Relationship Between Visceral Fat Tissue and Exercise

Abstract

There are two types of apidose tissue in the human body. Brown adipose tissue is found in small amounts in the body and produces heat in the body through adaptive thermogenesis in cold conditions and diet. White adipose tissue stores fats as triglycerides to be transferred to the blood as free fatty acids when the excess energy is needed. White fat tissue can transform into brown fat tissue due to factors such as hormonal stimulation, chronic cold environment and exercise. UCP-1 protein, an important protein found in brown adipose tissue, regulates energy distribution. White adipose tissue is divided into two in the body: subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue. Visceral tissue surrounds the internal organs, while subcutaneous tissue is found in the thighs and buttocks. Visceral fat cells, which accumulate especially around the abdominal organs, may be closely related to type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis development, fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases and other metabolic diseases, and the most important cause of visceral fat accumulation is due to lifestyle changes, lack of exercise and the application of diet programs. Popular types of exercise to reduce visceral fat tissue include aerobic exercise, combination exercises, resistance exercises, high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training. In particular, aerobic exercises are considered the most popular exercise method used for weight loss because they can be performed easily and cause high energy expenditure. Popular exercise models to reduce visceral fat tissue include aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, combined exercises, high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training. Among these training methods, it is aimed to determine exercise models that aim to reduce the visceral fat rate around the abdominal internal organs at a high rate, and even specifically to determine which exercise model will be most effective.

Keywords

• aerobic
• resistance
• subcutaneous fat
• Visceral fat

Viseral Yağ Dokusu ve Egzersiz İlişkisi

Abstract

İnsan bedeninde iki tip apidoz doku bulunmaktadır. Kahverengi yağ dokusu vücutta az miktarda bulunmakta ortamın soğuk olduğu koşullarda ve diyet zamanda adaptif termojenezis ile vücutta ısı üretimi gerçekleştirir. Beyaz yağ dokusu alınan fazla enerjiyi ihtiyaç duyulduğunda serbest yağ asitleri olarak kana aktarılmak üzere yağları trigliserit olarak depo etmektedir. Beyaz yağ dokusu hormonal uyarılar, kronik soğuk ortam ve egzersiz gibi etkenlerle kahverengi yağ dokusuna dönüşüm sağlayabilir. Kahverengi yağ dokusunda bulunan önemli bir protein olan UCP-1 proteini enerji dağılımını düzenlemektedir. Beyaz yağ dokusu vücütta subkutan ve visseral beyaz yağ dokusu olarak ikiye ayrılır. Visseral doku iç organları çevrelerken subkutan doku uyluk ve kalçalarda bulunur. Özellikle karın organlarının etrafında biriken viseral yağ hücreleri tip 2 diyabet, dislipidemi, aterosklerozis gelişimi, karaciğer yağlanması, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar ve diğer metabolik hastalıklar ile yakından ilişkili olabileceği ve viseral yağ birikiminin en önemli nedeni, yaşam tarzı değişikliğine göre egzersiz eksikliği ve diyet programlarının uygulama biçimi ile ilişkili olabilmekte. Viseral yağ dokuyu azaltmaya yönelik popüler egzersiz türleri arasında aerobik egzersiz, kombine egzersizler, direnç egzersizleri, yüksek yoğunluklu aralıklı antrenman ve sprint interval antrenmanları yer almaktadır. Özelliklede aerobik egzersizler, rahatlıkla uygulanabildiği ve yüksek enerji harcamasına sebep olduğu için kilo kaybı amacı ile kullanılan en popüler egzersiz metodu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Viseral yağ dokuyu azaltmaya yönelik popüler egzersiz modelleri arasında aerobik egzersiz, direnç egzersizleri, kombine egzersizler, yüksek yoğunluklu aralıklı antrenman ve sprint interval antrenmanları yer almaktadır. Bu antrenman metotları içerisinde karın iç organları etrafında bulunan viseral yağ oranını yüksek oranda azaltmaya yönelik egzersiz modellerinin belirlenmesi hatta sipesifik olarak hangi egzersiz modelinin en etkili olabileceği tespiti amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• aerobik
• direnç
• subkutan yağ
• Viseral yağ

