Araştırma Makalesi
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COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 477 - 500, 18.08.2019

Öz

Haritalar geçmişten günümüze gerek akademik coğrafya araştırmalarında
gerekse coğrafya eğitimi ve öğretiminde en temel görselleştirme araçlardan biri
olagelmiştir. Günümüzde farklı alanlarda ve çok büyük miktardaki veri akışı bir
görselleştirme aracı olarak tematik haritaları ön plana çıkarmıştır. Bir
tematik harita çeşidi olan alan katogramları, özellikle coğrafyada nicel
veriler için önemli bir görselleştirme aracıdır. Alan kartogramlar boyut veya
mesafenin yeryüzünün boyutu veya uzaklık birimi dışındaki bir değişkene göre
ölçeklendirildiği bir tematik harita çeşidi olarak tanımlanabilir. Koroplet,,
korokromatik, nokta, dereceli sembol ve akış haritaları gibi geleneksel tematik
haritalarda idari birimler yüzölçümlerine göre gösterilirken; kartogramlarda bu
alanlar gösterilmek istenen verinin büyüklüğü ile orantılı olarak
gösterilmektedirler. Böylece yüzölçümü büyüklüğünün gösterilen mekânsal verinin
dağılışına bakılmaksızın haritayı domine etmesinin ve harita okuyucusunun
görsel algısını etkilemesinin önüne geçilmektedir. Bu durum alan kartogramlarını
diğer tematik haritalardan ayıran en önemli özelliktir.  Alan Kartogramlarının bir diğer önemli
özelliği ise altlık harita üzerindeki her bir birimin kartogram üzerinde,
seçili veri setinin gerçek değeriyle gösterilmesidir. Bu sayede kartogram
haritalama tekniğinde diğer tematik haritalama tekniklerinde olduğu üzere veri
sınıflandırması olmadığı için kayıp veri sorunu da oluşmamaktadır. 19.yüzyılın
sonlarından itibaren gazete, dergi ve ders kitaplarında bir görselleştirme
aracı olarak kullanılmaya başlayan alan kartogramlarının, akademik coğrafya
çalışmalarında kullanımı 20.yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra olmuştur. Alan kartogramlarının
daha ziyade beşerî coğrafya çalışmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabileceği
görülmektedir. Bu durumun nedeni kartogram haritalama tekniğinin
kullanılabilmesi için alansal bir veriye ihtiyaç duyulmasıdır. Beşerî coğrafyada
hemen hemen her araştırma alanında kullanılmakla beraber alan kartogramlarının
en yaygın olarak kullanıldığı araştırma alanlarının nüfus ve seçim coğrafyası
olduğu görülmektedir. Bu makalede bir tematik harita çeşidi olarak alan kartogramlarının,
coğrafya araştırmalarında nasıl kullanılabileceği örnekler üzerinden ele
alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Andresen, M. A., Wuschke, K., Kinney, J. B., & Brantingham, P. J. (2010). Cartograms, Crime, and Location QuotIents. Crime Patterns and Analysis, 2(1), 31-46.
  • Bilgin, T. (1996). Genel Kartoğrafya II (4.Baskı). Filiz Kitapevi.
  • Bonnett, A. (2008). What is Geography? (1. baskı). London ; Thousand Oaks. Calif: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • De Blij, H. (2012). Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever. Oxford University Press.
  • Demiralp, N . (2009). Haritalarla öğrenme. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (4), 955-973. http://dergipark.gov.tr/tebd/issue/26109/275087
  • Dent, B. D. (1999). Cartography: Thematic Map Design. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
  • Dent, B. D., Torguson, J., & Hodler, T. W. (2009). Cartography: Thematic Map Design (6. baskı). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Dorling, D. (1994). Cartograms for visualising human geography. Visualization in Geographic Information Systems, 85-102.
  • Dorling, D. (1996). Area Cartograms : Their Use and Creation. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography (CATMOG). https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10016621100/
  • Dorling, D. (1998). Human Cartography: When it is Good to Map. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 30(2), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1068/a300277
  • Dorling, D. (2012). The Visualization of Spatial Social Structure. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Dorling, D., Barford, A., & Newman, M. (2006). Worldmapper: The World as You’ve Never Seen it Before. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5), 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2006.202
  • Field, K., & Dorling, D. (2016). UK election cartography. International Journal of Cartography, 2(2), 202-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2016.1238744
  • Flowerdew, R., & Martin, D. (2005). Methods in Human Geography: A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project (2. baskı). Harlow, England ; New York: Routledge.
  • Friendly, M., & Denis, D. J. (2009). Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization: An Illustrated Chronology of Innovations. Statistical Consulting Service, York University.
  • Gastner, M. T., Shalizi, C. R., & Newman, M. E. J. (2005). Maps and Cartograms of the 2004 US Presential Election Results. Advances in Complex Systems, 08(01), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525905000397
  • Hennig, B. D. (2013). Rediscovering the World. Içinde Springer Theses. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642348471 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34848-8
