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‘‘Özgür Ruh, Mutlu Birey’’: Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Mutluluk İlişkisinde Serbest Zamanda Algılanan Özgürlüğün Düzenleyici Rolü

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 190 - 198, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Giriş: Serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlüğün spesifik psikolojik faydalarının olduğu bilinse de bu faydalar arasındaki ilişkileri kuramsal bir model olarak ortaya koyup derinlemesine inceleyen çalışmaların varlığı oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı, psikolojik sağlamlık ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlüğün düzenleyici rolünün araştırılmasıdır. Yöntem: İlişkisel tarama modelindeki araştırmanın çalışma grubunu kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 345 kadın ve 329 erkek olmak üzere toplam 674 (Ortyaş=21,50±1.86) üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplamak amacıyla ‘‘Serbest Zamanda Algılanan Özgürlük Ölçeği (SZAÖ)’’, ‘‘Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği (KPSÖ)’’ ve ‘‘Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği – Kısa Formu (OMÖ-K) kullanılmıştır. Parametrik testlerin temel varsayımlarının test edilmesinden sonra, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve ölçümlerin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği için SPSS AMOS 24 ile doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve ölçüm modeli uyum istatistiklerinin kabul edilebilir sınırlar içinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir (χ2 = 1530,55, df = 319, χ2/df = 4,79; GFI = 90, NFI = 90; CFI = 91 ve RMSEA = 0.075). Çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan hipotezleri test etmek amacıyla yapısal eşitlik modeli oluşturulmuş ve SPSS Process Makro uzantısında (Model 1) kullanılarak analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Psikolojik sağlamlığın, mutluluk düzeyi üzerindeki etkisinde serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlüğün düzenleyici rolünün anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır ( β  = 0,13, p  < 0,01, t  = 2,25, [CI = 0,01, 0,25]). Serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlüğün yüksek olması durumunda, psikolojik sağlamlığın mutluluk düzeyine etkisi daha fazla olmaktadır ( β  = 0,45, p  < 0,01, t  = 8,85, [CI = 0,35, 0,55]). Sonuç: Serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlüğün yüksek düzeyde olması psikolojik sağlamlığın mutluluk düzeyine etkisinin daha fazla olacağını ortaya koymuştur. Gençlerde serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlük düzeylerini artırmak, psikolojik sağlıklarına önemli katkılar yapabileceği fikrini doğurmuştur.

