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The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 363 - 372, 31.08.2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of proprioceptive exercises on vertical jump and balance performance in individuals with different somatotype characteristics. A total of 67 male volunteers were included in the study and classified into endomorph (n=22), mesomorph (n=22), and ectomorph (n=23) groups. Participants engaged in an eight-week proprioceptive exercise program performed twice weekly. The exercise protocol included movements selected for stable and unstable surfaces. Vertical jump performance was assessed using the Smart Jump Mat, while postural stability and balance skills were evaluated with the Sigma Balance Platform under both eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Balance performance was analyzed based on parameters such as center of pressure (COP) sway area and balance speed. To examine the effects of somatotype (between-subject factor: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph) and time (within-subject factor: pre-test and post-test) on vertical jump and balance parameters, a 3×2 mixed (Mixed ANOVA) design was applied. Prior to the analysis, normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. A significant time effect was observed only for vertical jump performance (p<0.001). In the between-group comparisons, a significant difference was found solely in balance speed (p=0.016), favoring mesomorph individuals over ectomorphs. While no significant differences were detected in other balance parameters, a moderate improvement trend was observed in the mesomorph group. Proprioceptive exercises may effectively support explosive power development in the short term. However, their impact on balance Performance appears to vary depending on somatotype characteristics. Mesomorph individuals demonstrated a more favorable response to proprioceptive stimuli, whereas improvements were limited in ectomorph individuals.

References

  • 1. van Baak, M. A., Pramono, A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Busetto, L., Oppert, J. M. Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Obesity Reviews. 2021; 22, e13239.
  • 2. Sluga, S. P., Kozinc, Ž. Sensorimotor and proprioceptive exercise to improve balance in aging: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2024; 34(1),12010.
  • 3. Darijani, S. S., Sahebozamani, M., Eslami, M., Babakhanian, S., Alimoradi, M., Iranmanesh, M. The effect of neurofeedback and somatosensory exercises on balance and physical performance of older adults: A parallel single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 14, Article number. 2024; 24087.
  • 4. Kathirgamam, V., Ambike, M., Bokan, R., Bharambe, V., Prasad, A. Analyzing the effects of exercise prescribed based on health-related fitness assessment among different somatotypes. Journal of Health Sciences. 2020;10(1), 83-89.
  • 5. Baranauskas, M., Kupčiūnaitė, I., Lieponienė, J., Stukas, R. Dominant somatotype development in relation to body composition and dietary macronutrient intake among high-performance athletes in water, cycling and combat sports. Nutrients.2024; 16(10), 1493.
  • 6. Saha, S. Somatotype, body composition and explosive power of athlete and non-athlete. LASE Journal of Sport Science. 2014; 5(1), 26–34.
  • 7. Hegedus, E. J., Hegedus, S. R., Wright, A., Dickson, T., Stern, B. D. Individualized Exercise prescription for athletes using a construct-based model. Sports Medicine. 2022;52(10), 2315-2320.
  • 8. Bonilla, D. A., Cardozo, L. A., Vélez-Gutiérrez, J. M., Arévalo-Rodríguez, A., Vargas-Molina, S., Stout, J. R., Petro, J. L. Exercise selection and common injuries in fitness centers: a systematic integrative review and practical recommendations. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(19), 12710.
  • 9. Ekiz, D. BilimselAraştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Arı Yayıncılık. 2013.
  • 10. Carter, J. L., Heath, B. H. Somatotyping: development and applications (Vol. 5). Cambridge university press. (1990).
  • 11. Heyward, V. H., Wagner, D. R. Applied Body Composition Assessment (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics. 2004.
  • 12. Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. 1978; 40(3), 497-504.
  • 13. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., &Cardinale, M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2004;18(3), 551-555.
  • 14. Paillard, T., Noé, F. Effect of expertise and visual contribution on postural control in soccer. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2006;16(5), 345-348.
  • 15. Hopkins, W. G. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports medicine. 2000;30, 1-15.
  • 16. Federici A, Zumbo F, Lucertini F, Marini CF. Proprioceptive training and sports performance. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(Suppl 4):S1160–S1168.
  • 17. Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., Bar-Or, O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity (2nd ed.). 2004; Human Kinetics.
  • 18. Zemková, E., Hamar, D., Zvonar, M., Kováčiková, Z. The relevance of strength, power and balance in sport performance across different body types.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2021;3, 619805.
  • 19. Norton, K., Olds, T. Morphological characteristics and performance in sport: A 20-year review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2021; 16(1), 13–28.
  • 20. Šalaj, S. Š.,Milanović, D., Jukić, I. The effects of proprioceptive training on jumping and agility performance. Kinesiology, 2007; 39(2), 131-141.
  • 21. Kümmel J, Kramer A, Gollhofer A, Ritzmann R. Specificity of balance training in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(9):1261-1271.
  • 22. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Garcia-Hermoso, A., Moran, J., Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Scanlan, A. T. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: A meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science, 2022; 11(6), 656-670.
  • 23. Slimani, M., Chamari, K., Miarka, B., Del Vecchio, F. B., Chéour, F. Effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in team sport athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2016; 53(1), 231-247.
  • 24. Marotta, N., Moggio, L., Calafiore, D., Prestifilippo, E., Spanó, R., Tasselli, A., Ammendolia, A. (2023). Efficacy of proprioceptive training on plantar pressure and jump performance in volleyball players: a proof-of-principle study. Sensors, 23(4), 1906.
  • 25. Gruber, M., Gollhofer, A. Impact of sensorimotor training on the rate of force development and neural activation. European journal of applied physiology, 2004;92, 98-105.
  • 26. Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721-1738.
  • 27. PšeničnikSluga, S., Kozinc, Ž. Sensorimotor and proprioceptive exercise to improve balance in aging: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Translational Myology.2024; 34(1), 12010.
  • 28. Freire, I., Seixas, A. Effectiveness of a sensorimotor exercise program on proprioception, balance, muscle strength, functional mobility and risk of falls in older people. Frontiers in Physiology.2024; 15, 1309161.
  • 29. Gidu, D. V., Badau, D., Stoica, M., Aron, A., Focan, G., Monea, D., Calota, N. D. (2022). The effects of proprioceptive training on balance, strength, agility and dribbling in adolescent male soccer players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2028.
  • 30. Yılmaz, O., Soylu, Y., Erkmen, N., Kaplan, T., Batalik, L. Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: A systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024; 16, 93.
  • 31. Paillard, T., Noé, F. Techniques and methods for training balance: A review. Sports Medicine. 2020; 50(10), 1675-1693.
  • 32. Müller, S., Lichtenstein, E., Zech, A. Morphological factors and balance control: A systematic review. Gait & Posture. 2023; 105, 190-199.
  • 33. Top, E., Çelenk, Ç.,Marangoz, İ., Aktug, Z. B., Yilmaz, T., Akil, M. (2018). The Effect of Somatotype Characteristics of Athletes on the Balance Performance. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(5), 174-180.
  • 34. Emam, M. A., Hortobágyi, T., Horváth, A. A., Ragab, S., Ramadan, M. Proprioceptive training improves postural stability and reduces pain in cervicogenic headache patients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(22), 6777.
  • 35. Antohe, B.-A., Panaet, E.-A. . The effects of proprioceptive exercises on postural control in handball players with chronic ankle instability: A non-randomized control trial. Sports. 2024;12(11), 304.
  • 36. Szczepan S, Andrzej L, Malgorzata C. Relationship between body composition, somatotype, and postural stability in young athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7487.
  • 37. Arslan, F., Koç, H., Küçük, V. The effect of somatotype on balance and agility performance in adolescent athletes.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(8), 2121-2128.
  • 38. Rodriguez-Araya, S., Díaz-Vega, M., Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Guzmán-Muñoz, E. Relationship between body composition and somatotype with dynamic postural balance in young basketball players. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2023; 89, 45–54.
  • 39. Peterson MD, Alvar BA, Rhea MR. The contribution of fat and lean mass to physical fitness performance in youth. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(3):487-493. doi:10.1519/R-18195.

