Comparison of the Dynamic Balance in Youth Male Wrestlers According to Age, Body Mass Index, and Participation Level

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 208 - 215, 31.08.2021

Yavuz Lima

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic balance in youth wrestlers according to age, body mass index (BMI) and participation level. A total of 68 youth wrestlers participated in this study. They were subdivided according to participation levels (elite and sub-elite), age (13-14,15-16,17-18) and BMI (<20, 20-25, >25). The modified star excursion balance test (mSEBT) was performed by the same sports medicine specialist. All directional scores (anterior (A), posterior-lateral (PL), posterior-medial (PM)) and composite score (CS) on the dominant (p<0.001; p<0.001; p=0.002; p=0.001; respectively) and non-dominant sides (p<0.001; p=0.003; p=0.004; p<0.001; respectively) were higher in elite-level wrestlers compared to sub-elite ones. According to age, the dominant side’s A, PM scores and CS in 17-18 year-old wrestlers were higher compared to younger ones (p=0.003; p=0.01; p=0.009; respectively) and the non-dominant side’s all scores (A, PL, PM, CS) in 17-18 year-old wrestlers were higher compared to younger ones (p=0.001; p=0.003; p=0.007; p=0.001; respectively). According to BMI, the dominant side’s A, PL scores, and CS in wrestlers with a BMI < 20 were significantly lower compared to BMI > 20 (p=0.01; p=0.023; p=0.013; respectively). Dynamic balance in youth wrestlers may differ by age, BMI and level of participation. Balance measurements in youth wrestlers should be performed and necessary precautions should be taken to prevent sports injury and improve athletic performance.

Keywords

Balance, Youth athlete, Sports medicine, Age, Wrestler

Supporting Institution

No funding has been received for this study.

Project Number

None

Thanks

I would like to thank Prof Dr. Deniz Tuncel who supported me with performing this study. I would also like to thank Nazlı Deniz Öz for statistical analysis.