References

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  • 2. Avcı Taşkıran T, Gürbüz B. The investigation of the relationship between per-ceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 2021; 13(5):3. DOI: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.1.03
  • 3. Bajaj B, Khoury B, Sengupta S. Resilience and Stress as Mediators in the Relationship of Mindfulness and Happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022; 13:771263. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.771263
  • 4. Carruthers C, Hood CD. The power of the positive: Leisure and well-being. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 2004; 38(2):225-245.
  • 5. Cohn MA, Fredrickson BL, Brown SL, Mikels JA, Conway AM. Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion. 2009; 9(3):361. DOI: 10.1037/a0015952
  • 6. Dai YD, Yeh GT, Tsai T, Chen YC, Chen YC. Mapping Well-Being for Elders: The Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Freedom in Leisure. In Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited; 2023, 25-44 DOI: 10.1108/S1745-354220230000019002
  • 7. Demirel DH, Demirel M, Serdar E. University students’ opinions of the meaning of leisure and their perceived freedom in leisure. Journal of Human Sciences, 2017; 14(1):796-802. DOI: 10.14687/jhs.v13i3.nnnn
  • 8. Denis DJ. SPSS data analysis for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics. USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
  • 9. Denovan A, Macaskill A. Stress, resilience and leisure coping among university students: ap-plying the broaden-and-build theory. Leisure Studies, 2017; 36(6):852-865. DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2016.1240220
  • 10. Denovan A. Macaskill A. Building resilience to stress through leisure activities: A qualitative analysis. Annals of Leisure Research, 2017; 20(4):446-466. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1211943
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  • 12. Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE. Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfac-tion. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology, 2nd. ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009, 187–194.
  • 13. Doğan T, Çötok NA. Oxford mutluluk ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the short form of the Oxford happiness questionnaire into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Türk psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik dergisi, 2011;4(36):165-172. DOI: 10.17066/pdrd.94477.
  • 14. Doğan T. Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being. 2015; 3(1):93-102.
  • 15. Ellis GD, Witt PA. The Leisure Diagnostic Battery: past, present, and future. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 1986; 20(4):31-47.
  • 16. Ellis GD, Witt, PA. Perceived freedom in leisure and satisfaction: Exploring the factor structure of the perceived freedom components of the leisure diagnostic battery. Leisure Sciences, 1994; 16(4):259-270. DOI: 10.1080/01490409409513236
  • 17. Fletcher D, Sarkar M. Psychological resilience. European psychologist. 2013; 18:12–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124.
  • 18. Gao T, Ding X, Chai J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Kong Y, Mei S. The influence of resilience on men-tal health: The role of general well‐being. International journal of nursing practice. 2017; 23(3):e12535. DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12535
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  • 20. Gürbüz S, Şahin F. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri [Research Methods in Social Sciences] 5th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2018.
  • 21. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Babin BJ, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Upper Saddle River: Pearson; 2010.
  • 22. Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago press.
  • 23. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. London: Guilford publications; 2017.
  • 24. Hefferon K, Boniwell I. Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. UK: McGraw-Hill Education; 2011
  • 25. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measure-ment of psychological well-being. Personality and individual differences. 2002; 33(7):1073-1082. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • 26. Lapa TY, Kaas ET. Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale-25: Testing the construct validity for university students. Journal of Human Sciences. 2019; 16(4):1071-1083. DOI: 10.14687/jhs.v16i4.5860
  • 27. Lapa, TY. Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recrea-tion participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013; 93:1985-1993. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.153
  • 28. Leppink J. Statistical methods for experimental research in education and psychology. Cham: Springer; 2019, 69-76.
  • 29. Lü W, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang H. Resilience as a mediator between extraversion, neuroticism and happiness, PA and NA. Personality and Individual Differences, 2014; 63:128-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.015
  • 30. MacConville R, Rae T. Building happiness, resilience and motivation in adolescents: A posi-tive psychology curriculum for well-being. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2012.
  • 31. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: Lessons from research on resilience in human develop-ment. Education Canada, 2009; 49(3):28-32.
  • 32. Mind health report [internet]. Axa.com; 2024 [accessed on: 05/06/2024]. Access address: https://www-axa-com.cdn.axa-contento-118412.eu/www-axa-com/d41133bc-5fa9-4a5d-b664316282190d78_axa_mind_health_report_2024.pdf
  • 33. Nawijn J, Veenhoven R. Happiness through leisure. In Positive leisure science: From subjec-tive experience to social contexts. Netherlands: Springer; 2012, 193-209 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5058-6_11
  • 34. Neulinger J. The Psychology of Leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1981
  • 35. O'Dwyer LM, Bernauer JA. Quantitative research for the qualitative researcher. USA: SAGE publications; 2013.
  • 36. Peker A, Cengiz S. Covid-19 fear, happiness and stress in adults: the mediating role of psy-chological resilience and coping with stress. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022; 26(2):123-131. DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1937656
  • 37. Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology. 2001; 52(1):141-166. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • 38. Ryff CD, Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudai-monia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 2013; 83(1):10-28. DOI: 10.1159/000353263
  • 39. Satici SA, Kayis AR, Satici B, Griffiths MD, Can G. Resilience, hope, and subjective happiness among the Turkish population: Fear of COVID-19 as a mediator. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2023; 21(2):803-818. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00443-5
  • 40. Serdar E, Harmandar Demirel D. The relationship between perceived freedom, leisure involvement, and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 2021; 13(7):2. DOI: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.02
  • 41. Serdar E. The effects of perceived freedom in leisure on leisure benefits: students of the faculty of sports science. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020; 22(2), 208-213. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.753226
  • 42. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine. 2008; 15:194-200. DOI: 10.1080/10705500802222972
  • 43. Stebbins RA. Leisure and positive psychology: Linking activities with positiveness. Basing-stoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-56994-3
  • 44. Stebbins RA. Leisure and the positive psychological states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2018; 13(1):8-17. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1374444
  • 45. Takiguchi Y, Matsui M, Kikutani M, Ebina K. The relationship between leisure activities and mental health: The impact of resilience and COVID‐19. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 2023; 15(1):133-151. DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12394
  • 46. Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL, Feldman Barrett L. Psychological resilience and positive emo-tional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of personality, 2004;72(6);1161-1190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
  • 47. Tükel Y, Temel AS. Examining the Levels of Freedom, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Per-ceived by College Students in Leisure Time. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2020; 6(4):668-678.
  • 48. Wang M, Wong MS. Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data. Journal of happiness Studies, 2014; 15:85-118. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-013-9417-z
  • 49. Wheaton B, Muthen, B, Alwin DF, Summers GF. Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 1977;8: 84-136. DOI: 10.2307/270754
  • 50. Witt PA, Ellis GD. Development of a short form to assess perceived freedom in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 1985;17(3):225-233. DOI: 10.1080/00222216.1985.11969632
  • 51. World Happiness Report [internet]. Worldhappiness.report; 2024 [accessed on: 05/06/2024]. Access address: https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/WHR+23.pdf
  • 52. Wu HC, Liu A, Wang CH. Taiwanese University students' perceived freedom and participation in leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 2010;13(4):679-700. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2010.9686870

"Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 190 - 198, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Introduction: Although it is known that perceived freedom in leisure has various psychological benefits, there are very limited studies that present the relationships between these benefits as a theoretical model and examine them in depth. In this context, the aim of the study is to investigate the moderating role of perceived freedom in leisure on the relationship between resilience and happiness. Method: The study group of the correlational survey model research consisted of 674 university students, 345 female and 329 male, selected by simple convenience sampling method (Meanage=21,50±1.86). ''Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (PFLS)'', ''Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)'' and ''Oxford Happiness Scale - Short Form (OHQ-SF)'' were used to collect data in the study. After testing the basic assumptions of parametric tests, Pearson correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS AMOS 24 for the reliability and validity of the measurements were performed and it was found that the measurement model fit statistics were within acceptable limits (χ2 = 1530.55, df = 319, χ2/df = 4.79; GFI = 90, NFI = 90; CFI = 91 and RMSEA = 0.075). In order to test the hypotheses created within the scope of the study, a structural equation model was created and analyses were performed using the SPSS Process Macro extension (Model 1). Findings: The moderating role of perceived freedom in leisure on the effect of resilience on happiness level was found to be significant ( β  = 0,13, p  < 0,01, t  = 2,25, [CI = 0,01, 0,25]). When the perceived freedom in leisure is high, the effect of resilience on happiness level is higher ( β  = 0,45, p  < 0,01, t  = 8,85, [CI = 0,35, 0,55]). Conclusion: A high level of perceived freedom in leisure revealed that the effect of resilience on the level of happiness would be higher. Increasing the level of perceived freedom in leisure in young people has led to the idea that it can make significant contributions to their psychological health.