References

1. Abedpoor, N, Taghian, F., Hajibabaie, F. (2022). Physical activity ameliorates the function of organs via adipose tissue in metabolic diseases. Acta Histochemica, 124(2), 151844.
2. Andreato, L.V, Esteves, J.V., Coimbra, D.R., Moraes, A.J.P., De Carvalho, T. (2019). The influence of high‐intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews, 20(1), 142-155.
3. Arifoğlu, Y. (2017). Sindirim Sistemi. Her Yönüyle Anatomi İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2017. p. 315-78.
4. Becher, T., Palanisamy, S., Kramer, D.J., Eljalby, M., Marx, S.J, Wibmer, A.G., Cohen, P. (2021). Brown adipose tissue is associated with cardiometabolic health. Nature Medicine, 27(1), 58-65.
5. Boden, G. (1997). Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes, 46(1), 3-10.
6. Bray, G.A., Heisel, W.E., Afshin, A., Jensen, M.D., Dietz, W.H., Long, M., Inge, T.H. )2018). The science of obesity management: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews, 39(2), 79-132.
7. Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J.A.N. (2004). Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiological reviews.
8. Cavalcante, E.F., Ribeiro, A.S., Do-Nascimento, M.A., Silva, A.M., Tomeleri, C.M., Nabuco, H.C., Cyrino, E.S. (2018). Effects of different resistance training frequencies on fat in overweight/obese older women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(07), 527-534.