Düzenli Fitness Egzersizleri Yapan Farklı Somatotip Özelliklere Sahip Bireylere Uygulanan Proprioseptif Egzersizlerin Dikey Sıçrama ve Denge Performanslarına Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 363 - 372, 31.08.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, proprioseptif egzersizlerin farklı somatotipe sahip bireylerde dikey sıçrama ve denge performansı üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Araştırmaya, endomorf (n=22), mezomorf (n=22) ve ektomorf (n=23) olmak üzere toplam 67 gönüllü erkek katılımcı dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, sekiz hafta boyunca haftada iki gün uygulanan proprioseptif egzersiz programına katılmıştır. Egzersiz programının içeriği stabil ve stabil olmayan zemin üzerinde uygun olan hareketlerden seçilmiştir. Dikey sıçrama performansı Smart Jump Mat ile değerlendirilirken; postüral stabilite ve denge becerileri, Sigma Balance Platform kullanılarak, gözler açık ve kapalı koşullarda uygulanmış ve COP (Center of Pressure) salınım alanı ile denge hızı gibi parametrelerle analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde Somatotip (gruplar arası faktör: endomorf, mezomorf, ektomorf) ve zaman (grup içi faktör: ön test ve son test) değişkenlerinin dikey sıçrama ve denge parametreleri üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek amacıyla 3×2 karma (Mixed) ANOVA analizi uygulanmıştır. Analiz öncesinde normallik varsayımı Shapiro-Wilk testi ve varyans homojenliği Levene testi ile kontrol edilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi p < 0.05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Zaman etkisi açısından yalnızca dikey sıçrama performansında anlamlı bir gelişim tespit edilmiştir (p<0.001). Gruplar arası karşılaştırmada ise yalnızca denge hızı parametresinde anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (p=0.016); bu fark mezomorf bireylerin ektomorflara göre daha iyi performans göstermesinden kaynaklanmıştır. Diğer denge parametrelerinde istatistiksel anlamlılık gözlenmemekle birlikte, mezomorf grupta orta düzeyde gelişim eğilimi saptanmıştır. Proprioseptif egzersizler kısa vadede patlayıcı kuvvet gelişimini desteklemekte etkili olabilir. Denge performansı üzerindeki etkiler ise somatotip özelliklerine bağlı olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Mezomorf bireylerin proprioseptif uyaranlara daha olumlu yanıt verdiği, ektomorf bireylerde ise gelişimin sınırlı kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.

