Effect of Sports in Self-Control & Self-Management Levels of Students

Abstract

The study was conducted to examine the effect of sports on students' self-control and self-management levels. The research group totally consists of 277 people, 125 of them are female and 152 of them are male, studying in the School of Physical Education and Sports in Bingol University in the 2018-2019 academic year. In order to gather data for the purpose of the research, "Self-Control-Self-Management Scale-SCMS" was used. The students participating in the research were asked personal information questions regarding their demographic characteristics. The research was carried out in SPSS 22 statistical package program and the significance level was taken as 0.05. For testing whether the collected data show normal distribution, the normality of the distributions (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) and then skewness and kurtosis tests were examined. According to the test results, double comparisons are Mann Whitney-U, and multiple comparisons are Kruskal Wallis analysis. According to the answers given by the students participating in the research, the self-assessment and self-empowerment levels of the students who are doing licensed sports are significantly higher, female students are more self-confident in the activities that need to be done, and the self-management-control of the students engaged in individual sports levels were determined as higher.

Keywords

• Sports
• Self-Control
• Self-Management

References

1. 1. Anshel MH, Anne P. Self-regulatory characteristics of competitive swimmers as a function of skill level and gender. Journal of Sport Behavior. 1996; (19):2. 2. Boyalı C. Öz-kontrol ile akademik erteleme arasındaki ilişkide akıllı telefon bağımlılığının aracı rolünün incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul, 2020. 3. Candy PC. Self-direction for lifelong learning: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. Jossey-Bass, Publishers. San Francisco. 1991. 4. Chen D, Singer RN. Self-regulation and cognitive strategies in sport participation. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 1992; 23(4): 277-300. 5. Cleary TJ, Zimmerman BJ. Self-regulation differences during athletic practice by experts, non-experts, and novices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2001; (13): 185-206. 6. Çelik EO. Dağcılık sporu ile uğraşan bireylerin doğaya bağlılık, bilinçli farkındalık, öz kontrol düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Anadolu Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Eskişehir. 2019. 7. Doğan O. Spor psikolojisi ders kitabı. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Yayınları. Sivas. 2004. 8. Ercoşkun MH. Adaptation of Self-Control and Self-Management Scale (SCMS) into Turkish Culture: A study on reliability and validity. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 2016; 16(4): 1125-1145. doi: 10.12738/estp.2016.4.2725. 9. Garrison DR. An analysis of the control construct in self-directed learning. in H.B Long (E,d), Emerging perspectives of self-directed learning. 1997; 27-44. 10. Genet N. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci: Associated with body mass index. Nature genetics. 2010; 11(42): 937-948. 11. Gottfredson LS. On intelligence: a bioecological treatise on intellectual development (e.d) building academic in everyday life, intelligence, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. 2001; (39)4: 363-365. 12. Jordet G. When superstars flop: Public status and “choking under pressure” in international soccer penalty shootouts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2009a; 21: 125-130. 13. Jordet G. Why do english players fail in soccer penalty shootouts? A study of team status, selfregulation, and choking under pressure. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2009b; 27: 97-106. 14. Kanfer FH. Implications of a self-regulation model of therapy for treatment of addictive behaviors. In W. R. Miller & N. Heather (Eds.), Treating addictive behaviors. Plenum Press. New York. 1986; 29-47. 15. Karataş M. Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Merkez Teşkilatı'nda çalışan polis teşkilatı mensuplarında öz denetim ve sosyal sorun çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ankara. 2014. 16. Kirschenbaum DS, Ordman AM, Tomarken AJ, Holtzbauer R. Effects of differential self-monitoring and level of mastery of sports performance: Brain power bowling. Cognitive therapy and Research. 1982; 6: 335-342. 17. Kitsantas A, Zimmerman BJ. Comparing self-regulatory processes among novice, non-expert and expert volleyball players: A microanalytic study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2002; 14: 91-105. 18. Mezo PG. The self-control and self-management scale (SCMS): Development of an adaptive self-regulatory coping skills instrument. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2009; 31(2): 83-93. 19. Miller CA, Fitch T, Marshall JL. Locus of control and at-risk youth: A comparison of regular education high school students and students in alternative schools. Education. 2003; 123(3): 548-552. 20. Muraven M, Baumeister RF. Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological bulletin. 2000; 126(2): 247. 21. Nebioğlu M, Konuk N, Akbaba S. The investigation of validity and reliability of the turkish version of the brief self-control scale. Clinic Bulletin Of Clinical Psyhcopharmalogy. 2012; 340-351. 22. Rotter JB. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.Psychological Monographs. 1996; 80:609. doi: 10.1037/h009297 23. Shao AT. Marketing Research: An Aid to Decision Making, Cincinnati. South-Western/Thomson Learning. Ohio. 2002. 24. Subaş R. Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının öz-denetimleri ve öğretmen özyeterlik inançları arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenlerle incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Kütahya, 2018. 25. Toering TT, Elferink-Gemser MT, Jordet G, Visscher C. Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2009a; 27: 1509-1517. 26. Toering TT, Elferink-Gemser MT, Jordet G, Visscher C. Self-regulation and performance level in top-level youth soccer: International versus national level players. Abstract, ISSP 12th World Congress of Sport Psychology: Meeting new challenges and bridging cultural gaps in sport and exercise psychology? [CD]. Marrakech, Morocco: International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) 2009b, June. 27. Türkeş MC. Ergenlerde sapkın davranışın nedenleri olarak özdenetim ve aile içi denetim mekanizmalarının analizi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Uludağ Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı. Bursa, 2004. 28. Wang VCX, Dennett SK. Pedagogy vs Andragogy Organizations In Wang, Victor C. X (Ed.), Handbook of research on education and technology in a changing society. 2014; 318-330. doi:10.4018/978-14666-6046-5. 29. Woodman T, Hardy L. Self confidance and performance. a little self doubt helps.Psyhcology of Sport and Excercise. 2001; 467-470. 30. Yılmaz M. Lisanslı olarak spor yapan ve spor yapmayan ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin özkontrol ve özyönetim düzeyleri. Yüksek lisans tezi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi. Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Bolu, 2017. 31. Zimmerman BJ. Development and adaptation of expertise: The role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006; 705-722.