The impact of resistance training with different rest intervals on plasma levels of inflammatory markers in sedentary men

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different rest intervals between two types of 8 week’s resistance training with the same volume and intensity of serum levels of homocysteine and CRP In Sedentary Men. Thirty untrained subjects who voluntarily participated in this study  were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training with 90 seconds rest intervalsbetween sets (n = 10), resistance training with 180 seconds rest intervalsbetween sets (n = 10) and control group (n=10). The training programs included 8 exercises, which were performed with 50% of one repetition maximum in the first session and with 85% of one repetition maximum on the last session and in 8-12 repetitions in 3 sets. Before  and after 8 weeks training period blood sampling carried out. Independent and paired t-tests were used to analyze data in a meaningful level (p<0.05). Results showed that There is  statistically significant reduction in CRP homocysteine levels after 8 weeks of resistance training with different rest intervals in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05).In general, we can say that the difference between rest periods in resistance training can be an important factor in changes in serum levels of homocysteine and CRP are important.

Keywords

• Circuit resistance training,CRP,homocysteine,rest interval

References

1. Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002; 162(11): 1286–1292.
2. Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006; 290(5): E961–E967.
3. Choi JK, Moon KM, Jung SY, Kim JY, Choi SH, Kim DY, Kwon SM. Regular exercise training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells and decreases homocysteine levels in healthy peripheral blood. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 2014; 18(2): 163–168.
4. Church TS, Earnest CP, Thompson AM, Priest E, Rodarte RQ, Sanders T, Blair SN. Exercise without weight loss does not reduce C-reactive protein: the INFLAME study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2010; 42(4): 708.
5. Desalles BF, Simao R, Miranda F, da Silva Novaes J, Lemos A, Willardson JM. Rest interval between sets in strength training. Sports Medicine, 2009; 39(9): 765–777.
6. e Silva Ade S, da Mota MP. Effects of physical activity and training programs on plasma homocysteine levels: a systematic review. Amino Acids, 2014; 46(8): 1795–1804.
7. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2005; 115(5): 911–919.
8. Fleck SJ, Kraemer W. Designing Resistance Training Programs, 4E. Human Kinetics, 2014..

