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Gebelik Stresi İle Covıd-19 Korkusu Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Year 2021, , 125 - 139, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.996747

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı gebelerde görülen gebelik stresi ile COVID-19 korkusu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Betimsel türde gerçekleştirilen çalışma, Mayıs-Haziran 2020 tarihleri arasında 202 gebe ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler kişisel bilgi formu, Covid-19 Korku Ölçeği ve Gebelik Stresini Değerlendirme Ölçeği (GSDÖ-36) kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde t-testi, Pearson Momentler Çarpımı Korelasyon Katsayı Analizi ve Aşamalı Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Gebelerin, GSDÖ-36 puan ortalamalarının (73,34±27,43) ve COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği puan ortalamalarının (21.39± 6,38) orta değerin üstünde olduğu belirlenmiştir. COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği puanları ile GSDÖ-36’nın alt boyutları olan “gebelik ve doğumla ilgili güvenli süreç arayışından kaynaklanan stres”, “bebek bakımı ve değişen aile ilişkilerine ilişkin stres”, ”annelik rolü ile ilişkili stres”, “sosyal destek arayışı ile ilişkili stres” ve “fiziksel görünümle ilişkili stres” puanları arasında pozitif yönde ilişki saptanmıştır (p< 0.05). Regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre GSDÖ-36 alt boyutlarının, COVID-19 korku düzeyini yordayıcılığının düşük düzeyde anlamlı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (R=0.407, R2=0.166, p<.01). COVID-19 Korkusu üzerinde en önemli yordayıcının “gebelik ve doğumla ilgili güvenli süreç arayışından kaynaklanan stres” alt boyutu olduğu belirlenmiştir (p< 0.05).
Sonuç: Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, gebelerde pandemi sürecindeki gebelik stresini önlemede gerçekleştirilecek olan uygulamalar açısından önemli görülmektedir.

