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Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 353 - 362, 31.08.2025

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of an 8-week chronic exercise program on body composition and some biochemical parameters in individuals with Down Syndrome. Individuals with Down Syndrome were included in the study and divided into two groups experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a chronic exercise program lasting 75 minutes per session, conducted 4 days a week over 8 weeks. Before and after exercise, body composition and some biochemical parameters were obtained from both experimental and control groups. For statistical analysis of the data, SPSS 25 package program was used. Since the data were normally distributed, parametric tests were used in statistical analyses. For intra-group comparisons, Paired Samples T Test and for inter-group comparisons, Independent Samples T Test were applied. Comparison of the pre-test and post-test values of the experimental and control groups revealed no statistically significant difference (P>.05) in BMI, FP, WC, WHR, preperitoneal adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, glucose, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, AST and ALT values of the experimental group. In the control group, only a significant increase was observed in triglyceride value (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in any of the measured parameters as a result of intergroup comparison (P>0.05). Consequently, the 8-week chronic exercise program did not have statistically significant results in body composition and some biochemical parameters of individuals with Down Syndrome.

References

  • 1. De Rubens Figueroa J, del Pozzo Magaña B, Pablos Hach JL, Calderón Jiménez C, Castrejón Urbina R. Malformaciones cardíacas en los niños con síndrome de Down [Heart malformations in children with Down syndrome]. Rev Esp Cardiol., 2003; 56(9):894-9.
  • 2. Freeman SB, Bean LH, Allen EG, Tinker SW, Locke AE, Druschel C, Hobbs CA, Romitti PA, Royle MH, Torfs CP, Dooley KJ, Sherman SL. Ethnicity, sex, and the incidence of congenital heart defects: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project. Genet. Med., 2008; 10(3):173–18.
  • 3. Gonzalez-Agüero A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Fat and lean masses in youths with Down syndrome: gender differences. Res Dev Disabil., 2011; 32(5):1685-93.
  • 4. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet., 2002; 10;360(9331):473-82.
  • 5. Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK, Eston RG. The effect of type of physical activity measure on the relationship between body fatness and habitual physical activity in children: a meta-analysis. Ann. Hum. Biol., 200; 27(5):479-97.
  • 6. Rubin SS, Rimmer JH, Chicoine B, Braddock D, McGuire DE. Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome. Ment. Retard., 1998; 36(3):175-81.
  • 7. Chen CJJ, Ringenbach SDR. Determinants of fine manual dexterity in adolescents and young adults with Down’s syndrome. Int. J. Dev. Disabil., 2019; 25;67(6):403-409.
  • 8. Vlachos IS, Hatziioannou A, Perelas A, Perrea DN. Sonographic assessment of regional adiposity. AJR Am J Roentgenol., 2007; 189(6):1545-53.
  • 9. Tamura A, Mori T, Hara Y, Komiyama A. Preperitoneal fat thickness in childhood obesity: association with serum insulin concentration. Pediatric International., 2000; 42: 155-159.
  • 10. Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Hayashi R, Ohtani K, Sato N, Futawatari T, Mori M. Serum leptin concentration is associated with total body fat mass, but not abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 1997; 21(7):536-41.
  • 11. Tayama K, Inukai T, Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal fat deposition estimated by ultrasonography in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract., 1999; 43(1):49-58.
  • 12. Ross R, Bradshaw AJ. The future of obesity reduction: Beyond weight loss. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 319- 325.
  • 13. Cakmakcı, E., Pulur, A. The Effects of the National Team Training Camp Period on Certain Hematological Parameters of Female Taekwondo Athletes. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 2007.
  • 14. Ayhan S, 2016. The effects of competition performance in elite male football players on selected biochemical and hematological parameters. Doctoral Thesis, İnönü University Institute of Health Sciences, Malatya.
  • 15. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription [e-book], , 2018; 60-70.
