Görünmeyene Işık Tutmak: Psikolojik Şiddet

Abstract

Şiddet, kapsamı her geçen gün daha da genişleyen bir fenomen haline gelmektedir. Buna rağmen şiddet denildiğinde doğrudan fiziksel güç kullanımına dayalı fiziksel şiddet akıllarda belirse de şiddetin farklı görünümleri bulunur, psikolojik şiddet de bu şiddet biçimlerinden yalnızca biridir. Sıklıkla fark edilmeyen, fark edilse de temelinde sevginin bulunduğu düşünülen psikolojik şiddet, toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin neden olduğu ve şekillendirdiği problemlerden biridir. Toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri doğrultusunda kadının mağdur, erkeğin fail olarak yeniden etiketlendiği ataerkil toplumsal yaşam düzeninde psikolojik şiddetin bir tür ilişki biçimi olduğuna dair fikirler de bulunmaktadır. Eril temellere dayanan zarar verici ilişki biçimlerinin yaygınlığı nedeniyle psikolojik şiddeti tanımlamak zorlaşmaktadır. Niteliği bakımından fiziksel iz bırakmaması nedeniyle gözlem yoluyla fark edilmesi güçleşen psikolojik şiddetin ağır sonuçları olabilir. Psikolojik şiddet, “basit” hakaret ve tehditlerle başlasa da fiziksel, ekonomik ve cinsel şiddeti de ortaya çıkarabilir. Dilde başlayan şiddet, kadın cinayetlerine kadar uzanan patolojik bir süreci içinde barındırır. Psikolojik şiddetle mücadele edebilmek için öncelikle bu şiddet türünü anlamak gerekir. O nedenle psikolojik şiddeti farklı araştırmalardan destek alarak örneklerle tanımlamak psikolojik şiddeti anlamak için geniş bir çerçeve çizecektir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı psikolojik şiddeti somutlaştırarak ne olduğunu anlamaktır. Şiddeti psikolojik hale getiren davranışları ve söylemleri detaylandırarak romantik ilişkilerde halihazırda mevcut olan şiddetin fark edilmesini kolaylaştırmak ve psikolojik şiddetle mücadelede yürütülebilecek sosyal hizmet uygulamalarına değinmek bu çalışmanın amacını detaylandırır. Şiddete maruz bırakılan kadınlarla çalışan meslek elemanları için birer uyarı niteliği taşıyan psikolojik şiddet unsurlarının farkında olmak, şiddetle daha erken mücadele edebilmek için önemlidir. Önleyici uygulamaların mümkün kılınması için psikolojik şiddet tanımına dahil edilebilen her eylem ve söylemin farkında olunmalı ve mevcut mevzuat şiddetle mücadele doğrultusunda daha etkin uygulanmalıdır.

Keywords

• kadına yönelik şiddet
• Psikolojik şiddet
• sosyal hizmet uygulaması
• şiddetle mücadele

Shedding Light on the Invisible: Psychological Violence

Abstract

Violence is becoming a phenomenon which scope is expanding day by day. However, when violence is mentioned, although physical violence based on the use of physical force appears in mind, there are different kinds of violence, and psychological violence is only one of these forms of violence. Psychological violence, which is often not noticed and thought to be based on love, is one of the problems caused and shaped by gender. There are also ideas that psychological violence is a form of relationship in the patriarchal social life order, where women are (re)stigmatization as victims and men as perpetrators in line with gender roles. It is difficult to define psychological violence due to the prevalence of harmful relationship styles based on masculine foundations. Psychological violence, which is difficult to detect through observation due to its nature, can have serious consequences. Although psychological violence starts with “simple” insults and threats, it can also reveal physical, economic and sexual violence. Violence that begins in the language includes a pathological process that extends to femicide. To combat psychological violence, it is necessary to understand this type of violence first. Therefore, defining psychological violence with examples with the support of different studies will draw a broad framework for understanding psychological violence. The main purpose of this study is to understand what it is by concretizing psychological violence. By detailing the behaviors and discourses that make violence psychological, it will make it easier to recognize the violence that is already present in romantic relationships and to touch on the social work practices that can be carried out in the fight against psychological violence, detailing the purpose of this study. It is important to be aware of the elements of psychological violence, which serve as a warning for professionals working with women who have been subjected to violence, to be able to combat violence earlier. To enable preventive practices, every action and discourse that can be included in the definition of psychological violence should be aware of and the current legislation should be implemented more effectively in line with the fight against violence.