References

  • Abdollahpour S, Khosravi A.(2018). Relationship between spiritual intelligence with happiness and fear of childbirth in Iranian Pregnant Women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(1):45-50.
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari , et al. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Akın Ö. (2018). Gebelik Stresini Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ordu: Ordu Üniversitesi. (26 Nisan 2020, Erişim linki: http://earsiv.odu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11489/801/3/10204644-%C3%96zlem%20AKIN.pdf).
  • Altıncelep F. (2011). Gebelerdeki Prenatal Distres Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi.
  • Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Bixo M.(2004). Neonatal outcome following maternal antenatal depression and anxiety: A population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159:872-881.
  • Aslıyüksek, Z. Ş. (2016). 0 - 2 yaş bebeğe sahip annelerin doğum sonrası bağlanmalarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bilgiç G, Bilgin NÇ. (2021). Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Psychological and Spiritual Well Being in Pregnant Women. Journal of Religion and Health (2021) 60:295–310 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01087-4.
  • Bilgin NÇ, Coşkun H, Potur DC, Aydın Eİ & Uca E. (2021). Psychosocial predictors of the fear of childbirth in Turkish pregnant women, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 42:2, 123-131, DOI:10.1080/0167482X.2020.1734791.
  • Braunack-Mayer A, Tooher R, Collins JE, Street JM, Marshall H. (2013). Understanding the school community’s response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health, 13:344. Doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-344.
  • Capanna F, Haydar A, McCarey C, Carri EB, Rasero JB, Tsibizova V et al. (2020) Preparing an obstetric unit in the heart of the epidemic strike of COVID-19: quick reorganization tips. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 12:1-7. Doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1749258. PMID: 32223490.
  • Chen CH. (2015). Revision and validation of a scale to assess pregnancy stress. The Journal of Nursing Research, 23(1), 25–32. Doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000047. PMID: 25226045.
  • Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C et al. (2020) Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 149(2), 130–136. Doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13146. PMID: 32196655.
  • Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., et al. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 395, 507-513.
  • Çapık A, Apay SE, Sakar T. (2015). Gebelerde distres düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3),196-203. Doi: 10.17049/ahsbd.97570.
  • Çuvadar A, Özcan H, Arıkan MG, Ateş S. (2020). COVID-19 tanılı gebede postpartum kaygı düzeyi: iki olgu sunumu. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 297-301. Doi: 10.38108/ouhcd.773462.
  • Du L, Gu Y, Cui M, Li W, Wang J, Zhu L et al. (2020). Investigation on demands for antenatal care services among 2002 pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in Shanghai. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 55:160–165. Doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200218-00112. PMID: 32268713.
  • Durankuş F, Aksu E. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-7. Doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946. PMID: 32419558.
  • Ertekin Ş, Arslan Ş, Polat K, Çiftçi D, Cesur B, Dağlar G. (2014). Gebelerde uyku kalitesi ile algılanan stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 7(3), 171-177.
  • Hobel CJ, Goldstein A, Barrett ES. (2008). Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcome. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 51(2), 333–348. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31816f2709. PMID: 18463464.
  • Kılıçarslan S. (2008). Edirne Şehir Merkezindeki Son Trimester Gebelerin Sosyodemografik Özellikleri, Yaşam Kaliteleri, Kaygı Düzeyleri [Uzmanlık Tezi]. Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Aile Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Ko SH, Chang SC, Chen CH. (2010). A Comparative study of sleep quality between pregnant and nonpregnant Taiwanese women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 42(1), 23-30. Doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01326.x PMID: 20487183.
  • Lau Y, Fu Keung Wong D, Yuqiong W, Ho Keung Kwong D.(2014). The Roles of social support in helping Chinese women with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms cope with perceived stress. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2014, 305–313.
  • Melender HL.(2002). Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: A study of 329 pregnant women. Birth, 29: 101-111. 35.
  • Mermer G, Bilge A, Yücel U, Çeber E. (2010). Gebelik ve doğum sonrası dönemde sosyal destek algısı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 1: 71- 76.
  • Molgora S, Fenaroli V, Prino LE, Rollè L, Sechi C, Trovato A, Vismara L and et. al. (2018). Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression, and couple adjustment. Women and Birth, 31(2):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.022.
  • Qiu, L, Sun N, Shi X, Zhao Y, Feng L, Gong Y, Yin X. (2019). Fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: A cross-sectional multicenter study in China. Woman and Birth https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.04.005.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians&Gynaecologists. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals (version 6). (3 Nisan 2020, Erişim linki: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-04-03-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy.pdf.
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M et al. (2020). Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223:293-295. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003. PMID: 32387321.
  • Saccone G, Sen C, Di Mascio D, Galindo A, Grünebaum A, Yoshimatsu J et al. (2020) Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 48(9):950-958. Doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0355. PMID: 32975205.
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. Doi:10.10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
  • Schwartz D. A. (2020) An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 144(7):799-805. Doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA. PMID: 32180426.
  • Serçekuş P, Okumuş H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Turkey. Midwifery, 25(2):155-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.02.005.
  • Shishehgar S, Dolatian M.(2014). Perceived pregnancy stress and quality of life amongst Iranian women. Global journal of health science, 6:270-277.
  • Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A.(2012). Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 91(2):237-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01323.x. Şahin N, Dinç H, Dişsiz M.(2010). Gebelerin doğuma ilişkin korkuları ve etkileyen faktörler. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 40: 57-62.
  • Şahin EM, Kılıçarslan S. (2010). Son trimester gebelerin depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri ile bunları etkileyen etmenler. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 51-8.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020) (16.09.2021, Erişim linki: Kovid-19 salgını döneminde gebe takibi rehberi. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-75284/covid-19-solunum-sistemi-hastaliklarinin-yaygin-oldugu-donemde-saglik-kuruluslarinda-gebe-takibi.html
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021) (5 Nisan 2021, Erişim linki: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/)
  • Uçar H. (2014). Gebelerin psikososyal sağlık durumları ile annelik rolü arasındaki ilişki. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Weinstock M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain Behavior Immunity, 19, 296–308.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Breastfeeding and COVID-19 for health care workers. Erişim linki: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/maternal-health/faqs
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). (5 Nisan 2021, Erişim linki: https://covid19.who.int)
  • Wu, J. T., Leung, K., Leung, G. M. (2020). Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. Lancet, 29;395(10225),689-697.
  • Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J et al. (2020). Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223(2), 1-9.240. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.009. PMID: 32437665.