  • 16. Ordonez FJ, Rosety MA, Camacho A, Rosety I, Diaz AJ, Fornieles G, Garcia N, Rosety-Rodriguez M. Aerobic training improved low-grade inflammation in obese women with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 2014; 58(6):583-90
  • 17. Varela AM, Sardinha LB, Pitetti KH. Effects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2001; 106:135-44.
  • 18. Gonzalez-Agüero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Gómez-Cabello A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Casajús JA. A combined training intervention programme increases lean mass in youths with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2011; 32:2383-8.
  • 19. Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 2011; 92:37-45.
  • 20. Calders P, Elmahgoub S, Roman de Mettelinge T, Vandenbroeck C, Dewandele I, Rombaut L, Vandevelde A, Cambier D. Effect of combined exercise training on physical and metabolic fitness in adults with intellectual disability: a controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., 2011; 25(12):1097-108.
  • 21. Rimmer JH, Heller T, Wang E, Valerio I. Improvements in physical fitness in adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2004; 109:165-74.
  • 22. Ulrich DA, Burghardt AR, Lloyd M, Tiernan C, Hornyak JE. Physical activity benefits of learning to ride a two-wheel bicycle for children with Down syndrome: a randomized trial. Phys. Ther., 2011; 91(10):1463-77.
  • 23. Lin HC, Wuang YP. Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities., 2012; 33(6), 2236–2244.
  • 24. Seron BB, Silva RA, Greguol M. Effects of two programs of exercise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome. Rev Paul Pediatr., 2014; 32(1):92-8.
  • 25. Ordonez FJ, Rosety M, Rosety-Rodriguez M. Influence of 12-week exercise training on fat mass percentage in adolescents with Down syndrome. Med. Sci. Monit., 2006; 12(10):CR416-9.
  • 26. Erol Z, 2017. Effect Of Submaxımal Exercıse On Thyroıd Hormone Levels And Obesıty In Indıvıduals Wıth Down Syndrom. Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
  • 27. Brantmüller É, Gyuró M, Karácsony I. Development of walking and self-sufficiency ability related to nutrition among people with Down syndrome. Pract. Theory Syst. Educ., 2015; 10, 165–176.
  • 28. Kalan I, Yesil Y. Chronic diseases associated with obesity. Diabetes and obesity., 2010; 23,34.78
  • 29. Draheim CC, Stanish HI, Williams DP, McCubbin JA. Dietary intake of adults with mental retardation who reside in community settings. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2007; 112(5):392Y400.
  • 30. De Winter CF, Bastiaanse LP, Hilgenkamp TIM, Evenhuis HM, Echteld MA. Overweight and obesity in older people with intellectual disability. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2012; 33:398Y405.
  • 31. Tığlı D, 2016. The assesment of children with down syndrome’s eating habit according to their weight level as compared to their height and their parents’ nutritional knowledge. Master’s Thesis, Haliç University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • 32. Cai W, Baek SS. Effects of 24-week basketball programme on body composition and functional fitness on adults with Down syndrome. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 2022; 66(12):939-951.
  • 33. Suarez-Villadat B, Luna-Oliva L, Acebes C, Villagra A. The effect of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2020; 102:103643.
  • 34. Küçükyetgin M, 2010. Effects of resistance training on metabolic rate and serum leptin levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Doctoral thesis, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • 35. Sabir N, Pakdemirli E, Sermez Y, Zencir M, Kazil S. Sonographic assessment of changes in thickness of different abdominal fat layers in response to diet in obese women. J. Clin. Ultrasound., 2003;31(1):26-30.
  • 36. Donnelly JE, Hill JO, Jacobsen DJ, Potteiger J, Sullivan DK, Johnson SL, Heelan K, Hise M, Fennessey PV, Sonko B, Sharp T, Jakicic JM, Blair SN, Tran ZV, Mayo M, Gibson C, Washburn RA. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 2003; 9;163(11):1343-50.
  • 37. Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2008; 40(11):1863-72.
  • 38. Tsuzuku S, Kajioka T, Endo H, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Yano K. Favorable effects of non-instrumental resistance training on fat distribution and metabolic profiles in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol., 2007; 99(5):549-55.