9. Gaume V, Mougin F, Figard H, Simon-Rigaud ML, N’guyen UN, Callier J, Berthelot A. Physical training decreases total plasma homocysteine and cysteine in middle-aged subjects. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2005; 49(2): 125–131.
10. Goldfarb AH, Garten RS, Chee PDM, Cho C, Reeves GV, Hollander DB, Kraemer RR. Resistance exercise effects on blood glutathione status and plasma protein carbonyls: influence of partial vascular occlusion. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2008; 104(5): 813–819.
11. Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, Ferchichi S, Kallel C, Souissi N. The Effect of short-term maximal exercises on biochemical markers of muscle damage, total antioxidant status, and homocysteine levels in football players. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 2012; 3(4): 239.
12. Hejazi SM, Rashidlamir A, Jebelli A, Nornematolahi S, Ghazavi SM, Soltani M. The effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on levels of homocysteine, HS-CRP serum and plasma fibrinogen in type II diabetic women. Life Science Journal, 2013; 10 (1).
13. Hudson MB, Hosick PA, McCaulley GO, Schrieber L, Wrieden J, Mcanulty SR, Quindry JC. The effect of resistance exercise on humoral markers of oxidative stress. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2008; 40(3): 542.
14. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 1978; 40(3): 497–504.
15. Joubert LM. Exercise, nutrition, and homocysteine. ProQuest, 2008.
16. LaMonte MJ, Durstine JL, Yanowitz FG, Lim T, DuBose KD, Davis P, Ainsworth BE. Cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein among a tri-ethnic sample of women. Circulation, 2002; 106(4): 403–406.
17. Lee YH, Song YW, Kim HS, Lee SY, Jeong HS, Suh SH, Noh CI. The effects of an exercise program on anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters in obese children. Korean Circulation Journal, 2010; 40(4): 179–184.
18. Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO. Braunwald’s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014.
19. Maud PJ, Foster C. Physiological assessment of human fitness. Human Kinetics, 2006.
20. Mayhew DL, Thyfault JP, Koch AJ. Rest-interval length affects leukocyte levels during heavy resistance exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 2005; 19(1): 16–22.
21. McAnulty SR, McAnulty LS, Nieman DC, Morrow JD, Shooter LA, Holmes S, Henson DA. Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress in highly trained athletes before and after exhaustive exercise. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2005; 16(9): 530–537.
22. Namazi A, Aghaalinejad H, Peeri M, Rahbarizadeh F. The effects of short term circuit resistance training on serum homocysteine and CRP concentrations in active and inactive females. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2010; 12(2): 169–176.
23. Neuman JC, Albright KA, Schalinske KL. Exercise prevents hyperhomocysteinemia in a dietary folate-restricted mouse model. Nutrition Research, 2013; 33(6): 487–493.
24. Nikbakht HA, Amirtash AM, Gharouni H, Zafari A. Correlation of physical activity with serum fibrinogen and homocysteine concentration in active, sedentary and with CAD males, 2007.
25. Nygard O, Vollset SE, Refsum H, Stensvold I, Tverdal A, Nordrehaug JE, Kvåle G. Total plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular risk profile: the HordalandHomocysteine Study. Jama, 1995; 274(19): 1526–1533.
26. Okura T, Rankinen T, Gagnon J, Lussier-Cacan S, Davignon J, Leon AS, Bouchard C. Effect of regular exercise on homocysteine concentrations: the heritage Family Study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006; 98(4): 394–401.
27. Panic N, Leoncini E, de Belvis G, Ricciardi W, Boccia S. Evaluation of the endorsement of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement on the quality of published systematic review and meta-analyses. Plus One, 2013; 8(12): e83138.
28. Patrick L, Uzick M. Cardiovascular disease: C-reactive protein and the inflammatory disease paradigm: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, alpha-tocopherol, red yeast rice, and olive oil polyphenols. A review of the literature. Alternative Medicine Review, 2001; 6(3): 248–248.
29. Paziraei M, Azadmanesh M, Mogharnasi M, Rezaei M. (N.d.). The Interactive Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplement on Plasma Homocysteine Concentration and sICAM-1 in Elderly Men.
30. Phillips MD, Patrizi RM, Cheek DJ, Wooten JS, Barbee JJ, Mitchell JB. Resistance training reduces subclinical inflammation in obese, postmenopausal women. MEDSci Sports Exerc, 2012; 44(11): 2099–2110.
31. O’Callaghan C, Czupryniak L, Prelevic GM. Exercise decreases plasma total homocysteine in overweight young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2002; 87(10): 4496–4501.
32. Real JT, Merchante A, Gomez JL, Chaves FJ, Ascaso JF, Carmena R. Effects of marathon running on plasma total homocysteine concentrations. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2005; 15(2): 134–139.
33. Schneeberg A. Investigation Into the Relationship Between Physical Activity and Total Plasma Homocysteine. In Masters Abstracts International, 2007; 46.
34. SheikholeslamiVatani D, Ahmadi S, Ahmadi Dehrashid K, Gharibi F. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers of young, healthy, men after six weeks of moderate or high intensity resistance training. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2011; 51(4): 695–700.
35. Shi Z, Guan Y, Huo YR, Liu S, Zhang M, Lu H, Ji Y. Elevated total homocysteine levels in acute ischemic stroke are associated with long-term mortality. Stroke, 2015; 46(9): 2419–2425.
36. Shih KC, Janckila AJ, Kwok CF, Ho LT, Chou YC, Chao TY. Effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity, inflammatory cytokines, and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a in obese Chinese male adolescents. Metabolism, 2010; 59(1): 144–151.
37. Siri WE. Body composition from fluid spaces and density: analysis of methods. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, 1961; 61: 223–44.
38. Stefani GP, Nunes RB, Dornelles AZ, Alves JP, Piva MO, Di Domenico M, Dal Lago P. The Effects of creatine supplementation associated with resistance training on oxidative stress in different tissues of rats. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2014; 11(1): 1.
39. Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. The Effect of Exercise Training Modality ofC-reactive Protein in Type-2 Diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2012; 44(6): 1028.
40. Talebi-Garakani E, Safarzade A. Resistance training decreases serum inflammatory markers in diabetic rats. Endocrine, 2013; 43(3): 564–570. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-012-9786-9.
41. Uchida MC, Bacurau RFP, Navarro F, Pontes Jr FL, Tessuti VD, Moreau RL, Aoki MS. Alteration of testosterone: cortisol ratio induced by resistance training in women. RevistaBrasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 2004; 10(3): 165–168.
42. Vidyasagar S. Dose response relationship between exercise intensity and C reactive protein in healthy individuals, 2013.
43. Vincent HK, Bourguignon C, Vincent KR. Resistance training lowers exercise‐induced oxidative stress and homocysteine levels in overweight and obese older adults. Obesity, 2006; 14(11): 1921–1930.