Investigation of the Relationship between the Pregnancy Stress and Fear of COVID-19

Year 2021, , 125 - 139, 30.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.996747

Abstract

Aim: The aim of the study is to identify the relation between pregnancy-related stress and fear of COVID-19.
Methods: Conducted in a descriptive type, the present study was carried out with 202 pregnant women from different provinces of Turkey between May 2020 and June 2020. The data were obtained by using an personal information form, Fear of COVID-19 Scale and Pregnancy Stress Rating Scale (PSRS-36). T-test, Pearson Moments Correlation Coefficient and Progressive Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: It was determined that, pregnants’ average scale score of PSRS-36 (73,34±27,43) and average scale score of Fear of COVID-19 (21.39±6,38) was higher than the mean. A positive correlation was found (p< 0.05) between Fear of COVID-19 Scale scores and the sub-scales of PSRS-36 which are defined as “stress from seeking safe process of pregnancy and childbirth”, “stress from baby care and changing family relationship”, ”stress from maternal role identification”, “stress from social support seeking” and “stress from altered physical appearance and function” scores, the results of the regression analysis state that sub-scales of PSRS-36 has slight significance in predicting the fear level for COVID-19 (R=0.407, R2=0.166, p<.01). Also, it was found that the sub-dimension of “stress from seeking safe process of pregnancy and childbirth” is the most important predictor of COVID-19 Fear (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings obtained from the study are considered important in terms of effective practices that will be carried out to prevent pregnancy stress during the pandemic process with pregnant women.