Keywords

• violence against woman
• Psychological violence
• social work practise.
• combating violence

References

1. Aktaş, G. (2013). Feminist söylemler bağlamında kadın kimliği: Erkek egemen bir toplumda kadın olmak. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1).
2. Akpınar, A., Bakay, G., ve Dedehayır, H. (2010). Kadın ve mekân: tutsaklık mı sultanlık mı?. Turkuvaz Kitap.
3. Altındağ, Ö. (2020). Vaka yönetimi ve sosyal hizmette kullanımı. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(2).
4. Altıparmak, İ. B. (2019). Kadına yönelik aile içi şiddetin boyutları: Ankara örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1).
5. Attridge, M. (2013). Jealousy and Relationship Closeness: Exploring the Good (Reactive) and Bad (Suspicious) Sides of Romantic Jealousy. SAGE Open.
6. Babcock, J. C., Jacobson, N. S., Gottman, J. M., & Yerington, T. P. (2000). Attachment, emotional regulation, and the function of marital violence: differences between secure, preoccupied, and dismissing violent and nonviolent husbands. Journal of Family Violence, 15(4).
7. Banducci, A. N., Felton, J. W., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Lejuez, C. W. (2018). An examination of the impact of childhood emotional abuse and gender on cannabis use trajectories among community youth. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 4(1), 85.
8. Banducci, A. N., Lejuez, C. W., Dougherty, L. R., & MacPherson, L. (2017). A prospective examination of the relations between emotional abuse and anxiety: Moderation by distress tolerance. Prevention Science, 18(1).