  • 39. Nishiwaki M, Kawakami R, Saito K, Tamaki H, Ogita F. The effects of exercise training under mild hypoxic conditions on body composition and circulating adiponectin in postmenopausal women. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging., 2016; 36(6):468-475.
  • 40. Ferrozzi F, Zuccoli G, Tognini G, Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Bacchini E, Bernasconi S, Campani R. An assessment of abdominal fatty tissue distribution in obese children. A comparison between echography and computed tomography. Radiol. Med., 1999; 98(6):490-4.
  • 41. Kalkhoff RK, Hartz AH, Rupley D, Kissebah AH, Kelber S. Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1983; 102(4):621-7.
  • 42. Blair D, Habicht JP, Sims EA, Sylwester D, Abraham S. Evidence for an increased risk for hypertension with centrally located body fat and the effect of race and sex on this risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1984; 119(4):526-40.
  • 43. Resnick LM, Militianu D, Cunnings AJ, Pipe JG, Evelhoch JL, Soulen RL, 1997. Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic distensibility in essential hypertension: relation to age, abdominal visceral fat, and in situ intracellular free magnesium. Hypertension, 30(3 Pt 2):654-9.
  • 44. Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Hirai Y, Akiyama K, Nishide T, Matsushima Y, Murayama H, Ohshima H, Shinomiya M, Shirai K, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Saisho H, Ohto M. Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Am J Med., 1993; 95(3):309-14.
  • 45. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism., 1987; 36(1):54-9.
  • 46. Ross R, Shaw KD, Martel Y, de Guise J, Avruch L. Adipose tissue distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging in obese women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1993; 57(4):470-5.
  • 47. Stallone DD, Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, Foster GD, Boorstein J, Arger P. Weight loss and body fat distribution: a feasibility study using computed tomography. Int. J. Obes., 1991; 15(11):775-80.
  • 48. Öztürk Ç, 2009. Effects of acute pre-exercise glicerol loading on some biochemical parameters including lactate and aerobic power. Master’s Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya.
  • 49. De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Barroeta I, Nan MN, Rives J, Garzón D, Carmona-Iragui M, Benejam B, Videla L, Fernández S, Altuna M, Valldeneu S, Blesa R, Lleó A, Blanco-Vaca F, Fortea J, Tondo M. Evaluation of biochemical and hematological parameters in adults with Down syndrome. Sci. Rep., 2020; 13;10(1):13755.

Down Sendromlu Çocuklarda Uygulanan Kronik Egzersiz Programının Vücut Kompozisyonu ve Bazı Biyokimyasal Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 353 - 362, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Down Sendromlu bireylere uygulanan 8 haftalık kronik egzersiz programının vücut kompozisyonu ve bazı biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya Down Sendromlu bireyler dahil edilmiş, deney ve kontrol grubu olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Deney grubuna 8 hafta boyunca haftada 4 gün 75’er dakikalık kronik egzersiz programı uygulanmıştır. Egzersiz öncesi ve sonrası hem deney hem de kontrol gruplarından vücut kompozisyonu ve bazı biyokimyasal parametreler alınmıştır. Verilerin istatiksel analizinde SPSS 25 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermesinden dolayı istatiksel analizlerde parametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Grup içi karşılaştırmalar için Paired Samples T Testi, gruplar arası karşılaştırmalar için de Independent Samples T Testi uygulanmıştır. Deney ve kontrol grubunun ön test son test değerleri karşılaştırıldığında deney grubunun vücut kompozisyonu parametrelerinden VKİ, YY, BÇ, BKO, preperitonal yağ dokusu ve subkutan yağ dokusu, biyokimyasal parametrelerden glukoz, HDL, LDL, trigliserid, AST ve ALT değerlerinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunamamıştır (P>,05). Kontrol grubunda ise sadece trigliserid değerinde anlamlı bir artış görülmüştür (P<0,05). Gruplar arası karşılaştırma sonucunda ise ölçülen parametrelerin hiçbirinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık görülmemiştir (P>0,05). Sonuç olarak 8 haftalık kronik egzersiz programının Down Sendromlu bireylerin vücut kompozisyonunda ve bazı biyokimyasal parametrelerinde istatiksel olarak anlamlı sonuca ulaşılamamıştır.

