaş Arşivi", https:// www. rbth. com/ politics _and_ society/ 2017/ 02/ 17/cold -war- archive- how- the- ussr- and- us- battled- each- otherwith- radio- waves_ 704218, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2019.
  • RBTH (2019). "Kontrol Konulu Karikatür", https:// www. rbth. com/ history/ 330953 -howsoviet-propaganda -mocked -us, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • RFERL (2019). "Özgür Avrupa Radyosu", https://www.rferl.org/, Erişim Tarihi: 29.10.2019.
  • Riasanovsky, V. Nicholas, & Steinberg, D. Mark (2011). Rusya Tarihi. (Çev. Figen Dereli).İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları.
  • Risso, L. (2013). Radio Wars: Broadcasting in the Cold War. Cold War History, 13(2), 145-152.
  • Rojecki, A. (1999). Silencing the Opposition: Antinuclear Movements and the Media in the Cold War (Vol. 142). University of Illinois Press.
  • Rojecki, A. (2002). Modernism, State Sovereignty and Dissent: Media and the New Post-Cold War Movements. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), 152-171.
  • Roth-Ey, K. (2011). Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War (pp. 1957-1985). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
  • Schwoch, J. (2009). Global TV: New Media and the Cold War, 1946-69. The United States: University of Illinois Press.
  • Sémelin, J., & Libbrecht, L. (1994). Communication and Resistance. The Instrumental Role of Western Radio Stations in Opening up Eastern Europe. Réseaux. Communication- Technologie-Société, 2(1), 55-69.
  • Sharon Wang, S., & Hong, J. (2011). Voice of America in the post-Cold War Era: Opportunities and Challenges to External Media Services via New Information and Communication
  • Technology. International Communication Gazette, 73(4), 343-358.
  • Sherif, A. (2009). Japan’s Cold War: Media, Literature, and the Law. The United States: Columbia University Press.
  • Shinoda, T. (2007). Becoming more Realistic in the Post-Cold War: Japan's Changing Media and Public Opinion on National Security. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 8(2), 171-190.
  • So, R. J. (2013). Literary Information Warfare: Eileen Chang, the US State Department, and Cold War Media Aesthetics. American Literature, 85(4), 719-744.
  • Weathersby, K. (1993). The Soviet Role in the Early Phase of the Korean War: New Documentary Evidence. Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 425-458.
  • Webb, A. (2013). Cold War Radio and the Hungarian Uprising, 1956. Cold War History, 13(2), 221-238.
  • Winek, M. D. (2009). Radio as a Tool of the State: Radio Moscow and the Early Cold War.
  • Comparative Humanities Review, 3(1), 99-113.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Süleyman Şahan 0000-0001-5137-0317

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahan, S. (2020). Sovyetler Birliği’nde Batı Blok’unun Radyo Yayınlarının Karikatürler Üzerinden Eleştirisi. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 270-291.