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Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 239 - 253, 31.08.2025

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between the discourse articulated by architects and the resulting physical products in stadium buildings constructed in the 21st century. A total of ten stadiums—eight from Turkey and two from abroad—are evaluated based on six main criteria: urban integration, symbolic value, multi-functionality, environmental impact, sustainability, and transportation.
Through a “critical” perspective, the analysis compares the architect’s discourse, the stated objectives of the project, and the actual outcomes of the built structures.
The findings indicate that many stadiums built in Turkey over the past two decades have been primarily assessed in terms of technical adequacy and increased capacity. However, concepts such as sustainability, multifunctionality, and urban integration often remain superficial. In contrast, international examples demonstrate a more apparent implementation of conceptual coherence, energy efficiency, and user-oriented design principles.
The study concludes that the conceptual goals expressed by architects do not always align with the functional and spatial outcomes of the buildings. It emphasizes that the consistency between discourse and practice should be addressed more carefully, especially in projects funded by public resources. In this context, the importance of designing future stadiums as integrated, sustainable, multifunctional, and vibrant public spaces is reasserted

References

  • 1. Ahlfeldt G, Maennig W. Stadium architecture and urban development from the perspective of urban economics. Int J Urban Reg Res. 2010;34(3):629–46.
  • 2. Aksu A. Kent ve stadyum. Antalya Stadyumunu İstiyor Paneli; Antalya, Türkiye: Antalya İnş. Müh. Odası; 2010.
  • 3. Al-Hamrani A, Kim D, Kucukvar M, Onat NC. Circular economy application for a Green Stadium construction towards sustainable FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2021;87:106541.
  • 4. Arslan HD, Yıldırım K. Perceptual evaluation of stadium façades. Alexandria Eng J. 2023;66:391–404.
  • 5. Balletto G, Borruso G, Tajani F, Torre CM. Gentrification and sport. Football stadiums and changes in the urban rent. In: ICCSA 2018: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2018. p. 58–74.
  • 6. Bülbül E, Yamaçlı R. Stadyumların kentteki sosyal yapılanmasının Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Univ Int J Nat Appl Sci. 2023;6(1):70–82.
  • 7. Çeltekligil A. Iconic Stadium Structures in the Context of Populism's Impact on Architecture: The Case of Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Stadium [master’s thesis]. Istanbul: Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University; 2019.
  • 8. Durgun D. Basic Planning Characteristics of Modern Stadium Structures in Line with the Development of Sports and Changing User Requirements in Turkey [master’s thesis]. Edirne: Trakya University Institute of Science; 2007.
  • 9. Fisher M. Kapitalist Gerçekçilik: Başka Alternatif Yok mu?. İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık; 2011.
  • 10. Francis AE, Webb M, Desha C, Rundle-Thiele S, Caldera S. Environmental sustainability in stadium design and construction: A systematic literature review. Sustainability. 2023;15(8):6896.
  • 11. Getz D. Developing a framework for sustainable event cities. Event Manag. 2017;21(5):575–89.
  • 12. Gürer TK, Arslan N. Stadyum çanağının yapısı üzerine notlar. Modular J. 2020;3(1):76–88.
  • 13. Hagn F, Maennig W. Labour market effects of the 2006 soccer World Cup in Germany. Appl Econ. 2009;41(25):3295–3302.
  • 14. Hall CM. Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism. Sociol Rev. 2006;54(2):59–70.
  • 15. Hasol D. Ansiklopedik Mimarlık Sözlüğü. 11. bas. İstanbul: YEM Yayın; 2010.
  • 16. Hill JS, Vincent J, Curtner-Smith M. Futbolun dünya çapında yayılması: Zamansal ve mekansal perspektifler. Küresel Spor İşletmeciliği Dergisi. 2014;2(2):1–27.
  • 17. Jencks C. The iconic building is here to stay. City. 2006;10(1):3–20.
  • 18. Lu HF, Lin HW. Does the legacy governance of major sporting events affect urban development? The stakeholder's perspectives on the Taipei 2017 Universiade. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):87–106.
  • 19. Lynch K. Kent İmgesi. 8. bas. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları; 2016.
  • 20. Matheson VA. The economics of the FIFA World Cup. In: Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2024. p. 663–77.
  • 21. Orr M, Kellison T. Sport facilities as sites of environmental and social resilience. Manag Sport Leisure. 2023;28(1):98–103.
  • 22. Paramio JL, Buraimo B, Campos C. From modern to postmodern: The development of football stadia in Europe. Sport Soc. 2008;11(5):517–34.
