Yaşlılar ve Yetişkinlerde Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgınının Etkileri ve Koronavirüs Korkusu

Abstract

Toplumsal ve sosyal yaşamı önemli bir biçimde etkileyen ve bireylerin yaşamlarından farklı etkiler ortaya çıkaran Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını geçmişte bıraktığı izler ve gelecekte ortaya çıkaracağı muhtemel etkilerin anlaşılması oldukça önemlidir. Salgın süreci tüm dünyayı önemli ölçüde etkilemekle birlikte bazı gruplar (yaşlılar, kronik hastalığı olanlar, engelliler, yoksullar vb.) için bu etki daha olumsuz ve fazla olmuştur. Gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınının etkilerini ve koronavirüs korkusunu ele alarak yaşlılar ile genç ve orta yetişkinlerde karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemektedir. Bu doğrultuda araştırmaya Türkiye’de yaşayan 18-82 yaş aralığındaki 404 kişi katılmıştır. Covid-19 Pandemisinin Ruhsal ve Psikosomatik Etkilerini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (PRPEDÖ), Genel Aidiyet Ölçeği (GAÖ), Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Korkusu Ölçeği (KKÖ) ve demografik sorulardan oluşan soru formu veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve JAMOVİ programları aracılığıyla bağımsız örneklem t testi, varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve çoklu regresyon yapılarak analiz edilmiştir. Kadınlar erkeklere göre, 18-64 yaşında olanlar, 65 ve üzeri yaşa sahip olanlara göre koronavirüsün psikosomotik ve ruhsal etkileri ile koronavirüs korkusu anlamlı derecede daha fazladır. Gerçekleştirilen çoklu regresyon analizine göre ruhsal etkiler, psikosomatik etkiler, kabul edilme/içerilme, reddedilme/dışlanma, yaş ve cinsiyet koronavirüs korkusunun %66’sını açıklamaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular yaşlılar ile genç ve orta yetişkinlerde koronavirüsün etkilerinin anlaşılmasını ve iki grup bağlamında karşılaştırma yapılabilmesini olanaklı kılmaktadır.

Keywords

• Koronavirüs
• Koronavirüs korkusu
• koronavirüs salgınının etkileri.

The Effects of The Coronavirus (Covıd-19) Epidemic and The Fear of Coronavirus in the Elderly and Adults

Abstract

It is very important to understand the traces left by the Coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic, which significantly affects social life and creates different effects from the lives of individuals, and the possible effects that it will reveal in the future. Although the epidemic process affected the whole world significantly, this effect was more negative and greater for some groups (the elderly, those with chronic diseases, the disabled, the poor, etc.). This study examines the effects of the Coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic and the fear of coronavirus in the elderly and adults comparatively. In this direction, 404 people between the ages of 18-82 living in Turkey participated in the research. Scale for Evaluating the Mental and Psychosomatic Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic, General Belongingness Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale and demographic questions form were used as a data collection tools. The obtained data were analyzed by using independent sample t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression through SPSS and JAMOVI programs. Psychosomatic and psychological effects of coronavirus, fear of coronavirus are significantly higher in women than men and +65 than aged 18-64. According to the multiple regression analysis performed, mental effects, psychosomatic effects, acceptance/inclusion, rejection/exclusion, age and gender explain 66% of fear of coronavirus. Findings from the study make it possible to understand the effects of coronavirus in the elderly, young and middle adults and to make comparisons in the context of the two groups.

Keywords

• Coronavirus
• Fear of coronavirus
• effects of coronavirus epidemic

References

1. Abbas, A. M., AbouBakr, A., Magdy, S., Refai, A., Ismail, Y., Mahmoud, N., & AbuElmagd, M. E. (2021). Psychological effect of COVID-19 on medical health-care workers. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 25(2), 140–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2020.1791903
2. Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247679
3. Amadasun, S. (2020). Social work and COVID-19 pandemic: An action call. International Social Work, 63(6), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872820959357
4. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
5. Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and Fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban Population Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00343-8
6. Cabañas, J. G., Williams, J. G., Gallagher, J. M., & Brice, J. H. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of EMS Physicians in a Community Response Effort. Prehospital Emergency Care, 25(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2020.1838676
7. Calculator.net. (2021). Sample Size Calculator. https://www.calculator.net/sample-size-calculator.html
8. Ceccato, I., Palumbo, R., Di Crosta, A., La Malva, P., Marchetti, D., Maiella, R., Verrocchio, M. C., Marin, A., Mammarella, N., Palumbo, R., & Di Domenico, A. (2021). Age-related differences in the perception of COVID-19 emergency during the Italian outbreak. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1305–1313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1856781