9. Beauvoir, S. d. (1993). Kadın “İkinci Cins” Genç Kızlık Çağı. Çev: Bertan Onaran. Payel Yayınları.
10. Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Whitcomb, B. W., Missmer, S. A., Manson, J. E., Hankinson, S. E., & Rich-Edwards, J. W. (2014). Early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the development of premenstrual syndrome: a longitudinal study. Journal of Women's Health, 23(9).
11. Boulette, T. R., & Andersen, S. M. (1985). “Mind control” and the battering of women. Community Mental Health Journal, 21(2).
12. Bowling, S. W., Zimmerman, T. S., & Daniels, K. C. (2000). “Empower”: A feminist consciousness-raising curriculum for adolescent women. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 10(1).
13. Brown, J. (2012). Male perpetrators, the gender symmetry debate, and the rejection–abuse cycle: Implications for treatment. American journal of men's health, 6(4).
14. Buz, S . (2009). Feminist sosyal hizmet uygulaması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 20(1).
15. Cankurtaran, Ö., Akoğlu, G. ve Sakarya, H. (2020). Güçlenmeyi güç, güçsüzlük, baskı ve güç ilişkileri temelinde anlamak . Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4).
16. Cankurtaran, Ö. ve Beydili, E. (2016). Ayrımcılık karşıtı sosyal hizmet uygulamasının gerekliliği üzerine. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet , 27(1).
17. Carney, M. M., & Barner, J. R. (2012). Prevalence of partner abuse: Rates of emotional abuse and control. Partner Abuse, 3(3).
18. Chen, P. H., Jacobs, A., & Rovi, S. L. (2013). Intimate partner violence: IPV in the LGBT community. FP essentials, 412.
19. Chung, D. (2005). Violence, control, romance and gender equality: Young women and heterosexual relationships. In Women's studies international forum, 28(6).
20. Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H. (2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women. American journal of preventive medicine, 23(4).
21. Connell, R. W. & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6).
22. Dowling, C. (1994). Sindirella kompleksi: Çağdaş kadında bağımsızlık korkusu. Ankara: Öteki Yayınevi.
23. Dönmez, G., Şimşek, H., ve Günay, T. (2012). Evli erkeklerde eşlerine yönelik şiddet ve ilişkili etmenler Turkish Journal of Public Health, 10(3).
24. Eccles, J. S. (1987). Gender roles and women's achievement‐related decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(2).
25. Erşen, U. B. (2018). Yeni bir dil yeni cinsiyet düzeni. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(1).
26. Eslick, G. D., Koloski, N. A., & Talley, N. J. (2011). Sexual, physical, verbal/emotional abuse and unexplained chest pain. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(8).
27. Estefan, L. F., Coulter, M. L., & VandeWeerd, C. (2016). Depression in women who have left violent relationships: the unique impact of frequent emotional abuse. Violence Against Women, 22(11).
28. Faver, C. A., & Strand, E. B. (2007). Fear, guilt, and grief: harm to pets and the emotional abuse of women. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(1).
29. Fawole, O. I. (2008). Economic violence to women and girls:is it receiving the necessary attention? Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(3).
30. Feltes, T., Balloni, A., Czapska, J., Bodelón, E., & Stenning, P. (2009). Gender-based violence, stalking and fear of crime. EU Project, 2011.
31. Freire, P. (2003). Ezilenlerin pedagojisi (D. Hattatoğlu Çev.): Ayrıntı Yayınları.
32. Gentry, J., & Bailey, B. A. (2014). Psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy and birth outcomes: threat of violence versus other verbal and emotional abuse. Violence and Victims, 29(3).
33. Greathouse, S. M., Saunders, J. M., Matthews, M., Keller, K. M., & Miller, L. L. (2015). A review of the literature on sexual assault perpetrator characteristics and behaviors. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
34. Haque, M. R., Mostofa, M. G., & Babar, Z. (2017). Violence against women prohibit the empowerment. The Oriental Anthropologist, 17(1).
35. Häuser, W., Kosseva, M., Üceyler, N., Klose, P., & Sommer, C. (2011). Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse in fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review with meta‐analysis. Arthritis Care & Research, 63(6).
36. Herrick, R., Thomas, S., Franklin, L., Godwin, M. L., Gnabasik, E., & Schroedel, J. R. (2019). Physical violence and psychological abuse against female and male mayors in the United States. Politics, Groups, and Identities 7(3).
37. İlter, N. (2014). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Gerilimleri Üzerinden Feminizmi Tartışmak. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi.
38. Jewkes, R. (2010). Emotional abuse: a neglected dimension of partner violence. Lancet, 376(9744).
39. Johnson, J. K., John, R., Humera, A., Kukreja, S., Found, M., & Lindow, S. W. (2007). The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 133(1).
40. Junglen, A., Hruska, B., Jensen, T., Boros, A., & Delahanty, D. L. (2019). Improving our understanding of the relationship between emotional abuse and substance use disorders: the mediating roles of negative urgency and posttraumatic stress disorder. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(9).
41. Karakurt, G., & Silver, K. E. (2013). Emotional abuse in intimate relationships: the role of gender and age. Violence and Victims, 28(5).
