The effects of endurance training on the relationships body composition plasma ghrelin and leptin levels

Abstract

The present research was conducted over 35 voluntary students studying at Collage of Physical Education and Sports of Selcuk University. The students were at 18-24 years age group and were composed of 18 women (10 experimental and 8 control) and 17 men (9 experimental and 8 control). A special diet program was not applied to experimental students. Experimental groups were subjected to 60 minutes cycling exercises in 4 days of the week for 8 weeks at 50-70% of previously determined heart rate. Control groups were prevented from any special sportive activities except for their practical courses. Ghrelin levels were measured by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) and leptin levels were measured by ELISA method. Effects of gender on body weights, percent body fat (PBF) and maximal aerobic capacities (VO_2max) of the men and women students measured at the beginning and end of the tests were found to be significant (P<0.001). Exercises significantly increased only VO_2max levels of men and women experimental groups (P<0.001). Pre- and post-experimental leptin and ghrelin levels were also significantly affected by the gender (P<0.001), however, exercises did not significantly affect the levels of these hormones.  It was concluded that endurance trainings did not have significant effects on body weights, PBF and body mass index (BMI) of both men and women experimental groups, but significant increases were observed in VO_2max levels  of entire experimental students with applied exercise programs and gender was found to be significant with regard to body weight, PBF and VO_2max levels of the students. Additionally, leptin and ghrelin levels were not also significantly affected by the applied exercise program, but the effects of gender on leptin and ghrelin levels were found to be highly significant.

Keywords

• Endurance training; ghrelin; leptin

References

1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Sixth Edition. USA. Lippincott. Williams&Wilkins; 2000.
2. Ball K, Owen N, Salmon J, Bauman A, Gore CJ. Association of physical activity with body weight and fat in men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 2001; 25: 914- 919.
3. Dirlewanger M, Di Vetta V, Giusti V, Schneiter P, Jéquier E, Tappy L. Effect of moderate physical activity on plasma leptin concentration in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol, 1999; 79: 331- 335.
4. Durnin JV, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr, 1974; 32: 77- 97.
5. Ebal E, Cavalie H, Michaux O, Lac G. Effect of a moderate exercise on the regulatory hormones of food intake in rats. Appetite, 2007; 49: 521- 524.
6. Foster-Schubert KE, McTiernan A, Frayo RS, Schwartz RS, Rajan KB, Yasui Y et al. Human plasma ghrelin levels increase during a one-year exercise program. J Clin End Metab, 2005; 90: 820- 825.
7. Gutin B, Ramsey L, Barbeau P, Cannady W, Ferguson M, Litaker M et al. Plasma leptin concentrations in obese children: Changes during 4-mo periods with and without physical training. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999; 69: 388- 94.
8. Hansen TK, Dall R, Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JO. Weight loss ıncreases circulating levels of ghrelin in human obesity. J Clin End Metab, 2002; 56: 203- 206.

9. Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Borer KT. Effect of once a week endurance exercise on fitness status in sedentary subjects. Journal of The Medical Association of Tailand, 2010; 9: 93.
10. Houmard JA, Cox JH, MacLean PS, Barakat HA. Effect of short-term exercise training on leptin and insulin action. Metabolism, 2000; 49: 858- 61.
11. Hsu YW, Pan YJ, Cho YM, Liou TH, Chou P, Wang PS. Aging effects on exercise-induced alternations in plasma acylated ghrelin and leptin in male rats. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2011: 111 (5): 809- 817.
12. Janeckova R. The role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Res, 2001; 50: 443- 459
13. Jürimae J, Jürimae T. Leptin response to short term exercise in college level male rowers. Br J Sports Med, 2005; 39: 6-9.
14. Kim HJ, Lee S, Kim TW, Kim HH, Jeon TY, Yoon YS. Effects of exercise-induced weight loss on acylated and unacylated ghrelin in overweight children. J Clin End, 2008; 68: 416- 422.
15. Kizaki T. Maegawa T, Sakurai T, Ogasawara JE, Ookawara T, Oh-Ishi S. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011; 30: 413(3): 454- 9.
16. Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylatedpeptide from stomach. Nature, 1999; 402: 656- 660.
17. Kondo T, Kobayashi I, Murakami M. Effect of exercise on circulating adipokine levels in obese young women. Endocr Jour, 2006; 53: 189- 195.
18. Kyriazis GA, Caplan JD, Lowndes J, Carpenter RL, Dennis KE, Sivo SA et al. Moderate exercise-induced energy expenditure does not alter leptin levels in sedentary obese men. J Clin Sport Med, 2007; 17: 49- 51.
19. Leidy HJ, Gardner JK, Frye BR, Snook ML, Schuchert MK, Richard EL, Williams NI. Circulating ghrelin is sensitive to changes in body weight during a diet and exercise program in normal-weight young women. J Clin End Metab, 2004; 89: 2659- 2664.
20. Murakami T, Horigome H, Tanaka K, Nakata Y, Katayama Y, Matsui A. Effects of diet with or without exercise on leptin and anticoagulation proteins levels in obesity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2007; 18: 389- 394.
21. Myers MG, Leibel RL, Seeley RJ, Schwartz MW. Obesity and leptin resistance: distinguishing cause from effect. Trends in End and Metabolism, 2010; 21(11): 643- 651.
22. Okazaki T, Himeno E, Manri H, Ogata H, Ikeda M. Effects of mildaerobic exercise and mild hypocaloric diet on plasma leptin in sedentary females. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 1999; 26: 415-420.
23. Olive JL, Miller MS, Miller GD. Differential effects of maximal and moderate- intensity runs on plasma leptin in healthy trained subjects. Nutrition, 2001; 17: 365- 369.
24. Otto B, Cuntz U, Fruehauf E, Wawarta R, Folwaczny C et al. Weight gain decreases elevated plasma ghrelin concentrations of patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur J End, 2001; 145: 669- 673.
25. Özçelik O, Doğan H, Keleştimur H. Akut ve kronik egzersizin obezlerde serum leptin seviyesi üzerine etkileri. Genel Tıp Dergisi, I. Leptin Sempozyumu Bildiri Özetleri: 13(2):42, 2003, Konya.
26. Özer K. Fiziksel uygunluk. 2.baskı. Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 2006.
27. Perusse L, Collier G, Gagnon J. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on leptin levels in humans. J Appl Physiol, 1997; 85: 5-10.
28. Pomerants T, Tillmann V, Karelson K, Jürimäe J, Jürimäe T. Ghrelin response to acute aerobic exercise in boys at different stages of puberty. Horm Metab Res, 2006; 38: 752- 757.
29. Revan S, Balcı ŞS, Pepe H, Kurtoğlu F, Akkuş H. Aerobik Egzersizlerin, Düşük HDL-Kolesterol Seviyesine Sahip Erkeklerde Lipid Profili Üzerine Etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Cardiovasc Sci, 2011; 23 (1): 16- 22.
30. Ruby B, Robergs R, Leadbetter G, Mermier C, Chick T, Stark D. Cross- training between cycling and running in untrained females. J Sports Med and Physical Fitness, 1996; 36: 246- 254.
31. Russel RI, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C et al. Physicalactivity and public health. Jama, 1995; 273:402- 407.
32. Schutte AE, Huisman HW, Schutte R, Van Rooyen JM, Malan L, Malan NT. Aging influences the level and functions of fasting plasma ghrelin levels: The Powırs-Study. Regulatory Peptides, 2007; 139: 65-71.
33. Suzuki S, Urata G, Ishida Y, Kanahisa H, Yamamura M. Influences of Low Intensity Exercise on Body Composition, Food Intake and Aerobic Power of Sedentary Young Females. Appl Human Sci, 1998; 17 (6): 259- 266.
34. Ünal M, Ünal DÖ, Salman F, Baltacı AK, Mogulkoç R. The relation between serum leptin levels and max VO2 in male patients with type I diabetes and healthy sedentary males. Endocr Res, 2004; 30: 491- 498.
35. Van der Lely AF, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev, 2004; 25: 426- 457.
36. Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin End Metab, 2001; 86: 5992- 5995.
37. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature, 1994; 372: 406- 407.