9. Chang, Y.H., Yang, H.Y., Shun, S.C. (2021). Egzersiz müdahale dozajının visseral yağ dokusunun azaltılması üzerindeki etkisi: randomize kontrollü çalışmaların sistematik bir incelemesi ve ağ meta-analizi. Uluslararası Obezite Dergisi, 45 (5), 982-997.
10. Choe, S.S., Huh, J.Y., Hwang, I.J., Kim, J.I., Kim, J.B. (2016). Adipose tissue remodeling: its role in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 7, 30.
11. Coelho, M., Oliveira, T., Fernandes, R. (2013). State of the art paper Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Archives of Medical Science, 9(2), 191-200.
12. Cypess, A.M., Lehman, S., Williams, G., Tal, I., Rodman, D., Goldfine, A.B., Kahn, C.R. (2009). Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1509-1517.
13. Davis, M.E., Blake, C., Perrotta, C., Cunningham, C., O’Donoghue, G. (2022). Impact of training modes on fitness and body composition in women with obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity, 30(2), 300-319.
14. Demirci, Ş., Gün, C. (2019). Adipoz doku ve adipoz dokudan salgılanan bazı proteinler. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 155-179.
15. DiSpirito, J.R., Mathis, D. (2015). Immunological contributions to adipose tissue homeostasis. In Seminars in immunology (Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 315-321). Academic Press.
16. Enerback, S. (2009). The origins of brown adipose tissue. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(19), 2021-2023.
17. Frank, A.P., De Souza Santos, R., Palmer, B.F., Clegg, DJ. (2019). Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks. Journal of Lipid Research, 60(10), 1710-1719.
18. Gesta, S., Tseng, Y.H., Kahn, C.R. (2007). Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell, 131(2), 242-256.
19. Giordano, A., Frontini, A., Castellucci, M., Cinti, S. (2004). Presence and distribution of cholinergic nerves in rat mediastinal brown adipose tissue. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 52(7), 923-930.
20. Göncü, B. S., & Balcı, B. (2023). Sporda mücadele ve tehdit algısı açısından bilinçli farkındalığın önemi. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 9(2), 59-60.
21. Gray, S.L., Vidal-Puig, A.J. (2007). Adipose tissue expandability in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Nutrition Reviews, 65(suppl_1), S7-S12.
22. Gregoire, F.M., Smas, C.M., Sul, H.S. (1998). Understanding adipocyte differentiation. Physiological Reviews, 78(3), 783-809.
23. Günöz, H. (2002). Şişmanlık. In: Neyzi O, Ertuğrul T, editors Pediatri 3.Baskı, İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi. 221-226.
24. Güven, E. Ö., Çay, A., Özavcı, R., & Korkutata, A. (2021). Pandemi döneminde boş zamanı değerlendirme davranışlarının cinsiyet değişkenine göre incelenmesi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 2017-2035.
25. Ibañez, J., Izquierdo, M., Arguelles, I., Forga, L., Larrión, J.L., García-Unciti, M., Gorostiaga, E.M. (2005). Twice-weekly progressive resistance training decreases abdominal fat and improves insulin sensitivity in older men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 28(3), 662-667.
26. Ibrahim, M.M. (2010). Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences. Obesity Reviews, 11(1), 11-18.
27. Ismail, I., Keating, S.E., Baker, M.K., Johnson, N.A. (2012). A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the effect of aerobic vs. resistance exercise training on visceral fat. Obesity Reviews, 13(1), 68-91.
28. Kaisanlahti, A., Glumoff, T. (2019). Beyaz yağın kızarması: bej yağ dokusunun tip 2 diyabete karşı ajanları ve etkileri. Fizyoloji ve Biyokimya Dergisi, 75 (1), 1-10.
29. Keating, S.E., Hackett, D.A., Parker, H.M., Way, K.L., O'Connor, H.T., Sainsbury, A., Johnson, N.A. (2017). Effect of resistance training on liver fat and visceral adiposity in adults with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology Research, 47(7), 622-631.
30. Kılıc, Y. (2020). Investigation of prejudice against obesity in students of sports sciences. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(1), 108-114.
31. Kilci, A.K. (2019). Spor ve Dijital Oyunda Son Nokta: ESPOR. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
32. Kilci, A.K. & Yalçıner, S. (2020). Dijital spor oyunları oynama motivasyonu‟nun ahlâki karar alma tutumlarına etkisi: espor oyuncuları üzerine bir araştırma. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(68), 3641- 3649.
33. Kim, K.B., Kim, K., Kim, C., Kang, S.J., Kim, H.J., Yoon, S., Shin, Y.A. (2019). Effects of exercise on the body composition and lipid profile of individuals with obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome, 28(4), 278.
34. Kwon, H.R., Min, K.W., Ahn, H.J., Seok, H.G., Koo, B.K., Kim, H.C., Han, K.A. (2010). Effects of aerobic exercise on abdominal fat, thigh muscle mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic subject. Korean Diabetes Journal, 34(1), 23-31.
35. Lebona, G.T. (1993). The presence of paraganglia in the human ascending aortic fold: histological and ultrastructural studies. Journal of Anatomy, 183(Pt 1), 35.
36. Looney, S.M., Raynor, H.A. (2013). Behavioral lifestyle intervention in the treatment of obesity. Health Services Insights, 6, HSI-S10474.