  • Hennig, B. D. (2014). Gridded cartograms as a method for visualising earthquake risk at the global scale. Journal of Maps, 10(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.806229
  • Kadmon, N. (2006). Cartograms and Topology. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 19(3-4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3138/LW02-3404-3756-064M
  • Keim, D. A., North, S. C., Panse, C., & Schneidewind, J. (2002). Efficient cartogram generation: a comparison. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2002. INFOVIS 2002., 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFVIS.2002.1173144
  • Kitchin, D. R., & Tate, D. N. (1999). Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice (1 edition). London New York: Routledge.
  • Li, L., & Clarke, K. C. (2012). Cartograms showing China’s population and wealth distribution. Journal of Maps, 8(3), 320-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2012.722792
  • Monmonier, M. (1991). How to Lie with Maps (2nd edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Muehrcke, P. (1981). Maps in Geography. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 18(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.3138/Y0U7-U48P-617N-27R4
  • Nusrat, S., Alam, M. J., Scheidegger, C., & Kobourov, S. (2018). Cartogram Visualization for Bivariate Geo-Statistical Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(10), 2675-2688. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2017.2765330
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, Alam, M. J., & Kobourov, S. (2018). Evaluating Cartogram Effectiveness. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(2), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2642109
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, & Kobourov, S. (2015). Visualizing Cartograms: Goals and Task Taxonomy. arXiv:1502.07792 [cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.07792
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, & Kobourov, S. (2016). The State of the Art in Cartograms. Comput. Graph. Forum, 35(3), 619–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12932
  • Nuñez, J. J. R. (2014). The Use of Cartograms in School Cartography. T.Bandrova, M.Konecny ve S.Zlatanova (Ed.), Thematic Cartography for the Society içinde (s. 327-339). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08180-9_24
  • Raisz, E. (1934). The Rectangular Statistical Cartogram. Geographical Review, 24(2), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.2307/208794
  • Raisz, E. (1948). General cartography. Newyork: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Rittschof, K. A., Stock, W. A., Kulhavy, R. W., Verdi, M. P., & Johnson, J. T. (1996). Learning from Cartograms: The Effects of Region Familiarity. Journal of Geography, 95(2), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221349608978925
  • Shimizu, E., & Inoue, R. (2009). A new algorithm for distance cartogram construction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(11), 1453-1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810802186882
  • Slocum, T. A., Slocum, T. A., McMaster, R. B., Kessler, F. C., & Howard, H. H. (2005). Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization. Pearson Higher Education & Professional Group.
  • Sun, H., & Li, Z. (2010). Effectiveness of cartogram for the representation of spatial data. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870409X12525737905169
  • Szegö, J. (1987). Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man. Swedish Council for Building Research.
  • Şahin, B. (2012). Coğrafya öğretmenlerinin tematik haritalara yönelik görüşleri (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara http://www.acikarsiv.gazi.edu.tr/index.php?menu=2&secim=10&YayinBIK=8593
  • Şahin, B. (2016). Kartogramların Beşeri Coğrafyada Kullanımı. Program adı: TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu (13-14 Ekim 2016), Ankara.
  • Tao, M. (2010). Using Cartograms in Disease Mapping (Doktora tezi). The University of Sheffield. Erişim adresi: https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal /docview/ 13145 64857/216CAABDCF97483DPQ/1?accountid=11054
  • Thomas, B., & Dorling, D. (2004). Advances in the Human Cartography of the UK. The Cartographic Journal, 41(2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870404X21121
  • Thrower, N. J. . (2008). Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society (3. baskı). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tobler, W. (2004). Thirty Five Years of Computer Cartograms. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401004.x
  • Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (1998). Beşeri Coğrafya ( İnsan, Kültür, Mekân). İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
  • Tyner, J. A. (2014). Principles of Map Design (1 edition). New York, London: The Guilford Press.
  • Van Kreveld, M., & Speckmann, B. (2007). On rectangular cartograms. Computational Geometry, 37(3), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2006.06.002