42. Kimber, M., McTavish, J. R., Couturier, J., Boven, A., Gill, S., Dimitropoulos, G., & MacMillan, H. L. (2017). Consequences of child emotional abuse, emotional neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence for eating disorders: a systematic critical review. BMC Psychology, 5(1).
43. KSGM. (2015). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet Araştırması. Erişim Adresi http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11655/23338/KKSA-TRAnaRaporKitap26Mart.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2021.
44. Lammers, M., Ritchie, J., & Robertson, N. (2005). Women's experience of emotional abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1).
45. Lange, E., & Young, S. (2019). Gender-based violence as difficult knowledge: pedagogies for rebalancing the masculine and the feminine. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 38(3).
46. Lanier, C., & Maume, M. O. (2009). Intimate partner violence and social isolation across the rural/urban divide. Violence Against Women, 15(11).
47. Lee, M. J., & Shin, M. (2011). Fear versus humor: The impact of sensation seeking on physiological, cognitive, and emotional responses to antialcohol abuse messages. The Journal of Psychology, 145(2).
48. Lutfey, K. E., Link, C. L., Litman, H. J., Rosen, R. C., & McKinlay, J. B. (2008). An examination of the association of abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) and female sexual dysfunction: results from the Boston Area Community Health Survey. Fertility and Sterility, 90(4).
49. Merkit, N. (2016). Sigmund Freud’da uygarlığın temel dinamikleri ve birey üzerindeki etkisi. FLSF Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (21).
50. Nel, K. A., & Govender, S. (2019). Interventions for shame and guilt experienced by battered women. In The bright side of shame. Springer, Cham.
51. O'Connor, P. E. (1995). Introduction: Discourse of violence. Discourse & Society, 6(3).
52. Payne, M., & Askeland, G. A. (2008). Globalization and international social work: Postmodern change and challenge. Routledge.
53. Pillemer, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., & Lachs, M. S. (2016). Elder abuse: Global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. The Gerontologist, 56 (Suppl 2).
54. Regier, P. S., Monge, Z. A., Franklin, T. R., Wetherill, R. R., Teitelman, A., Jagannathan, K., Suh, J. J., Wang, Z., Young, K. A., Gawrysiak, M., Langleben, D. D., Kampman, K. M., O'Brien, C. P., & Childress, A. R. (2017). Emotional, physical and sexual abuse are associated with a heightened limbic response to cocaine cues. Addiction biology, 22(6).
55. Ruffell S. (2017). Stigma kills! The psychological effects of emotional abuse and discrimination towards a patient with HIV in Uganda. BMJ case reports, 2017.
56. Saldaña, O., Antelo, E., Almendros, C., & Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á. (2019). Development and validation of a measure of emotional distress in survivors of group psychological abuse. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22, E33.
57. Strauchler, O., McCloskey, K., Malloy, K., Sitaker, M., Grigsby, N., & Gillig, P. (2004). Humiliation, manipulation, and control: Evidence of centrality in domestic violence against an adult partner. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6).
58. Thelwall, M. (2008). Fk yea I swear: cursing and gender in MySpace. Corpora, 3(1).
59. Thompson, N. (2016). Güç ve güçlendirme. Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
60. Tiwari, S., Gray, R., Jenkinson, C., & Carson, C. (2018). Association between spousal emotional abuse and reproductive outcomes of women in India: findings from cross-sectional analysis of the 2005-2006 National Family Health Survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(5).
61. Tong, R. (2018). Feminist Thought, Student Economy Edition: A More Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge.
62. Wacker, R., & Dziobek, I. (2018). Preventing empathic distress and social stressors at work through nonviolent communication training: A field study with health professionals. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23(1).
63. Waller, G., Corstorphine, E., & Mountford, V. (2007). The role of emotional abuse in the eating disorders: Implications for treatment. Eating Disorders, 15(4).
64. Wangel, A. M., Ryding, E. L., Schei, B., Östman, M., Lukasse, M., & Bidens Study Group (2016). Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the association with symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress in a multi-ethnic pregnant population in southern Sweden. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 9.
65. Wilson, J. K. (2019). Cycle of violence. The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime, 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118929803.ewac0083.
66. Wolford-Clevenger, C., Grigorian, H., Brem, M., Florimbio, A., Elmquist, J., & Stuart, G. L. (2017). Associations of emotional abuse types with suicide ideation among dating couples. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 26(9).
67. Yoshihama, M., Horrocks, J., & Kamano, S. (2009). The role of emotional abuse in intimate partner violence and health among women in Yokohama, Japan. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4).
68. Yun, J. Y., Shim, G., & Jeong, B. (2019). Verbal abuse related to self-esteem damage and unjust blame harms mental health and social interaction in college population. Scientific Reports, 9(1).