References

  • 1. van Baak, M. A., Pramono, A., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Busetto, L., Oppert, J. M. Effect of different types of regular exercise on physical fitness in adults with overweight or obesity: Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Obesity Reviews. 2021; 22, e13239.
  • 2. Sluga, S. P., Kozinc, Ž. Sensorimotor and proprioceptive exercise to improve balance in aging: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Translational Myology. 2024; 34(1),12010.
  • 3. Darijani, S. S., Sahebozamani, M., Eslami, M., Babakhanian, S., Alimoradi, M., Iranmanesh, M. The effect of neurofeedback and somatosensory exercises on balance and physical performance of older adults: A parallel single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 14, Article number. 2024; 24087.
  • 4. Kathirgamam, V., Ambike, M., Bokan, R., Bharambe, V., Prasad, A. Analyzing the effects of exercise prescribed based on health-related fitness assessment among different somatotypes. Journal of Health Sciences. 2020;10(1), 83-89.
  • 5. Baranauskas, M., Kupčiūnaitė, I., Lieponienė, J., Stukas, R. Dominant somatotype development in relation to body composition and dietary macronutrient intake among high-performance athletes in water, cycling and combat sports. Nutrients.2024; 16(10), 1493.
  • 6. Saha, S. Somatotype, body composition and explosive power of athlete and non-athlete. LASE Journal of Sport Science. 2014; 5(1), 26–34.
  • 7. Hegedus, E. J., Hegedus, S. R., Wright, A., Dickson, T., Stern, B. D. Individualized Exercise prescription for athletes using a construct-based model. Sports Medicine. 2022;52(10), 2315-2320.
  • 8. Bonilla, D. A., Cardozo, L. A., Vélez-Gutiérrez, J. M., Arévalo-Rodríguez, A., Vargas-Molina, S., Stout, J. R., Petro, J. L. Exercise selection and common injuries in fitness centers: a systematic integrative review and practical recommendations. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2022;19(19), 12710.
  • 9. Ekiz, D. BilimselAraştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Arı Yayıncılık. 2013.
  • 10. Carter, J. L., Heath, B. H. Somatotyping: development and applications (Vol. 5). Cambridge university press. (1990).
  • 11. Heyward, V. H., Wagner, D. R. Applied Body Composition Assessment (2nd ed.). Human Kinetics. 2004.
  • 12. Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. 1978; 40(3), 497-504.
  • 13. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., &Cardinale, M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2004;18(3), 551-555.
  • 14. Paillard, T., Noé, F. Effect of expertise and visual contribution on postural control in soccer. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2006;16(5), 345-348.
  • 15. Hopkins, W. G. Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports medicine. 2000;30, 1-15.
  • 16. Federici A, Zumbo F, Lucertini F, Marini CF. Proprioceptive training and sports performance. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2020;15(Suppl 4):S1160–S1168.
  • 17. Malina, R. M., Bouchard, C., Bar-Or, O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity (2nd ed.). 2004; Human Kinetics.
  • 18. Zemková, E., Hamar, D., Zvonar, M., Kováčiková, Z. The relevance of strength, power and balance in sport performance across different body types.Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2021;3, 619805.
  • 19. Norton, K., Olds, T. Morphological characteristics and performance in sport: A 20-year review. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2021; 16(1), 13–28.
  • 20. Šalaj, S. Š.,Milanović, D., Jukić, I. The effects of proprioceptive training on jumping and agility performance. Kinesiology, 2007; 39(2), 131-141.
  • 21. Kümmel J, Kramer A, Gollhofer A, Ritzmann R. Specificity of balance training in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46(9):1261-1271.
  • 22. Ramirez-Campillo, R., Garcia-Hermoso, A., Moran, J., Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., Scanlan, A. T. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: A meta-analysis. Journal of sport and health science, 2022; 11(6), 656-670.
  • 23. Slimani, M., Chamari, K., Miarka, B., Del Vecchio, F. B., Chéour, F. Effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in team sport athletes: A systematic review. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2016; 53(1), 231-247.
  • 24. Marotta, N., Moggio, L., Calafiore, D., Prestifilippo, E., Spanó, R., Tasselli, A., Ammendolia, A. (2023). Efficacy of proprioceptive training on plantar pressure and jump performance in volleyball players: a proof-of-principle study. Sensors, 23(4), 1906.
  • 25. Gruber, M., Gollhofer, A. Impact of sensorimotor training on the rate of force development and neural activation. European journal of applied physiology, 2004;92, 98-105.
  • 26. Lesinski M, Hortobágyi T, Muehlbauer T, Gollhofer A, Granacher U. Effects of balance training on balance performance in healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(12):1721-1738.
  • 27. PšeničnikSluga, S., Kozinc, Ž. Sensorimotor and proprioceptive exercise to improve balance in aging: A systematic review with meta-analysis. European Journal of Translational Myology.2024; 34(1), 12010.
  • 28. Freire, I., Seixas, A. Effectiveness of a sensorimotor exercise program on proprioception, balance, muscle strength, functional mobility and risk of falls in older people. Frontiers in Physiology.2024; 15, 1309161.
  • 29. Gidu, D. V., Badau, D., Stoica, M., Aron, A., Focan, G., Monea, D., Calota, N. D. (2022). The effects of proprioceptive training on balance, strength, agility and dribbling in adolescent male soccer players. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2028.
  • 30. Yılmaz, O., Soylu, Y., Erkmen, N., Kaplan, T., Batalik, L. Effects of proprioceptive training on sports performance: A systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024; 16, 93.
  • 31. Paillard, T., Noé, F. Techniques and methods for training balance: A review. Sports Medicine. 2020; 50(10), 1675-1693.
  • 32. Müller, S., Lichtenstein, E., Zech, A. Morphological factors and balance control: A systematic review. Gait & Posture. 2023; 105, 190-199.
  • 33. Top, E., Çelenk, Ç.,Marangoz, İ., Aktug, Z. B., Yilmaz, T., Akil, M. (2018). The Effect of Somatotype Characteristics of Athletes on the Balance Performance. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(5), 174-180.
  • 34. Emam, M. A., Hortobágyi, T., Horváth, A. A., Ragab, S., Ramadan, M. Proprioceptive training improves postural stability and reduces pain in cervicogenic headache patients: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(22), 6777.
  • 35. Antohe, B.-A., Panaet, E.-A. . The effects of proprioceptive exercises on postural control in handball players with chronic ankle instability: A non-randomized control trial. Sports. 2024;12(11), 304.
  • 36. Szczepan S, Andrzej L, Malgorzata C. Relationship between body composition, somatotype, and postural stability in young athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20):7487.
  • 37. Arslan, F., Koç, H., Küçük, V. The effect of somatotype on balance and agility performance in adolescent athletes.Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.2021; 35(8), 2121-2128.
  • 38. Rodriguez-Araya, S., Díaz-Vega, M., Mendez-Rebolledo, G., Guzmán-Muñoz, E. Relationship between body composition and somatotype with dynamic postural balance in young basketball players. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2023; 89, 45–54.
  • 39. Peterson MD, Alvar BA, Rhea MR. The contribution of fat and lean mass to physical fitness performance in youth. J Strength Cond Res. 2006;20(3):487-493. doi:10.1519/R-18195.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ömer Aksoy 0000-0002-0976-4977