AN ALTERNATIVE THEMATIC MAPPING TECHNIQUE IN GEOGRAPHY: AREA CARTOGRAMS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 477 - 500, 18.08.2019

Öz

From past to present, maps have been one of the most fundamental
visualization tools not only in academic geography researches, but also in
geography education and training. Today, data flow in different areas and in
vast amounts brings thematic maps to the forefront as a tool of visualization.
As a type of thematic map, area cartograms are significant tools of
visualization particularly for quantitative data in geography. Area cartograms
can be defined as a type of thematic map in which dimension or distance is
scaled according to a variable other than the dimension and distance of earth’s
surface. Units like countries, states/provinces and cities are displayed in
proportion to their surface areas in traditional thematic maps like choropleth,
chorochromatic, dot, proportional symbol and flow maps, whereas the same areas
are shown in proportion to the size of the data intended to be displayed in
cartograms. In this way, size of the surface area is prevented from dominating
the map regardless of the distribution of the depicted spatial data and also
from distorting the visual perception of the map-reader. This is the most
important feature separating area cartograms from other thematic maps. Another
important feature of area cartograms is that each unit represented on the base
map is indicated with the real value of the selected data set on the cartogram.
Since there is no data classification in cartogram mapping technique as in
other thematic mapping techniques, there is also no lost data problem. 
Area cartograms, which were started to be used as a tool of visualization
in the newspapers, magazines and textbooks as of the late 19th century, started
to be used in academic geography studies following the second half of the 20th
century. It is seen that cartograms can be effectively used rather in human
geography studies. The reason behind that is spatial data is needed to use
cartogram mapping technique. It appears that the research areas where
cartograms are most commonly used are population and electoral geography, even
though they are used in almost every research field in human geography. In this
article, the issue of how area cartograms, as a type of thematic map, can be
used in geographical researches is illustrated through examples. 

 