References

  • 1. De Rubens Figueroa J, del Pozzo Magaña B, Pablos Hach JL, Calderón Jiménez C, Castrejón Urbina R. Malformaciones cardíacas en los niños con síndrome de Down [Heart malformations in children with Down syndrome]. Rev Esp Cardiol., 2003; 56(9):894-9.
  • 2. Freeman SB, Bean LH, Allen EG, Tinker SW, Locke AE, Druschel C, Hobbs CA, Romitti PA, Royle MH, Torfs CP, Dooley KJ, Sherman SL. Ethnicity, sex, and the incidence of congenital heart defects: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project. Genet. Med., 2008; 10(3):173–18.
  • 3. Gonzalez-Agüero A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Casajús JA. Fat and lean masses in youths with Down syndrome: gender differences. Res Dev Disabil., 2011; 32(5):1685-93.
  • 4. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet., 2002; 10;360(9331):473-82.
  • 5. Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK, Eston RG. The effect of type of physical activity measure on the relationship between body fatness and habitual physical activity in children: a meta-analysis. Ann. Hum. Biol., 200; 27(5):479-97.
  • 6. Rubin SS, Rimmer JH, Chicoine B, Braddock D, McGuire DE. Overweight prevalence in persons with Down syndrome. Ment. Retard., 1998; 36(3):175-81.
  • 7. Chen CJJ, Ringenbach SDR. Determinants of fine manual dexterity in adolescents and young adults with Down’s syndrome. Int. J. Dev. Disabil., 2019; 25;67(6):403-409.
  • 8. Vlachos IS, Hatziioannou A, Perelas A, Perrea DN. Sonographic assessment of regional adiposity. AJR Am J Roentgenol., 2007; 189(6):1545-53.
  • 9. Tamura A, Mori T, Hara Y, Komiyama A. Preperitoneal fat thickness in childhood obesity: association with serum insulin concentration. Pediatric International., 2000; 42: 155-159.
  • 10. Shimizu H, Shimomura Y, Hayashi R, Ohtani K, Sato N, Futawatari T, Mori M. Serum leptin concentration is associated with total body fat mass, but not abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord., 1997; 21(7):536-41.
  • 11. Tayama K, Inukai T, Shimomura Y. Preperitoneal fat deposition estimated by ultrasonography in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract., 1999; 43(1):49-58.
  • 12. Ross R, Bradshaw AJ. The future of obesity reduction: Beyond weight loss. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009; 5: 319- 325.
  • 13. Cakmakcı, E., Pulur, A. The Effects of the National Team Training Camp Period on Certain Hematological Parameters of Female Taekwondo Athletes. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 2007.
  • 14. Ayhan S, 2016. The effects of competition performance in elite male football players on selected biochemical and hematological parameters. Doctoral Thesis, İnönü University Institute of Health Sciences, Malatya.
  • 15. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription [e-book], , 2018; 60-70.
  • 16. Ordonez FJ, Rosety MA, Camacho A, Rosety I, Diaz AJ, Fornieles G, Garcia N, Rosety-Rodriguez M. Aerobic training improved low-grade inflammation in obese women with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 2014; 58(6):583-90
  • 17. Varela AM, Sardinha LB, Pitetti KH. Effects of an aerobic rowing training regimen in young adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2001; 106:135-44.
  • 18. Gonzalez-Agüero A, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Gómez-Cabello A, Ara I, Moreno LA, Casajús JA. A combined training intervention programme increases lean mass in youths with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2011; 32:2383-8.
  • 19. Mendonca GV, Pereira FD, Fernhall B. Effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training in adults with and without Down syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil., 2011; 92:37-45.
