The Effects of Trenbolone Supplementation on The Extremity Bones in Running Rats

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives through which anabolic effects are maintained and androgenic effects are minimized. The use of ergogenic agents is increasing among athletes for doping in order to increase physical performance and change external image. The objective of this study was to determine effects of trenbolone supplement administered on running rats for 4 weeks on extremity bones. The study was conducted with 28 male Wistar rats aged 28 days with a mean weight of 61,80 g supplied from the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. The rate were divided into 4 groups as C (Controls), E (Exercise), T (Trenbolone), and TE (trenbolone + Exercise). The trial period lasted 4 weeks. Supply, care, feeding, and experimental applications of rats were performed in the Selcuk University Experimental Medical Research and Application Center. Anterior and posterior extremities’ bones were dissected and exposed, and the humerus and femur bones exposed were dried. Length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness, and medulla diameter points were determined and the necessary measures were taken. The results are expressed as mean ± SD. ANOVA and Duncan tests were used for the comparison of data. p<0.05 values were considered statistically significant. The mean femoral length was found as 31.31 ± 0.69 in the rats in Group T, 31.46±0.72 in Group E, 31.51±0.58 in Group TE, and 31.48 ± 0.71 in Group C (controls). Examining the mean femoral lengths of Groups T, E, TE and C; the mean femoral length in Group T was numerically higher than that of the Groups E, TE and C, although the difference was not statistically significant (F:0.112; p:0.637). The mean humerus length was found as 24.93 ± 0.59 in the rats in Group T, 24.96±0.68 in Group E, 25.33±0.81 in Group TE, and 25.29±0.77 in Group C (controls). Examining the mean humerus lengths of Groups T, E, TE and C; the mean humerus length in Group T was numerically higher than that of the Groups E, TE and C, although the difference was not statistically significant (F:0.608; p:0.355). We found that the mean values of corpus and cortex thickness, and medullary diameters were similar in the Groups T, E, TE, and C, and the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Results of this study indicate that trenbolone supplement may lead to early epiphyseal closure in femur and humerus bones of rats, ceasing the increase in their length. We believe that the results obtained from this trenbolone trial will provide important data to the studies that will be conducted on anabolic androgenic steroids.  

 

Key words: Anabolic Androgenic Steroid, Trenbolone, Rat, Femur, Humerus

Keywords

• Anabolic Androgenic Steroid,Trenbolone,Rat

References

1. 1. Al-Kennany ER, Al-Hamdany EK. Pathological effects of anabolic steroid (Sustanon®) on liver of male rats. Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2014; 28(1), 31-9.
2. 2. Dallı M, Işıkdemir E, Bingöl E. Determination of Doping Knowledge Level of Physical Education and Sports College Students. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS), 2014; 2(6), 11-20.
3. 3. Frankenfeld SP, de Oliveira LP, Ignacio DL, Coelho RG, Mattos MN, Ferreira ACF, Fortunato RS. Nandrolone decanoate inhibits gluconeogenesis and decreases fasting glucose in Wistar male rats. Journal of Endocrinology, 2014; 220(2), 143-53.
4. 4. Garmyn AJ, Miller MF. Meat science and muscle biology symposium—Implant and beta agonist impacts on beef palatability. Journal of animal science 2014; 92.1, 10-20.
5. 5. Haffner-Luntzer M, Kovtun A, Lackner I, Mödinger Y, Hacker S, Liedert A, Ignatius A. Estrogen receptor α-(ERα), but not ERβ-signaling, is crucially involved in mechanostimulation of bone fracture healing by whole-body vibration. Bone, 2018; 110, 11-20.
6. 6. Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports medicine, 2004; 34(8), 513-54.
7. 7. Hassan AF, Kamal MM. Effect of exercise training and anabolic androgenic steroids on hemodynamics, glycogen content, angiogenesis and apoptosis of cardiac muscle in adult male rats. Int J Health Sci, 2013; 7(1), 47-60.
8. 8. Hotchkiss AK, Furr J, Makynen EA, Ankley GT, Gray Jr LE. In utero exposure to the environmental androgen trenbolone masculinizes female Sprague–Dawley rats. Toxicology letters, 2007; 174(1-3), 31-41.