References

  • 1. Agyar E. Life satisfaction, perceived freedom in leisure and self-esteem: The case of physical education and sport students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013; 93:2186-2193. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.185
  • 2. Avcı Taşkıran T, Gürbüz B. The investigation of the relationship between per-ceived freedom and brief resilience: The role of participation in physical activity. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 2021; 13(5):3. DOI: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.1.03
  • 3. Bajaj B, Khoury B, Sengupta S. Resilience and Stress as Mediators in the Relationship of Mindfulness and Happiness. Frontiers in Psychology, 2022; 13:771263. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.771263
  • 4. Carruthers C, Hood CD. The power of the positive: Leisure and well-being. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 2004; 38(2):225-245.
  • 5. Cohn MA, Fredrickson BL, Brown SL, Mikels JA, Conway AM. Happiness unpacked: positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion. 2009; 9(3):361. DOI: 10.1037/a0015952
  • 6. Dai YD, Yeh GT, Tsai T, Chen YC, Chen YC. Mapping Well-Being for Elders: The Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Freedom in Leisure. In Advances in Hospitality and Leisure. Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited; 2023, 25-44 DOI: 10.1108/S1745-354220230000019002
  • 7. Demirel DH, Demirel M, Serdar E. University students’ opinions of the meaning of leisure and their perceived freedom in leisure. Journal of Human Sciences, 2017; 14(1):796-802. DOI: 10.14687/jhs.v13i3.nnnn
  • 8. Denis DJ. SPSS data analysis for univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistics. USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
  • 9. Denovan A, Macaskill A. Stress, resilience and leisure coping among university students: ap-plying the broaden-and-build theory. Leisure Studies, 2017; 36(6):852-865. DOI: 10.1080/02614367.2016.1240220
  • 10. Denovan A. Macaskill A. Building resilience to stress through leisure activities: A qualitative analysis. Annals of Leisure Research, 2017; 20(4):446-466. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2016.1211943
  • 11. Diener E, Kesebir P, Tov W. Happiness. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of in-dividual differences in social behavior. New York: Guilford; 2009, 147-160.
  • 12. Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE. Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfac-tion. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The handbook of positive psychology, 2nd. ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2009, 187–194.
  • 13. Doğan T, Çötok NA. Oxford mutluluk ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the short form of the Oxford happiness questionnaire into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. Türk psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik dergisi, 2011;4(36):165-172. DOI: 10.17066/pdrd.94477.
  • 14. Doğan T. Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being. 2015; 3(1):93-102.
  • 15. Ellis GD, Witt PA. The Leisure Diagnostic Battery: past, present, and future. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 1986; 20(4):31-47.
  • 16. Ellis GD, Witt, PA. Perceived freedom in leisure and satisfaction: Exploring the factor structure of the perceived freedom components of the leisure diagnostic battery. Leisure Sciences, 1994; 16(4):259-270. DOI: 10.1080/01490409409513236
  • 17. Fletcher D, Sarkar M. Psychological resilience. European psychologist. 2013; 18:12–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124.
  • 18. Gao T, Ding X, Chai J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Kong Y, Mei S. The influence of resilience on men-tal health: The role of general well‐being. International journal of nursing practice. 2017; 23(3):e12535. DOI: 10.1111/ijn.12535
  • 19. Godbey G. Leisure in your life: an exploration, 5nd ed. State College, PA: Venture Publishing Inc; 1999.
  • 20. Gürbüz S, Şahin F. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri [Research Methods in Social Sciences] 5th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2018.
  • 21. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Babin BJ, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7). Upper Saddle River: Pearson; 2010.
  • 22. Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago press.
  • 23. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. London: Guilford publications; 2017.
  • 24. Hefferon K, Boniwell I. Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. UK: McGraw-Hill Education; 2011
  • 25. Hills P, Argyle M. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measure-ment of psychological well-being. Personality and individual differences. 2002; 33(7):1073-1082. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • 26. Lapa TY, Kaas ET. Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale-25: Testing the construct validity for university students. Journal of Human Sciences. 2019; 16(4):1071-1083. DOI: 10.14687/jhs.v16i4.5860
  • 27. Lapa, TY. Life satisfaction, leisure satisfaction and perceived freedom of park recrea-tion participants. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013; 93:1985-1993. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.153
  • 28. Leppink J. Statistical methods for experimental research in education and psychology. Cham: Springer; 2019, 69-76.
  • 29. Lü W, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang H. Resilience as a mediator between extraversion, neuroticism and happiness, PA and NA. Personality and Individual Differences, 2014; 63:128-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.015
  • 30. MacConville R, Rae T. Building happiness, resilience and motivation in adolescents: A posi-tive psychology curriculum for well-being. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2012.
  • 31. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: Lessons from research on resilience in human develop-ment. Education Canada, 2009; 49(3):28-32.
  • 32. Mind health report [internet]. Axa.com; 2024 [accessed on: 05/06/2024]. Access address: https://www-axa-com.cdn.axa-contento-118412.eu/www-axa-com/d41133bc-5fa9-4a5d-b664316282190d78_axa_mind_health_report_2024.pdf
  • 33. Nawijn J, Veenhoven R. Happiness through leisure. In Positive leisure science: From subjec-tive experience to social contexts. Netherlands: Springer; 2012, 193-209 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5058-6_11
  • 34. Neulinger J. The Psychology of Leisure. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1981
  • 35. O'Dwyer LM, Bernauer JA. Quantitative research for the qualitative researcher. USA: SAGE publications; 2013.
  • 36. Peker A, Cengiz S. Covid-19 fear, happiness and stress in adults: the mediating role of psy-chological resilience and coping with stress. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2022; 26(2):123-131. DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2021.1937656
  • 37. Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology. 2001; 52(1):141-166. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • 38. Ryff CD, Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudai-monia. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 2013; 83(1):10-28. DOI: 10.1159/000353263
  • 39. Satici SA, Kayis AR, Satici B, Griffiths MD, Can G. Resilience, hope, and subjective happiness among the Turkish population: Fear of COVID-19 as a mediator. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2023; 21(2):803-818. DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00443-5
  • 40. Serdar E, Harmandar Demirel D. The relationship between perceived freedom, leisure involvement, and happiness of individuals participating in physical activities. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 2021; 13(7):2. DOI: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.02
  • 41. Serdar E. The effects of perceived freedom in leisure on leisure benefits: students of the faculty of sports science. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2020; 22(2), 208-213. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.753226
  • 42. Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine. 2008; 15:194-200. DOI: 10.1080/10705500802222972
  • 43. Stebbins RA. Leisure and positive psychology: Linking activities with positiveness. Basing-stoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-56994-3
  • 44. Stebbins RA. Leisure and the positive psychological states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2018; 13(1):8-17. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1374444
  • 45. Takiguchi Y, Matsui M, Kikutani M, Ebina K. The relationship between leisure activities and mental health: The impact of resilience and COVID‐19. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 2023; 15(1):133-151. DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12394
  • 46. Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL, Feldman Barrett L. Psychological resilience and positive emo-tional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. Journal of personality, 2004;72(6);1161-1190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00294.x
  • 47. Tükel Y, Temel AS. Examining the Levels of Freedom, Life Satisfaction and Happiness Per-ceived by College Students in Leisure Time. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 2020; 6(4):668-678.
  • 48. Wang M, Wong MS. Happiness and leisure across countries: Evidence from international survey data. Journal of happiness Studies, 2014; 15:85-118. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-013-9417-z
  • 49. Wheaton B, Muthen, B, Alwin DF, Summers GF. Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 1977;8: 84-136. DOI: 10.2307/270754
  • 50. Witt PA, Ellis GD. Development of a short form to assess perceived freedom in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 1985;17(3):225-233. DOI: 10.1080/00222216.1985.11969632
  • 51. World Happiness Report [internet]. Worldhappiness.report; 2024 [accessed on: 05/06/2024]. Access address: https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2023/WHR+23.pdf
  • 52. Wu HC, Liu A, Wang CH. Taiwanese University students' perceived freedom and participation in leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 2010;13(4):679-700. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2010.9686870
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cemal Yalçın 0000-0002-8635-2159