  • 20. Calders P, Elmahgoub S, Roman de Mettelinge T, Vandenbroeck C, Dewandele I, Rombaut L, Vandevelde A, Cambier D. Effect of combined exercise training on physical and metabolic fitness in adults with intellectual disability: a controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., 2011; 25(12):1097-108.
  • 21. Rimmer JH, Heller T, Wang E, Valerio I. Improvements in physical fitness in adults with Down syndrome. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2004; 109:165-74.
  • 22. Ulrich DA, Burghardt AR, Lloyd M, Tiernan C, Hornyak JE. Physical activity benefits of learning to ride a two-wheel bicycle for children with Down syndrome: a randomized trial. Phys. Ther., 2011; 91(10):1463-77.
  • 23. Lin HC, Wuang YP. Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities., 2012; 33(6), 2236–2244.
  • 24. Seron BB, Silva RA, Greguol M. Effects of two programs of exercise on body composition of adolescents with Down syndrome. Rev Paul Pediatr., 2014; 32(1):92-8.
  • 25. Ordonez FJ, Rosety M, Rosety-Rodriguez M. Influence of 12-week exercise training on fat mass percentage in adolescents with Down syndrome. Med. Sci. Monit., 2006; 12(10):CR416-9.
  • 26. Erol Z, 2017. Effect Of Submaxımal Exercıse On Thyroıd Hormone Levels And Obesıty In Indıvıduals Wıth Down Syndrom. Doctoral Thesis, Gazi University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
  • 27. Brantmüller É, Gyuró M, Karácsony I. Development of walking and self-sufficiency ability related to nutrition among people with Down syndrome. Pract. Theory Syst. Educ., 2015; 10, 165–176.
  • 28. Kalan I, Yesil Y. Chronic diseases associated with obesity. Diabetes and obesity., 2010; 23,34.78
  • 29. Draheim CC, Stanish HI, Williams DP, McCubbin JA. Dietary intake of adults with mental retardation who reside in community settings. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 2007; 112(5):392Y400.
  • 30. De Winter CF, Bastiaanse LP, Hilgenkamp TIM, Evenhuis HM, Echteld MA. Overweight and obesity in older people with intellectual disability. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2012; 33:398Y405.
  • 31. Tığlı D, 2016. The assesment of children with down syndrome’s eating habit according to their weight level as compared to their height and their parents’ nutritional knowledge. Master’s Thesis, Haliç University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • 32. Cai W, Baek SS. Effects of 24-week basketball programme on body composition and functional fitness on adults with Down syndrome. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 2022; 66(12):939-951.
  • 33. Suarez-Villadat B, Luna-Oliva L, Acebes C, Villagra A. The effect of swimming program on body composition levels in adolescents with Down syndrome. Res. Dev. Disabil., 2020; 102:103643.
  • 34. Küçükyetgin M, 2010. Effects of resistance training on metabolic rate and serum leptin levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Doctoral thesis, Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
  • 35. Sabir N, Pakdemirli E, Sermez Y, Zencir M, Kazil S. Sonographic assessment of changes in thickness of different abdominal fat layers in response to diet in obese women. J. Clin. Ultrasound., 2003;31(1):26-30.
  • 36. Donnelly JE, Hill JO, Jacobsen DJ, Potteiger J, Sullivan DK, Johnson SL, Heelan K, Hise M, Fennessey PV, Sonko B, Sharp T, Jakicic JM, Blair SN, Tran ZV, Mayo M, Gibson C, Washburn RA. Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Arch. Intern. Med., 2003; 9;163(11):1343-50.
  • 37. Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, Gaesser GA, Weltman A. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 2008; 40(11):1863-72.
  • 38. Tsuzuku S, Kajioka T, Endo H, Abbott RD, Curb JD, Yano K. Favorable effects of non-instrumental resistance training on fat distribution and metabolic profiles in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol., 2007; 99(5):549-55.
  • 39. Nishiwaki M, Kawakami R, Saito K, Tamaki H, Ogita F. The effects of exercise training under mild hypoxic conditions on body composition and circulating adiponectin in postmenopausal women. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging., 2016; 36(6):468-475.