9. 9. Jensen KM, Makynen EA, Kahl MD, Ankley GT. Effects of the feedlot contaminant 17α-trenbolone on reproductive endocrinology of the fathead minnow. Environmental science & technology, 2006; 40(9), 3112-7.
10. 10. Lok S. Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?. Int. J. Morphol, 2015; 33(4), 1201-4.
11. 11. McCoy SC, Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Borsa PA, Tillman MD, Conrad BP, Ye F. 17β-Hydroxyestra-4, 9, 11-trien-3-one (Trenbolone) preserves bone mineral density in skeletally mature orchiectomized rats without prostate enlargement. Bone, 2012; 51(4), 667-73.
12. 12. Müller RK, 2010. History of doping and doping control. In Doping in sports: Biochemical principles, effects and analysis(pp. 1-23). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
13. 13. Naraghi MA, Abolhasani F, Kashani I, Anarkooli IJ, Hemadi M, Azami A, Barbarestani M, Aitken RJ, Shokri S. The effects of swimming exercise and supraphysiological doses of nandrolone decanoate on the testis in adult male rats: a transmission electron microscope study. Folia Morphol, 2010; 69(3), 138–46.
14. 14. Norris DO, James AC, 2005. Endocrine disruption: biological bases for health effects in wildlife and humans. Oxford University Press
15. 15. Rocha FL, Carmo EC, Roque FR, Hashimoto NY, Rossoni LV, Frimm C, Ane'as I, Negra'o CE, Krieger JE, Oliveira EM. Anabolic steroids induce cardiac renin-angiotens in system and impair the beneficial effects of aerobic training in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2007; 293(6), 3575-83.
16. 16. Santillana JM, Cannady DF, VanPelt TD, Sanchez J, Bryan P, Conrad JE, Yarrow JF, 2011. 17β-hydroxyestra-4, 9, 11-trien-3-one (Trenbolone) Exhibits Tissue Selective Anabolic 1 Activity: Effects on Muscle, Bone, Adiposity, Hemoglobin, and Prostate 2.
17. 17. Shokri S, Hemadi M, Bayat G, Bahmanzadeh M, Jafari-Anarkooli I, Mashkani B. Combination of running exercise and high dose of anabolic androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate, increasesprotamine deficiency and DNA damage in rat spermatozoa. Andrologia, 2014; 46(2), 184-90.
18. 18. Tanehkar F, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Sameni HR, Haghighi S, Miladi-Gorji H, Bavarsad K. Voluntary exercise does not ameliorate spatial learning and memory deficits induced by chronic administration of nandrolone decanoate in rats. Hormones and behavior, 2013; 63, 158-65.
19. 19. Villeneuve DL, Jensen KM, Cavallin JE, Durhan, EJ, Garcia‐Reyero N, Kahl MD, Ankley GT. Effects of the antimicrobial contaminant triclocarban, and co‐exposure with the androgen 17β‐trenbolone, on reproductive function and ovarian transcriptome of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2017; 36(1), 231-42.
20. 20. Wijayanti AD, Widiasih DA, Susetya H, Yudhabuntara D, Drastini Y, Primatika RA, Santosa WI, 2017. Detection of Trenbolone Acetate in Beef Muscle and Liver Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture (pp. 527-32). Springer, Cham.
21. 21. Yarrow JF, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Beck DT, Otzel DM, Balaez A, Neuville KG. Testosterone dose dependently prevents bone and muscle loss in rodents after spinal cord injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 2014; 31(9), 834-45.
22. 22. Ye F, McCoy SC, Ross HH, Bernardo JA, Beharry AW, Senf SM, Smith BK. Transcriptional regulation of myotrophic actions by testosterone and trenbolone on androgen-responsive muscle. Steroids, 2014; 87, 59-66.