37. Maillard, F., Pereira, B., Boisseau, N. (2018). Effect of high-intensity interval training on total, abdominal and visceral fat mass: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48, 269-288.
38. Marandi, S.M., Abadi, N.G.B., Esfarjani, F., Mojtahedi, H., Ghasemi, G. (2013). Effects of intensity of aerobics on body composition and blood lipid profile in obese/overweight females. International journal of preventive medicine, 4(Suppl 1), S118.
39. Medina-Gómez, G. (2012). Mitochondria and endocrine function of adipose tissue. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 26(6), 791-804.
40. Mermer, M., Acar, N. (2017). Adipoz doku ve enerji metabolizması üzerine etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 40-46.
41. Mika, A., Macaluso, F., Barone, R., Di Felice, V., Sledzinski, T. (2019). Effect of exercise on fatty acid metabolism and adipokine secretion in adipose tissue. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 26.
42. Özavci, R., & Gözaydın, G. (2022). Rekreasyonel alan kullanımında koronavirüs kaygısının yaşam doyumuna etkisi. Tourism and Recreation, 4(2), 89-94.
43. Özavci, R., Korkutata, A., Gözaydın, G., & Çakır, Z. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan stresin yaşam doyumu ve rekreasyonel sağlık algısına etkisi. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(3), 454-461.
44. Park, S.K., Park, J.H., Kwon, Y.C., Kim, H.S., Yoon, M.S., Park, H.T. (2003). The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on abdominal fat in obese middle-aged women. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 22(3), 129-135.
45. Peirson, L., Douketis, J., Ciliska, D., Fitzpatrick-Lewis, D., Ali, M.U., Raina, P. (2014). Treatment for overweight and obesity in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal, 2(4), E306-E317.
46. Petridou, A., Siopi, A., Mougios., V. (2019). Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism, 92, 163-169.
47. Ross, R., Soni, S., Houle, S. (2020). Negative energy balance induced by exercise or diet: Effects on visceral adipose tissue and liver fat. Nutrients, 12(4), 891.
48. Saely, C.H., Geiger, K., Drexel, H. (2011). Brown versus white adipose tissue: a mini-review. Gerontology, 58(1), 15-23. Scheele C, Nielsen S, 2017. Metabolic regulation and the anti-obesity perspectives of human brown fat. Redox biology, 12, 770-775.
49. Stanek, A., Brożyna-Tkaczyk, K., Myśliński, W. (2021). Obezitenin neden olduğu perivasküler yağ dokusu (PVAT) fonksiyon bozukluğunun vasküler homeostazdaki rolü. Besinler, 13 (11), 3843.
50. Şahin, G., Özer, M. K., Söğütçü, T., Bavlı, Ö., Serbes, Ş., Yurdakul, H. Ö., ... & Gözaydın, G. (2014). Kadınlarda düzenli fiziksel aktivite alışkanlığı. SSTB International Refereed Academic Journal of Sports, Health & Medical Sciences, 10(4), 88-97.
51. Tchkonia, T., Morbeck, D.E., Von Zglinicki, T., Van Deursen, J., Lustgarten, J., Scrable, H., Kirkland, J.L. (2010). Fat tissue, aging, and cellular senescence. Aging Cell, 9(5), 667-684.
52. Tchoukalova, Y.D., Sarr, M.G., Jensen, M.D. (2004). Measuring committed preadipocytes in human adipose tissue from severely obese patients by using adipocyte fatty acid binding protein. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 287(5), R1132-R1140.
53. Thompson, D., Karpe, F., Lafontan, M., Frayn, K. (2012). İnsan yağ dokusu fizyolojisinin düzenlenmesinde fiziksel aktivite ve egzersiz. Fizyolojik incelemeler.
54. Tong, T.K., Zhang, H., Shi, H., Liu, Y., Ai, J., Nie, J., Kong, Z. (2018). Comparing time efficiency of sprint vs. high-intensity interval training in reducing abdominal visceral fat in obese young women: a randomized, controlled trial. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1048.
55. Verheggen, R.J.H.M., Maessen, M.F.H., Green, D.J., Hermus, A.R.M.M., Hopman, M.T.E., Thijssen, D.H.T. (2016). A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue. Obesity Reviews, 17(8), 664-690.
56. Virtanen, K.A., Lidell, M.E., Orava, J., Heglind, M., Westergren, R., Niemi, T., Nuutila ,P. (2009). Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1518-1525.
57. Wang, W., Seale, P. (2016). Control of brown and beige fat development. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 17(11), 691-702.
58. Wewege, M., Van Den Berg, R., Ward, R.E., Keech, A. (2017). Aşırı kilolu ve obez yetişkinlerde yüksek yoğunluklu aralıklı antrenmanın orta yoğunluklu sürekli antrenmana karşı vücut kompozisyonu üzerindeki etkileri: sistematik bir inceleme ve meta-analiz. Obezite İncelemeleri, 18 (6), 635-646.
59. Yan, J., Dai, X., Feng, J., Yua,n X., Li, J., Yang, L., Lou, Q. (2019). Effect of 12-month resistance training on changes in abdominal adipose tissue and metabolic variables in patients with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Diabetes Research.
60. Zemková, E., Kyselovičová, O., Jeleň, M., Kováčiková, Z., Ollé, G., Štefániková, G., Ukropcová, B. (2017). Upper and lower body muscle power increases after 3-month resistance training in overweight and obese men. American Journal Of Men's Health, 11(6), 1728-1738.
61. Zhang, H., Tong, T.K., Qiu, W., Zhang, X., Zhou, S., Liu, Y., He, Y. (2017). Comparable effects of high-intensity interval training and prolonged continuous exercise training on abdominal visceral fat reduction in obese young women. Journal of diabetes research, 2017.