  • 23. Preuss H, Plambeck A. Utilization of Olympic stadiums: A conceptual stadium legacy framework. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):10–31.
  • 24. Rehan RM. Urban branding as an effective sustainability tool in urban development. HBRC J. 2014;10(2):222–30.
  • 25. Saltuk S. Antik Stadyumlar. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitapevi; 1995.
  • 26. Sklair L. The transnational capitalist class and contemporary architecture in globalizing cities. Int J Urban Reg Res. 2005;29(3):485–500.
  • 27. Sklair L. Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization. City. 2006;10(1):21–47.
  • 28. Stemmler T. Futbolun Kısa Tarihi. Ankara: Dost Kitapevi; 2000.
  • 29. Tang H-Y, Que Y, Zhang ZW, Li Q. The inspiration of light and shadow on design. E3S Web Conf. 2019;79:01019.
  • 30. Tang S, Fan Z, Zong X, Zhang D, Liu M. Evaluation platform for sustainable operation of stadiums integrating multidimensional data: Based on a multifunctional perspective. Energy Build. 2023;287:112957.
  • 31. Tang C, Xu S, Xiao X. Transforming “white elephants” into positive legacies for cities: An assessment of the sustainability of winter Olympic venues and its implications. Sustain Dev. 2024;32(4):4145–59.
  • 32. Twardowski M. Football stadiums–icons of sports architecture. Tech Trans. 2018;115:53–70.
  • 33. URL-1: https://inside.fifa.com/en/innovation/stadium-guidelines [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 34. URL-2: https://yuzuncuyilgalerisi.eba.gov.tr/tema/ataturk-olimpiyat-stadyumu-18 [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 35. URL-3: https://www.mercedesbenzstadium.com/news/atlanta-united-and-major-league-soccer-make-history-in-the-wfs-industry-awards-2019 [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 36. URL-4: https://www.archdaily.com/781768/winners-of-the-2016-building-of-the-year-awards/56b9020ce58ecefdde00001d-winners-of-the-2016-building-of-the-year-awards-image [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 37. URL-5: https://www.google.com.tr/maps [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 38. URL-6: https://www.hok.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 39. URL-7: https://www.dezeen.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 40. URL-8: https://www.herzogdemeuron.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 41. URL-9: https://www.arkiv.com.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 42. URL-10: http://www.dbarchitects.com.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 43. URL-11: http://bkaarchitecture.com/projects/ [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 44. Yüce A, Katırcı H, Gökce Yüce S. Examination of sustainable features of stadiums as an integral part of sustainable urban development: The case of Turkey. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):142–63.
  • 45. Yu L, Ren H. Realistic appeal, historical basis and value foresight of environmental education in winter Olympic games. J Beijing Sport Univ. 2018;41(3):87–94.
  • 46. Wimmer M. Stadium Buildings: Constructions and Design Manual. Berlin: DOM Publishers; 2016.

Mimarlık Söylemi ve Mekansal Gerçeklik: Stadyum Mimarisine Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 239 - 253, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 21. yüzyılda inşa edilen stadyum yapılarında mimarların dile getirdiği söylemler ile ortaya çıkan fiziksel ürün arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’den sekiz ve yurt dışından iki olmak üzere toplam on stadyum, kente entegrasyon, simgesel değer, çok amaçlı kullanım, çevresel etki, sürdürülebilirlik ve ulaşım gibi altı temel kriter çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. “Eleştiren” bir bakış açısıyla yürütülen analizlerde, mimarın söylemi, projedeki hedefler ve ortaya çıkan yapının gerçek çıktıları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.
Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’de son yirmi yılda inşa edilen birçok stadyumun yalnızca teknik yeterlilik ve kapasite artışı üzerinden değerlendirildiğini, ancak sürdürülebilirlik, çok yönlü işlevsellik ve kentsel entegrasyon gibi kavramların çoğunlukla yüzeysel kaldığını göstermektedir. Uluslararası örneklerde ise kavramsal bütünlük, enerji etkinliği ve kullanıcı odaklı tasarım ilkelerinin daha belirgin biçimde hayata geçirildiği gözlemlenmiştir.
Çalışma sonucunda, mimarların ifade ettikleri kavramsal hedeflerin yapıların işlevsel ve mekânsal çıktılarıyla tam olarak örtüşmediği; söylem-eylem tutarlılığının, özellikle kamu kaynaklarıyla inşa edilen yapılarda daha dikkatli ele alınması gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, gelecek stadyum tasarımlarında kentle bütünleşik, sürdürülebilir, çok amaçlı ve yaşayan kamusal mekânlar üretmenin önemi yeniden ortaya konmuştur.