Kaynakça

  • Andresen, M. A., Wuschke, K., Kinney, J. B., & Brantingham, P. J. (2010). Cartograms, Crime, and Location QuotIents. Crime Patterns and Analysis, 2(1), 31-46.
  • Bilgin, T. (1996). Genel Kartoğrafya II (4.Baskı). Filiz Kitapevi.
  • Bonnett, A. (2008). What is Geography? (1. baskı). London ; Thousand Oaks. Calif: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • De Blij, H. (2012). Why Geography Matters: More Than Ever. Oxford University Press.
  • Demiralp, N . (2009). Haritalarla öğrenme. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (4), 955-973. http://dergipark.gov.tr/tebd/issue/26109/275087
  • Dent, B. D. (1999). Cartography: Thematic Map Design. WCB/McGraw-Hill.
  • Dent, B. D., Torguson, J., & Hodler, T. W. (2009). Cartography: Thematic Map Design (6. baskı). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Dorling, D. (1994). Cartograms for visualising human geography. Visualization in Geographic Information Systems, 85-102.
  • Dorling, D. (1996). Area Cartograms : Their Use and Creation. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography (CATMOG). https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10016621100/
  • Dorling, D. (1998). Human Cartography: When it is Good to Map. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 30(2), 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1068/a300277
  • Dorling, D. (2012). The Visualization of Spatial Social Structure. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Dorling, D., Barford, A., & Newman, M. (2006). Worldmapper: The World as You’ve Never Seen it Before. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 12(5), 757-764. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2006.202
  • Field, K., & Dorling, D. (2016). UK election cartography. International Journal of Cartography, 2(2), 202-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2016.1238744
  • Flowerdew, R., & Martin, D. (2005). Methods in Human Geography: A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project (2. baskı). Harlow, England ; New York: Routledge.
  • Friendly, M., & Denis, D. J. (2009). Milestones in the History of Thematic Cartography, Statistical Graphics, and Data Visualization: An Illustrated Chronology of Innovations. Statistical Consulting Service, York University.
  • Gastner, M. T., Shalizi, C. R., & Newman, M. E. J. (2005). Maps and Cartograms of the 2004 US Presential Election Results. Advances in Complex Systems, 08(01), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525905000397
  • Hennig, B. D. (2013). Rediscovering the World. Içinde Springer Theses. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642348471 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34848-8
  • Hennig, B. D. (2014). Gridded cartograms as a method for visualising earthquake risk at the global scale. Journal of Maps, 10(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.806229
  • Kadmon, N. (2006). Cartograms and Topology. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 19(3-4), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3138/LW02-3404-3756-064M
  • Keim, D. A., North, S. C., Panse, C., & Schneidewind, J. (2002). Efficient cartogram generation: a comparison. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2002. INFOVIS 2002., 33-36. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFVIS.2002.1173144
  • Kitchin, D. R., & Tate, D. N. (1999). Conducting Research in Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice (1 edition). London New York: Routledge.
  • Li, L., & Clarke, K. C. (2012). Cartograms showing China’s population and wealth distribution. Journal of Maps, 8(3), 320-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2012.722792
  • Monmonier, M. (1991). How to Lie with Maps (2nd edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Muehrcke, P. (1981). Maps in Geography. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 18(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.3138/Y0U7-U48P-617N-27R4
  • Nusrat, S., Alam, M. J., Scheidegger, C., & Kobourov, S. (2018). Cartogram Visualization for Bivariate Geo-Statistical Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(10), 2675-2688. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2017.2765330
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, Alam, M. J., & Kobourov, S. (2018). Evaluating Cartogram Effectiveness. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 24(2), 1077-1090. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2016.2642109
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, & Kobourov, S. (2015). Visualizing Cartograms: Goals and Task Taxonomy. arXiv:1502.07792 [cs]. http://arxiv.org/abs/1502.07792
  • Nusrat, Sabrina, & Kobourov, S. (2016). The State of the Art in Cartograms. Comput. Graph. Forum, 35(3), 619–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.12932
  • Nuñez, J. J. R. (2014). The Use of Cartograms in School Cartography. T.Bandrova, M.Konecny ve S.Zlatanova (Ed.), Thematic Cartography for the Society içinde (s. 327-339). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08180-9_24
  • Raisz, E. (1934). The Rectangular Statistical Cartogram. Geographical Review, 24(2), 292-296. https://doi.org/10.2307/208794
  • Raisz, E. (1948). General cartography. Newyork: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  • Rittschof, K. A., Stock, W. A., Kulhavy, R. W., Verdi, M. P., & Johnson, J. T. (1996). Learning from Cartograms: The Effects of Region Familiarity. Journal of Geography, 95(2), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221349608978925
  • Shimizu, E., & Inoue, R. (2009). A new algorithm for distance cartogram construction. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(11), 1453-1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810802186882
  • Slocum, T. A., Slocum, T. A., McMaster, R. B., Kessler, F. C., & Howard, H. H. (2005). Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization. Pearson Higher Education & Professional Group.
  • Sun, H., & Li, Z. (2010). Effectiveness of cartogram for the representation of spatial data. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870409X12525737905169
  • Szegö, J. (1987). Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man. Swedish Council for Building Research.
  • Şahin, B. (2012). Coğrafya öğretmenlerinin tematik haritalara yönelik görüşleri (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara http://www.acikarsiv.gazi.edu.tr/index.php?menu=2&secim=10&YayinBIK=8593
  • Şahin, B. (2016). Kartogramların Beşeri Coğrafyada Kullanımı. Program adı: TÜCAUM Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu (13-14 Ekim 2016), Ankara.
  • Tao, M. (2010). Using Cartograms in Disease Mapping (Doktora tezi). The University of Sheffield. Erişim adresi: https://search.proquest.com/pqdtglobal /docview/ 13145 64857/216CAABDCF97483DPQ/1?accountid=11054
  • Thomas, B., & Dorling, D. (2004). Advances in the Human Cartography of the UK. The Cartographic Journal, 41(2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870404X21121
  • Thrower, N. J. . (2008). Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society (3. baskı). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Tobler, W. (2004). Thirty Five Years of Computer Cartograms. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09401004.x
  • Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (1998). Beşeri Coğrafya ( İnsan, Kültür, Mekân). İstanbul: Çantay Kitapevi.
  • Tyner, J. A. (2014). Principles of Map Design (1 edition). New York, London: The Guilford Press.
  • Van Kreveld, M., & Speckmann, B. (2007). On rectangular cartograms. Computational Geometry, 37(3), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2006.06.002
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bahaddin Şahin 0000-0002-5911-1827

Salih Şahin 0000-0002-2166-1997

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Ağustos 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, B., & Şahin, S. (2019). COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(2), 477-500.
AMA Şahin B, Şahin S. COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI. TSA. Ağustos 2019;23(2):477-500.
Chicago Şahin, Bahaddin, ve Salih Şahin. “COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 23, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2019): 477-500.
EndNote Şahin B, Şahin S (01 Ağustos 2019) COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 23 2 477–500.
IEEE B. Şahin ve S. Şahin, “COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI”, TSA, c. 23, sy. 2, ss. 477–500, 2019.
ISNAD Şahin, Bahaddin - Şahin, Salih. “COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 23/2 (Ağustos 2019), 477-500.
JAMA Şahin B, Şahin S. COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI. TSA. 2019;23:477–500.
MLA Şahin, Bahaddin ve Salih Şahin. “COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI”. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 477-00.
Vancouver Şahin B, Şahin S. COĞRAFYADA ALTERNATİF BİR TEMATİK HARİTALAMA TEKNİĞİ: ALAN KARTOGRAMLARI. TSA. 2019;23(2):477-500.