References

  • Abdollahpour S, Khosravi A.(2018). Relationship between spiritual intelligence with happiness and fear of childbirth in Iranian Pregnant Women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(1):45-50.
  • Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari , et al. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. Doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Akın Ö. (2018). Gebelik Stresini Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ordu: Ordu Üniversitesi. (26 Nisan 2020, Erişim linki: http://earsiv.odu.edu.tr:8080/jspui/bitstream/11489/801/3/10204644-%C3%96zlem%20AKIN.pdf).
  • Altıncelep F. (2011). Gebelerdeki Prenatal Distres Düzeyinin Belirlenmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi.
  • Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Astrom M, Bixo M.(2004). Neonatal outcome following maternal antenatal depression and anxiety: A population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159:872-881.
  • Aslıyüksek, Z. Ş. (2016). 0 - 2 yaş bebeğe sahip annelerin doğum sonrası bağlanmalarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Bilgiç G, Bilgin NÇ. (2021). Relationship Between Fear of Childbirth and Psychological and Spiritual Well Being in Pregnant Women. Journal of Religion and Health (2021) 60:295–310 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01087-4.
  • Bilgin NÇ, Coşkun H, Potur DC, Aydın Eİ & Uca E. (2021). Psychosocial predictors of the fear of childbirth in Turkish pregnant women, Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 42:2, 123-131, DOI:10.1080/0167482X.2020.1734791.
  • Braunack-Mayer A, Tooher R, Collins JE, Street JM, Marshall H. (2013). Understanding the school community’s response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health, 13:344. Doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-344.
  • Capanna F, Haydar A, McCarey C, Carri EB, Rasero JB, Tsibizova V et al. (2020) Preparing an obstetric unit in the heart of the epidemic strike of COVID-19: quick reorganization tips. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 12:1-7. Doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1749258. PMID: 32223490.
  • Chen CH. (2015). Revision and validation of a scale to assess pregnancy stress. The Journal of Nursing Research, 23(1), 25–32. Doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000047. PMID: 25226045.
  • Chen D, Yang H, Cao Y, Cheng W, Duan T, Fan C et al. (2020) Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 149(2), 130–136. Doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13146. PMID: 32196655.
  • Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., et al. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 395, 507-513.
  • Çapık A, Apay SE, Sakar T. (2015). Gebelerde distres düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3),196-203. Doi: 10.17049/ahsbd.97570.
  • Çuvadar A, Özcan H, Arıkan MG, Ateş S. (2020). COVID-19 tanılı gebede postpartum kaygı düzeyi: iki olgu sunumu. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 297-301. Doi: 10.38108/ouhcd.773462.
  • Du L, Gu Y, Cui M, Li W, Wang J, Zhu L et al. (2020). Investigation on demands for antenatal care services among 2002 pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in Shanghai. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 55:160–165. Doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200218-00112. PMID: 32268713.
  • Durankuş F, Aksu E. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women: a preliminary study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-7. Doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1763946. PMID: 32419558.
  • Ertekin Ş, Arslan Ş, Polat K, Çiftçi D, Cesur B, Dağlar G. (2014). Gebelerde uyku kalitesi ile algılanan stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 7(3), 171-177.
  • Hobel CJ, Goldstein A, Barrett ES. (2008). Psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcome. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 51(2), 333–348. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31816f2709. PMID: 18463464.
  • Kılıçarslan S. (2008). Edirne Şehir Merkezindeki Son Trimester Gebelerin Sosyodemografik Özellikleri, Yaşam Kaliteleri, Kaygı Düzeyleri [Uzmanlık Tezi]. Edirne: Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Aile Hekimliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Ko SH, Chang SC, Chen CH. (2010). A Comparative study of sleep quality between pregnant and nonpregnant Taiwanese women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 42(1), 23-30. Doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01326.x PMID: 20487183.
  • Lau Y, Fu Keung Wong D, Yuqiong W, Ho Keung Kwong D.(2014). The Roles of social support in helping Chinese women with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms cope with perceived stress. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 2014, 305–313.
  • Melender HL.(2002). Experiences of fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth: A study of 329 pregnant women. Birth, 29: 101-111. 35.
  • Mermer G, Bilge A, Yücel U, Çeber E. (2010). Gebelik ve doğum sonrası dönemde sosyal destek algısı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 1: 71- 76.
  • Molgora S, Fenaroli V, Prino LE, Rollè L, Sechi C, Trovato A, Vismara L and et. al. (2018). Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression, and couple adjustment. Women and Birth, 31(2):117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.022.
  • Qiu, L, Sun N, Shi X, Zhao Y, Feng L, Gong Y, Yin X. (2019). Fear of childbirth in nulliparous women: A cross-sectional multicenter study in China. Woman and Birth https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.04.005.
  • Royal College of Obstetricians&Gynaecologists. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals (version 6). (3 Nisan 2020, Erişim linki: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-04-03-coronavirus-covid-19-infection-in-pregnancy.pdf.
  • Saccone G, Florio A, Aiello F, Venturella R, De Angelis MC, Locci M et al. (2020). Psychological impact of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 223:293-295. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.003. PMID: 32387321.
  • Saccone G, Sen C, Di Mascio D, Galindo A, Grünebaum A, Yoshimatsu J et al. (2020) Risk factors associated with adverse fetal outcomes in pregnancies affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a secondary analysis of the WAPM study on COVID-19. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 48(9):950-958. Doi:10.1515/jpm-2020-0355. PMID: 32975205.
  • Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Deniz ME, Satici SA. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–9. Doi:10.10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0.
  • Schwartz D. A. (2020) An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 144(7):799-805. Doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA. PMID: 32180426.
  • Serçekuş P, Okumuş H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Turkey. Midwifery, 25(2):155-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2007.02.005.
  • Shishehgar S, Dolatian M.(2014). Perceived pregnancy stress and quality of life amongst Iranian women. Global journal of health science, 6:270-277.
  • Storksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A.(2012). Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 91(2):237-42. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01323.x. Şahin N, Dinç H, Dişsiz M.(2010). Gebelerin doğuma ilişkin korkuları ve etkileyen faktörler. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 40: 57-62.
  • Şahin EM, Kılıçarslan S. (2010). Son trimester gebelerin depresyon ve kaygı düzeyleri ile bunları etkileyen etmenler. Trakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 51-8.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2020) (16.09.2021, Erişim linki: Kovid-19 salgını döneminde gebe takibi rehberi. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-75284/covid-19-solunum-sistemi-hastaliklarinin-yaygin-oldugu-donemde-saglik-kuruluslarinda-gebe-takibi.html
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021) (5 Nisan 2021, Erişim linki: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/)
  • Uçar H. (2014). Gebelerin psikososyal sağlık durumları ile annelik rolü arasındaki ilişki. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Weinstock M. (2005). The potential influence of maternal stress hormones on development and mental health of the offspring. Brain Behavior Immunity, 19, 296–308.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Breastfeeding and COVID-19 for health care workers. Erişim linki: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/maternal-health/faqs
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). (5 Nisan 2021, Erişim linki: https://covid19.who.int)
  • Wu, J. T., Leung, K., Leung, G. M. (2020). Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. Lancet, 29;395(10225),689-697.
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There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Melike Eroğlu 0000-0002-8331-0746

Gülseren Çıtak-tunç 0000-0003-1329-1719

Fatma Elif Kılınç 0000-0001-8372-5047

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date September 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Eroğlu, M., Çıtak-tunç, G., & Kılınç, F. E. (2021). Gebelik Stresi İle Covıd-19 Korkusu Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, Covid-19 Özel Sayı Cilt 1, 125-139. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.996747