References

  • 1. Ahlfeldt G, Maennig W. Stadium architecture and urban development from the perspective of urban economics. Int J Urban Reg Res. 2010;34(3):629–46.
  • 2. Aksu A. Kent ve stadyum. Antalya Stadyumunu İstiyor Paneli; Antalya, Türkiye: Antalya İnş. Müh. Odası; 2010.
  • 3. Al-Hamrani A, Kim D, Kucukvar M, Onat NC. Circular economy application for a Green Stadium construction towards sustainable FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2021;87:106541.
  • 4. Arslan HD, Yıldırım K. Perceptual evaluation of stadium façades. Alexandria Eng J. 2023;66:391–404.
  • 5. Balletto G, Borruso G, Tajani F, Torre CM. Gentrification and sport. Football stadiums and changes in the urban rent. In: ICCSA 2018: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2018. p. 58–74.
  • 6. Bülbül E, Yamaçlı R. Stadyumların kentteki sosyal yapılanmasının Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi. Bartın Univ Int J Nat Appl Sci. 2023;6(1):70–82.
  • 7. Çeltekligil A. Iconic Stadium Structures in the Context of Populism's Impact on Architecture: The Case of Bursa Metropolitan Municipality Stadium [master’s thesis]. Istanbul: Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University; 2019.
  • 8. Durgun D. Basic Planning Characteristics of Modern Stadium Structures in Line with the Development of Sports and Changing User Requirements in Turkey [master’s thesis]. Edirne: Trakya University Institute of Science; 2007.
  • 9. Fisher M. Kapitalist Gerçekçilik: Başka Alternatif Yok mu?. İstanbul: Habitus Yayıncılık; 2011.
  • 10. Francis AE, Webb M, Desha C, Rundle-Thiele S, Caldera S. Environmental sustainability in stadium design and construction: A systematic literature review. Sustainability. 2023;15(8):6896.
  • 11. Getz D. Developing a framework for sustainable event cities. Event Manag. 2017;21(5):575–89.
  • 12. Gürer TK, Arslan N. Stadyum çanağının yapısı üzerine notlar. Modular J. 2020;3(1):76–88.
  • 13. Hagn F, Maennig W. Labour market effects of the 2006 soccer World Cup in Germany. Appl Econ. 2009;41(25):3295–3302.
  • 14. Hall CM. Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism. Sociol Rev. 2006;54(2):59–70.
  • 15. Hasol D. Ansiklopedik Mimarlık Sözlüğü. 11. bas. İstanbul: YEM Yayın; 2010.
  • 16. Hill JS, Vincent J, Curtner-Smith M. Futbolun dünya çapında yayılması: Zamansal ve mekansal perspektifler. Küresel Spor İşletmeciliği Dergisi. 2014;2(2):1–27.
  • 17. Jencks C. The iconic building is here to stay. City. 2006;10(1):3–20.
  • 18. Lu HF, Lin HW. Does the legacy governance of major sporting events affect urban development? The stakeholder's perspectives on the Taipei 2017 Universiade. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):87–106.
  • 19. Lynch K. Kent İmgesi. 8. bas. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları; 2016.
  • 20. Matheson VA. The economics of the FIFA World Cup. In: Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2024. p. 663–77.
  • 21. Orr M, Kellison T. Sport facilities as sites of environmental and social resilience. Manag Sport Leisure. 2023;28(1):98–103.
  • 22. Paramio JL, Buraimo B, Campos C. From modern to postmodern: The development of football stadia in Europe. Sport Soc. 2008;11(5):517–34.
  • 23. Preuss H, Plambeck A. Utilization of Olympic stadiums: A conceptual stadium legacy framework. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):10–31.
  • 24. Rehan RM. Urban branding as an effective sustainability tool in urban development. HBRC J. 2014;10(2):222–30.
  • 25. Saltuk S. Antik Stadyumlar. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitapevi; 1995.
  • 26. Sklair L. The transnational capitalist class and contemporary architecture in globalizing cities. Int J Urban Reg Res. 2005;29(3):485–500.
  • 27. Sklair L. Iconic architecture and capitalist globalization. City. 2006;10(1):21–47.
  • 28. Stemmler T. Futbolun Kısa Tarihi. Ankara: Dost Kitapevi; 2000.