References

• 1. Krawietz, B., The sportification and heritagisation of traditional Turkish oil wrestling. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 2012. 29(15): p. 2145-2161.
• 2. Horswill, C.A., Applied physiology of amateur wrestling. Sports Medicine, 1992. 14(2): p. 114-143.
• 3. Jarrett, G.J., J.F. Orwin, and R.W. Dick, Injuries in collegiate wrestling. The American journal of sports medicine, 1998. 26(5): p. 674-680.
• 4. Park, K.J., J.H. Lee, and H.C. Kim, Injuries in male and female elite Korean wrestling athletes: a 10-year epidemiological study. British journal of sports medicine, 2019. 53(7): p. 430-435.
• 5. Hewett, T.E., et al., Wrestling injuries. Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries, 2005. 48: p. 152-178.
• 6. Bahr, R., B. Clarsen, and J. Ekstrand, Why we should focus on the burden of injuries and illnesses, not just their incidence. 2018, BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine.
• 7. Van Mechelen, W., H. Hlobil, and H.C. Kemper, Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries. Sports medicine, 1992. 14(2): p. 82-99.
• 8. Bittencourt, N.F., et al., Complex systems approach for sports injuries: moving from risk factor identification to injury pattern recognition—narrative review and new concept. British journal of sports medicine, 2016. 50(21): p. 1309-1314.
• 9. Caine, D., J. DiFiori, and N. Maffulli, Physeal injuries in children’s and youth sports: reasons for concern? British journal of sports medicine, 2006. 40(9): p. 749-760.
• 10. Hrysomallis, C., Relationship between balance ability, training and sports injury risk. Sports medicine, 2007. 37(6): p. 547-556.
• 11. Emery, C.A., Risk factors for injury in child and adolescent sport: a systematic review of the literature. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 2003. 13(4): p. 256-268.
• 12. Emery, C.A., et al., Effectiveness of a home-based balance-training program in reducing sports-related injuries among healthy adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Cmaj, 2005. 172(6): p. 749-754.
• 13. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., et al., Integrative neuromuscular training in youth athletes. Part II: Strategies to prevent injuries and improve performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2016. 38(4): p. 9-27.
• 14. Hammami, R., et al., Associations between balance and muscle strength, power performance in male youth athletes of different maturity status. Pediatric Exercise Science, 2016. 28(4): p. 521-534.
• 15. Gebel, A., et al., Effects of balance training on physical fitness in youth and young athletes: a narrative review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 2020. 42(6): p. 35-44.
• 16. García-Pallarés, J., et al., Physical fitness factors to predict male Olympic wrestling performance. European journal of applied physiology, 2011. 111(8): p. 1747-1758.
• 17. Hanlon, C., et al., Effect of injury prevention programs on lower extremity performance in youth athletes: a systematic review. Sports health, 2020. 12(1): p. 12-22.
• 18. Springer, B.K. and D.M. Pincivero, The effects of localized muscle and whole-body fatigue on single-leg balance between healthy men and women. Gait & posture, 2009. 30(1): p. 50-54.
• 19. Plisky, P.J., et al., The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2009. 4(2): p. 92.
• 20. Shaffer, S.W., et al., Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Military medicine, 2013. 178(11): p. 1264-1270.
• 21. George, D., SPSS for windows step by step: A simple study guide and reference, 17.0 update, 10/e. 2011: Pearson Education India.
• 22. Davlin, C.D., Dynamic balance in high level athletes. Perceptual and motor skills, 2004. 98(3_suppl): p. 1171-1176.
• 23. Perrin, P., et al., Judo, better than dance, develops sensorimotor adaptabilities involved in balance control. Gait & posture, 2002. 15(2): p. 187-194.
• 24. Perrot, C., et al., Postural adaptations during specific combative sport movements. Science & Sports, 1998. 2(13): p. 64-74.
• 25. Maria Lopez-Gullon, J., et al., Physical fitness differences between Freestyle and Greco-Roman elite wrestlers. Archives of Budo, 2011. 7(4): p. 217-225.
• 26. Balter, S.G., et al., Habituation to galvanic vestibular stimulation for analysis of postural control abilities in gymnasts. Neuroscience letters, 2004. 366(1): p. 71-75.
• 27. Ashton-Miller, J.A., et al., Can proprioception really be improved by exercises? Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 2001. 9(3): p. 128.
• 28. Paillard, T., et al., Are there differences in postural regulation according to the level of competition in judoists? British journal of sports medicine, 2002. 36(4): p. 304-305.
• 29. Ricotti, L., Static and dynamic balance in young athletes. Journal of human sport and exercise, 2011. 6(4): p. 616-628.
• 30. Gonell, A.C., J.A.P. Romero, and L.M. Soler, Relationship between the Y balance test scores and soft tissue injury incidence in a soccer team. International journal of sports physical therapy, 2015. 10(7): p. 955.
• 31. McGuine, T.A., et al., Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 2000. 10(4): p. 239-244.
• 32. Plisky, P.J., et al., Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 2006. 36(12): p. 911-919.
• 33. Wang, H.-K., et al., Risk-factor analysis of high school basketball–player ankle injuries: A prospective controlled cohort study evaluating postural sway, ankle strength, and flexibility. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2006. 87(6): p. 821-825.
• 34. Butler, R.J., et al., Dynamic balance performance and noncontact lower extremity injury in college football players: an initial study. Sports health, 2013. 5(5): p. 417-422.
• 35. Smith, C.A., N.J. Chimera, and M. Warren, Association of y balance test reach asymmetry and injury in division I athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2015. 47(1): p. 136-141.
• 36. Bahr, R. and I. Holme, Risk factors for sports injuries—a methodological approach. British journal of sports medicine, 2003. 37(5): p. 384-392.
• 37. Caine, D., N. Maffulli, and C. Caine, Epidemiology of injury in child and adolescent sports: injury rates, risk factors, and prevention. Clinics in sports medicine, 2008. 27(1): p. 19-50.
• 38. Morán-Navarro, R., et al., Can balance skills predict Olympic wrestling performance? Journal of Sport & Health Research, 2015. 7(1).
• 39. Gouleme, N., et al., Spatial and temporal postural analysis: a developmental study in healthy children. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2014. 38: p. 169-177.
• 40. Verbecque, E., L. Vereeck, and A. Hallemans, Postural sway in children: A literature review. Gait & posture, 2016. 49: p. 402-410.
• 41. Ozinga, S.J., et al., Normative performance on the Balance Error Scoring System by youth, high school, and collegiate athletes. Journal of athletic training, 2018. 53(7): p. 636-645.
• 42. Breen, E.O., et al., Examination of age-related differences on clinical tests of postural stability. Sports health, 2016. 8(3): p. 244-249.
• 43. Borah, D., et al., Age related changes in postural stability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2007. 51(4): p. 395-404.
• 44. Paniccia, M., et al., Postural stability in healthy child and youth athletes: the effect of age, sex, and concussion-related factors on performance. Sports health, 2018. 10(2): p. 175-182.
• 45. Steindl, R., et al., Effect of age and sex on maturation of sensory systems and balance control. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2006. 48(6): p. 477-482.
• 46. Ludwig, O., et al., Neuromuscular performance of balance and posture control in childhood and adolescence. Heliyon, 2020. 6(7): p. e04541.
• 47. Committee, P.A.G.A., Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report, 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008. 2008: p. A1-H14.
• 48. Lephart, S., et al., Knee joint proprioception: a comparison between female intercollegiate gymnasts and controls. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy, 1996. 4(2): p. 121-124.
• 49. Paterno, M.V., et al., Neuromuscular training improves single-limb stability in young female athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 2004. 34(6): p. 305-316.
• 50. Bressel, E., et al., Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. Journal of athletic training, 2007. 42(1): p. 42.
• 51. Fry-Welch, D.K., Improvement in proprioceptive acuity with training. 1998.
• 52. Hirabayashi, S.-i. and Y. Iwasaki, Developmental perspective of sensory organization on postural control. Brain and development, 1995. 17(2): p. 111-113.
• 53. Lopes, V.P., et al., Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2012. 15(1): p. 38-43.
• 54. Wang, H., et al., Correlation among proprioception, muscle strength, and balance. Journal of physical therapy science, 2016. 28(12): p. 3468-3472.
• 55. Hartley, E.M., M.C. Hoch, and M.C. Boling, Y-balance test performance and BMI are associated with ankle sprain injury in collegiate male athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 2018. 21(7): p. 676-680.
• 56. Backous, D.D., et al., Soccer injuries and their relation to physical maturity. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1988. 142(8): p. 839-842.
• 57. Brust, J.D., et al., Children's ice hockey injuries. American journal of diseases of children, 1992. 146(6): p. 741-747.
• 58. Gómez, J.E., et al., Body fatness and increased injury rates in high school football linemen. Clinical journal of sport medicine: official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, 1998. 8(2): p. 115-120.
• 59. Emery, C.A., Injury prevention and future research. Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries, 2005. 48: p. 179-200.
• 60. Pasque, C.B. and T.E. Hewett, A prospective study of high school wrestling injuries. The American journal of sports medicine, 2000. 28(4): p. 509-515.
• 61. Malina, R.M., C. Bouchard, and O. Bar-Or, Growth, maturation, and physical activity. 2004: Human kinetics.