Muhittin Altindöker 0009-0004-8099-8751

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date September 13, 2024
Acceptance Date July 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yalçın, C., & Altindöker, M. (2025). "Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(2), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1549679
AMA Yalçın C, Altindöker M. "Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2025;27(2):190-198. doi:10.15314/tsed.1549679
Chicago Yalçın, Cemal, and Muhittin Altindöker. “‘Free Spirit, Happy Individual’: The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, no. 2 (August 2025): 190-98. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1549679.
EndNote Yalçın C, Altindöker M (August 1, 2025) "Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 2 190–198.
IEEE C. Yalçın and M. Altindöker, “‘Free Spirit, Happy Individual’: The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 190–198, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1549679.
ISNAD Yalçın, Cemal - Altindöker, Muhittin. “‘Free Spirit, Happy Individual’: The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/2 (August2025), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1549679.
JAMA Yalçın C, Altindöker M. "Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27:190–198.
MLA Yalçın, Cemal and Muhittin Altindöker. “‘Free Spirit, Happy Individual’: The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 27, no. 2, 2025, pp. 190-8, doi:10.15314/tsed.1549679.
Vancouver Yalçın C, Altindöker M. "Free Spirit, Happy Individual": The Moderating Role of Perceived Freedom in Leisure on the Relationship Between Resilience and Happiness. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27(2):190-8.

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