9. Chi, X., Chen, S., Chen, Y., Chen, D., Yu, Q., Guo, T., Cao, Q., Zheng, X., Huang, S., Hossain, M. M., Stubbs, B., Yeung, A., & Zou, L. (2021). Psychometric Evaluation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale Among Chinese Population. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00441-7
10. Cook, R. D. (1977). Detection of influential observation in linear regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15–18.
11. Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The lancet psychiatry, 7(4), 300–302.
12. Duru, E. (2015). Genel aidiyet ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(44), 37–47.
13. Gallagher, M. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Long, L. J., Rogers, A. H., & Garey, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 experiences and associated stress on anxiety, depression, and functional impairment in American adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(6), 1043–1051.
14. Grolli, R. E., Mingoti, M. E. D., Bertollo, A. G., Luzardo, A. R., Quevedo, J., Réus, G. Z., & Ignácio, Z. M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 in the Mental Health in Elderly: Psychological and Biological Updates. Molecular Neurobiology, 58(5), 1905–1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02249-x
15. Guida, C., & Carpentieri, G. (2021). Quality of life in the urban environment and primary health services for the elderly during the Covid-19 pandemic: An application to the city of Milan (Italy). Cities, 110, 103038. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103038
16. Hastaoğlu, F. (2021). Yaşlıların Pandemi Sürecindeki Biyopsikososyal Etkilenimleri. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Dergisi, 14(1), 45–49. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1515676
17. Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştirma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler (19. baskı). Nobel.
18. Karataş, Z., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110592
19. Kaya, B. (2020). Pandeminin ruh sağlığına etkileri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(2), 123–124.
20. Kaya, S., Kırlıoğlu, M., & Toptaş, T. (2021). Covıd-19 pandemisinin ruhsal ve psikosomatik etkilerini değerlendirme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(2), 525–545. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.865144
21. Koçak, Z., & Harmancı, H. (2020). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde ailede ruh sağlığı. Karatay Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5, 183–207.
22. Labrague, L. J., & de los Santos, J. A. A. (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(3), 395–403. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168
23. Lamb, V. L. (1997). Gender differences in correlates of disablement among the elderly in Egypt. Social Science & Medicine, 45(1), 127–136.
24. Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and individual differences, 52(3), 311–316.
25. Mavili, A., Kesen, N. F., & Daşbaş, S. (2014). Aile aidiyeti ölçeği: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 33. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/198264
26. Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
27. Nazari, N., Zekiy, A. O., Feng, L.-S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Psychometric validation of the persian version of the covıd-19-related psychological distress scale and association with covıd-19 fear, covıd-19 anxiety, optimism, and lack of resilience. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00540-z
28. Nerlove, M., & Wallis, K. F. (1966). Use of the Durbin-Watson statistic in inappropriate situations. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 235–238.
29. Özdemir, S. G., Daşbaş, S., & Kesen, N. F. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin aile aidiyeti ve özgeci davranışları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Konya İli Örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 23(1), 101–111. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1071421
30. Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
31. Özmen, S., Özkan, O., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2021). Investigation of COVID-19 Fear, Well-Being and Life Satisfaction in Turkish Society. Social Work in Public Health, 36(2), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2021.1877589
32. Peker, A., & Cengiz, S. (2021). Covid-19 fear, happiness and stress in adults: the mediating role of psychological resilience and coping with stress. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2021.1937656
33. Plohl, N., & Musil, B. (2021). Modeling compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: the critical role of trust in science. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1772988
34. Rahman, M. O. (1999). Age and gender variation in the impact of household structure on elderly mortality. International journal of epidemiology, 28(3), 485–491.
35. Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 102066.
36. Reznik, A., Gritsenko, V., Konstantinov, V., Khamenka, N., & Isralowitz, R. (2020). COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
37. Seber, G. A. F., & Lee, A. J. (2012). Linear regression analysis (C. 329). John Wiley & Sons.
38. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (C. 5). Pearson Boston, MA.
39. Topal, M., Eyduran, E., Yağanoğlu, A. M., SÖNMEZ, A., & Keskin, S. (2010). Çoklu doğrusal bağlantı durumunda ridge ve temel bileşenler regresyon analiz yöntemlerinin kullanımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 53–57.
40. Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., & Druckman, J. N. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature human behaviour, 4(5), 460–471.
41. Vlassoff, C. (1994). Gender inequalities in health in the Third World: uncharted ground. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 39(9), 1249–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90357-3
42. Vlassoff, C, & Bonilla, E. (1994). Gender-related differences in the impact of tropical diseases on women: what do we know? Journal of Biosocial Science, 26(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021040
43. Vlassoff, Carol. (2007). Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 25(1), 47–61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615903
44. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729.
45. Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., & Xiong, Y. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama, 323(11), 1061–1069.
46. Warren, A. M., Zolfaghari, K., Fresnedo, M., Bennett, M., Pogue, J., Waddimba, A., Zvolensky, M., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity, COVID-19 fear, and mental health: results from a United States population sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2021.1874505
47. WHO. (2017). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults
48. Williams, C. (2000). Doing health, doing gender: teenagers, diabetes and asthma. Social science & medicine, 50(3), 387–396.
49. Wilson, J. M., Lee, J., & Shook, N. J. (2021). COVID-19 worries and mental health: the moderating effect of age. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1289–1296. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1856778
50. Xiao, C. (2020). A novel approach of consultation on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-related psychological and mental problems: structured letter therapy. Psychiatry investigation, 17(2), 175.
51. Yi, J., Kang, L., Li, J., & Gu, J. (2021). A Key Factor for Psychosomatic Burden of Frontline Medical Staff: Occupational Pressure During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 590101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.590101
52. Yıldırım, M., Geçer, E., & Akgül, Ö. (2021). The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1776891