  • 40. Ferrozzi F, Zuccoli G, Tognini G, Castriota-Scanderbeg A, Bacchini E, Bernasconi S, Campani R. An assessment of abdominal fatty tissue distribution in obese children. A comparison between echography and computed tomography. Radiol. Med., 1999; 98(6):490-4.
  • 41. Kalkhoff RK, Hartz AH, Rupley D, Kissebah AH, Kelber S. Relationship of body fat distribution to blood pressure, carbohydrate tolerance, and plasma lipids in healthy obese women. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 1983; 102(4):621-7.
  • 42. Blair D, Habicht JP, Sims EA, Sylwester D, Abraham S. Evidence for an increased risk for hypertension with centrally located body fat and the effect of race and sex on this risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 1984; 119(4):526-40.
  • 43. Resnick LM, Militianu D, Cunnings AJ, Pipe JG, Evelhoch JL, Soulen RL, 1997. Direct magnetic resonance determination of aortic distensibility in essential hypertension: relation to age, abdominal visceral fat, and in situ intracellular free magnesium. Hypertension, 30(3 Pt 2):654-9.
  • 44. Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Hirai Y, Akiyama K, Nishide T, Matsushima Y, Murayama H, Ohshima H, Shinomiya M, Shirai K, Saito Y, Yoshida S, Saisho H, Ohto M. Abdominal wall fat index, estimated by ultrasonography, for assessment of the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. Am J Med., 1993; 95(3):309-14.
  • 45. Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S. Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism., 1987; 36(1):54-9.
  • 46. Ross R, Shaw KD, Martel Y, de Guise J, Avruch L. Adipose tissue distribution measured by magnetic resonance imaging in obese women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1993; 57(4):470-5.
  • 47. Stallone DD, Stunkard AJ, Wadden TA, Foster GD, Boorstein J, Arger P. Weight loss and body fat distribution: a feasibility study using computed tomography. Int. J. Obes., 1991; 15(11):775-80.
  • 48. Öztürk Ç, 2009. Effects of acute pre-exercise glicerol loading on some biochemical parameters including lactate and aerobic power. Master’s Thesis, Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences, Konya.
  • 49. De Gonzalo-Calvo D, Barroeta I, Nan MN, Rives J, Garzón D, Carmona-Iragui M, Benejam B, Videla L, Fernández S, Altuna M, Valldeneu S, Blesa R, Lleó A, Blanco-Vaca F, Fortea J, Tondo M. Evaluation of biochemical and hematological parameters in adults with Down syndrome. Sci. Rep., 2020; 13;10(1):13755.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Training, Physical Training, Sports and Physical Activity For Disabled
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burcu Yentürk 0000-0003-1551-447X

Evrim Çakmakçı 0000-0001-5684-4884

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date May 15, 2025
Acceptance Date August 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Yentürk, B., & Çakmakçı, E. (2025). Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(2), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1699978
AMA Yentürk B, Çakmakçı E. Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2025;27(2):353-362. doi:10.15314/tsed.1699978
Chicago Yentürk, Burcu, and Evrim Çakmakçı. “Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children With Down Syndrome”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, no. 2 (August 2025): 353-62. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1699978.
EndNote Yentürk B, Çakmakçı E (August 1, 2025) Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 2 353–362.
IEEE B. Yentürk and E. Çakmakçı, “Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 353–362, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1699978.
ISNAD Yentürk, Burcu - Çakmakçı, Evrim. “Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children With Down Syndrome”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/2 (August2025), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1699978.
JAMA Yentürk B, Çakmakçı E. Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27:353–362.
MLA Yentürk, Burcu and Evrim Çakmakçı. “Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children With Down Syndrome”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 27, no. 2, 2025, pp. 353-62, doi:10.15314/tsed.1699978.
Vancouver Yentürk B, Çakmakçı E. Examination of the Effects of a Chronic Exercise Program on Body Composition and Selected Biochemical Parameters in Children with Down Syndrome. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27(2):353-62.

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