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An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey

Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 35 - 42, 02.07.2015

Abstract

The aim and the question of this study is to present the variables and the processes of the football refereeing's professional conditions. Owing to the fact that there aren't any studies done before in the present literature relating to this matter, this study is summarized based on related instructions in Turkey, news from newspapers and examples from some countries in literature review section of this study. The method of the study is based on questionnaire technique. Due to the standardization in professional conditions and wages, questionnaire application is limited with Istanbul, and 55 male referees are found during the training in Istanbul Beylerbeyi Facilities. The subjects consist of the referees from 5 classifications and it is seen that the duration of experience increases form county refereeing to national refereeing. The referees are seen to conduct from 1 to 6 matches in a month. 44 of the subjects works in another job and insured through that job. This makes it obvious that the refereeing has not reached to the level of total professionalization. The fact that they remark 10.9% of the subjects are policemen, 12.7% of them are teacher, 14.5% of them are officer and 50.9% of them work in “other” lines of business and the rate of the ones who earn their livings only through refereeing corresponds to 3.6% validate the given situation. The fact that 50.9% of the subjects demand the refereeing to become a full-time profession testifies the request of the people who performs refereeing for professionalization. 50.9% of the subjects in total reported that Physical Aptitude Test causes stress. The fact that 36.3% of the subjects reported they do it as a hobby and 58% of them reported they do it both as a hobby and their own job exhibits the “semi-professional” appearance of football refereeing. 

References

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Year 2015, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 35 - 42, 02.07.2015

Abstract

References

  • Bilgen G. Alman Hakemlik Konstanz/Almanya: Türkiye Faal Futbol Hakemleri ve Gözlemcileri Derneği Araştırma ve Çeviri Arşivi, 2004: 12-13.
  • Bryson A, Buraimo B, Simmons R. Do salaries improve worker performance? Labour Economics 2011; 18: 424-433.
  • Buraimo B, Forrest D, Simmons R. The 12th man? refereeing bias in English and German soccer. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 2010; A 173, Part 2, 431–449.
  • Dawson P, Dobson S. The influence of social pressure and nationality on individual decisions: Evidence from the behaviour of referees. Journal of Economic Psychology 2010; 31: 181–191.
  • Dohmen TJ. The influence of social forces: Evidence from the behaviour of football referees. Economic Inquiry 2008; 46(3):411–424.
  • Downward P, Jones M. Effects of crowd size on referee decisions: Analysis of the FA Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences 2007; 25(14): 1541-1545.
  • Erkal M, Güven Ö, Ayan D. Sosyolojik Açıdan Spor. Extended 3rd ed. İstanbul: Der Publications, 1998: 160
  • Gürpınar B, Güven Ö. Futbol hakemlerinin karşılaştıkları sportmenlik dışı davranışların incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 2011; IX(1): 7-14.
  • Lidbom PP, Priks M. Behavior under social pressure: Empty Italian stadiums and referee bias. Economics Letters 2010; 108: 212–214.
  • Rickman N, Witt R. Favouritism and Financial Incentives: A Natural Experiment. Economica 2008; 75: 296–309.
  • Sarıbay AY, Öğün SS. Politikbilim. Reviewed 4th ed. Ankara: Sentez Publications, 2013: 109.
  • Scoppa V. Are subjective evaluations biased by social factors or connections? An econometric analysis of soccer referee decisions. Empir Econ, 2008; 35: 123–140.
  • Somalı V. Teknik, taktik yönleriyle futbol ve tarihi. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 1989:42.
  • Üçışık HF. Sporda Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. Ötüken Neşriyat, 1999:176.
  • http://www.thefa.com/my-football/referee/frequently- asked-questions, Date of Access:30.01.2015
  • http://www.thefa.com/my-football/referee/frequently-asked- questions, Date of Access: 30.01.2015
  • http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=200&ftxtId=21028, Date of Access:31.01.2015
  • http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=200&ftxtId=22150, Date of Access:31.01.2015
  • http://www.tffhgdkayseri.org.tr/Dokuman/DokumanBanka/ m%C3%BCsabakaucretleri.pdf, Date of Access: 31.01.2015
  • http://sampiy10.gazetevatan.com/hakemlere-zam-da- yetmedi--669330-futbol-sampiy10-haber/, Date of Access: 30.01.2015
  • http://sampiy10.gazetevatan.com/hakemlere-zam-da- yetmedi--669330-futbol-sampiy10-haber/, Date of Access: 30.01.2015
  • http://www.tff.org/default.aspx?pageID=248&ftxtID=19112, Date of Access: 31.01.2015
  • http://www.tff.org/Resources/TFF/Documents/TALIMATLA R/MHK-Talimati.pdf, Date of Access: 18.01.2015 24. Free health services http://www.memurlar.net/haber/381418/, Publication Date: 12.06.2013, Date of Access: 08.02.2015 for referees,
  • Saadettin Orhan, Match- fixing, referees, social security, http://www.bugun.com.tr/pages/marticle.aspx?id=166839, Publication Date :22.08.2011, Date of Access: 08.02.2015
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mert Zelyurt

Muazzez Sasmaz Atacocugu

Suat Yıldız This is me

Publication Date July 2, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zelyurt, M., Sasmaz Atacocugu, M., & Yıldız, S. (2015). An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 17(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.09497
AMA Zelyurt M, Sasmaz Atacocugu M, Yıldız S. An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2015;17(1):35-42. doi:10.15314/tjse.09497
Chicago Zelyurt, Mert, Muazzez Sasmaz Atacocugu, and Suat Yıldız. “An Overview of the Professional Conditions of the Football Referees in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 17, no. 1 (August 2015): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.09497.
EndNote Zelyurt M, Sasmaz Atacocugu M, Yıldız S (August 1, 2015) An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 17 1 35–42.
IEEE M. Zelyurt, M. Sasmaz Atacocugu, and S. Yıldız, “An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2015, doi: 10.15314/tjse.09497.
ISNAD Zelyurt, Mert et al. “An Overview of the Professional Conditions of the Football Referees in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 17/1 (August 2015), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.09497.
JAMA Zelyurt M, Sasmaz Atacocugu M, Yıldız S. An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey. Turk J Sport Exe. 2015;17:35–42.
MLA Zelyurt, Mert et al. “An Overview of the Professional Conditions of the Football Referees in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 17, no. 1, 2015, pp. 35-42, doi:10.15314/tjse.09497.
Vancouver Zelyurt M, Sasmaz Atacocugu M, Yıldız S. An overview of the professional conditions of the football referees in Turkey. Turk J Sport Exe. 2015;17(1):35-42.

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