  • 29. Tang H-Y, Que Y, Zhang ZW, Li Q. The inspiration of light and shadow on design. E3S Web Conf. 2019;79:01019.
  • 30. Tang S, Fan Z, Zong X, Zhang D, Liu M. Evaluation platform for sustainable operation of stadiums integrating multidimensional data: Based on a multifunctional perspective. Energy Build. 2023;287:112957.
  • 31. Tang C, Xu S, Xiao X. Transforming “white elephants” into positive legacies for cities: An assessment of the sustainability of winter Olympic venues and its implications. Sustain Dev. 2024;32(4):4145–59.
  • 32. Twardowski M. Football stadiums–icons of sports architecture. Tech Trans. 2018;115:53–70.
  • 33. URL-1: https://inside.fifa.com/en/innovation/stadium-guidelines [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 34. URL-2: https://yuzuncuyilgalerisi.eba.gov.tr/tema/ataturk-olimpiyat-stadyumu-18 [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 35. URL-3: https://www.mercedesbenzstadium.com/news/atlanta-united-and-major-league-soccer-make-history-in-the-wfs-industry-awards-2019 [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 36. URL-4: https://www.archdaily.com/781768/winners-of-the-2016-building-of-the-year-awards/56b9020ce58ecefdde00001d-winners-of-the-2016-building-of-the-year-awards-image [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 37. URL-5: https://www.google.com.tr/maps [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 38. URL-6: https://www.hok.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 39. URL-7: https://www.dezeen.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 40. URL-8: https://www.herzogdemeuron.com [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2024]
  • 41. URL-9: https://www.arkiv.com.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 42. URL-10: http://www.dbarchitects.com.tr [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 43. URL-11: http://bkaarchitecture.com/projects/ [Erişim Tarihi: 18.04.2025]
  • 44. Yüce A, Katırcı H, Gökce Yüce S. Examination of sustainable features of stadiums as an integral part of sustainable urban development: The case of Turkey. Int J Sports Mark Spons. 2021;22(1):142–63.
  • 45. Yu L, Ren H. Realistic appeal, historical basis and value foresight of environmental education in winter Olympic games. J Beijing Sport Univ. 2018;41(3):87–94.
  • 46. Wimmer M. Stadium Buildings: Constructions and Design Manual. Berlin: DOM Publishers; 2016.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Science and Exercise (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Edibe Begüm Özeren 0000-0003-1474-7394

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date May 8, 2025
Acceptance Date August 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özeren, E. B. (2025). Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(2), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1693714
AMA Özeren EB. Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2025;27(2):239-253. doi:10.15314/tsed.1693714
Chicago Özeren, Edibe Begüm. “Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, no. 2 (August 2025): 239-53. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1693714.
EndNote Özeren EB (August 1, 2025) Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 2 239–253.
IEEE E. B. Özeren, “Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 239–253, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1693714.
ISNAD Özeren, Edibe Begüm. “Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/2 (August2025), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1693714.
JAMA Özeren EB. Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27:239–253.
MLA Özeren, Edibe Begüm. “Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 27, no. 2, 2025, pp. 239-53, doi:10.15314/tsed.1693714.
Vancouver Özeren EB. Reading Place in a Historical Context Through Phenomena in Architectural Competitions. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27(2):239-53.

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