Onur Şengöl 0000-0001-7008-3874

Hamdi Pepe 0000-0003-0525-9882

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date June 26, 2025
Acceptance Date August 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aksoy, Ö., Şengöl, O., & Pepe, H. (2025). The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1727678
AMA Aksoy Ö, Şengöl O, Pepe H. The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2025;27(2):363-372. doi:10.15314/tsed.1727678
Chicago Aksoy, Ömer, Onur Şengöl, and Hamdi Pepe. “The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals With Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, no. 2 (August 2025): 363-72. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1727678.
EndNote Aksoy Ö, Şengöl O, Pepe H (August 1, 2025) The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 2 363–372.
IEEE Ö. Aksoy, O. Şengöl, and H. Pepe, “The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 363–372, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1727678.
ISNAD Aksoy, Ömer et al. “The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals With Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/2 (August2025), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1727678.
JAMA Aksoy Ö, Şengöl O, Pepe H. The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27:363–372.
MLA Aksoy, Ömer et al. “The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals With Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 27, no. 2, 2025, pp. 363-72, doi:10.15314/tsed.1727678.
Vancouver Aksoy Ö, Şengöl O, Pepe H. The Effects of Proprioceptive Exercises on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance in Individuals with Different Somatotype Characteristics Engaged in Regular Fitness Training. Turk J Sport Exe. 2025;27(2):363-72.

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