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Rethinking Empathy in Social Work Practice

Year 2009, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 39 - 56, 15.10.2009

Abstract

This paper examines the meaning and the connotations of the concept of empathy in social work profession. In the article, the basic role of empathy in the helping process is discussed in the light of current knowledge. Empathy in social work has evolved as a process through reflection of feeling and content. Which ingredients reveals empathy is an issue to be discussed. There are various views that it is an individual’s genetic ability or it is a skill acquired by education. The essential point of view advocating with various references in this article is that, although empathy, as a process, can be facilitated to occur, the behaviour itself cannot be directly taught as a skill. Occurring of empathy can be facilitated for social workers, who developed self-awareness, effective listening skills, knowledge, respect and tolerance for the social and cultural differences. However, empathetic reflections, as a practice skill, can be gained to social workers through education. Writers of this paper discuss the empathy, which extends to a various field of concepts from the viewpoint of social work discipline.

References

  • Astin, H. S. (1967) “Assessment of Empathic Ability by Means of a Situational Test”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 57-60.
  • Austin, E., Evans, J. P., Goldwater, R. ve Potter, V. (2005) “A Preliminary Study of Emotional Intelligence, Empathy and Exam Performance in First Year Medical Students”. Personelity and Individual Differences, 39, 1395-1405. Aydın, A. (1996) Empatik Becerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Barker, R. L. (1999) The Social Work Dictionary (4th ed.). Washington DC: NASW Press.
  • Barnes, A. ve Thagard, P. (1997) “Empathy and Analogy”. Canadian Philosophical Review, 36, 705-720.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991) The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Bayam, G., Şimşek, E. ve Dilbaz, N. (1995) “Üç Farklı Meslek Grubunda Empatik Beceri Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Kriz Dergisi, 3(1-2), 182-184.
  • Bohart, A. ve Greenberg, L. (1997) Empathy Reconsidered: New Directions in Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Carkhuff, R. R. (1969) Helping and Human Relations: Practice and Research (Vol. 2). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Carkhuff, R. R. (2000) The Art of Helping in the 21st Century (8th ed.). Amerst, MA: Human Resources Development Press.
  • Compton, B. R. ve Galaway, B. (1979) Social Work Processes. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press.
  • Compton, B. R., Galaway, B. ve Cournoyer, B. R. (2005) Social Work Processes (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Corcoran, K. J. (1983) “Emotional Separation and Empathy”. [Reports - Research]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 667-671.
  • Davis, C. M. (1990) “What Is Empaty, and Can Empaty Be Taught?”. Physical Therapy, 70(11), 707-711.
  • Davis, M. H. (1996) Empathy : A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, Colo.: WestviewPress.
  • de Kemp, R. A. T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R. C. M. E. ve Scholte, R. H. J. (2007) “Early Adolescent Empathy, Parental Support, and Antisocial Behavior”. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(1), 5-18.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2008) “Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy”. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279-300.
  • Dereboy, Ç., Harlak, H., Gürel, S., Gemalmaz, A. ve Eskin, M. (2005) “Tıp Eğitiminde Eşduyumu Öğretmek”. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(2), 83-89.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988) “Empatinin Yeni Bir Modele Dayanılarak Ölçülmesi Ve Psikodrama İle Geliştirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1-2), 155-190.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1990) “Yeni Bir Empati Modeli Ve Empatik Becerinin İki Farklı Yaklaşımla Ölçülmesi”. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(24), 42-50.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1994) Sanatta Ve Günlük Yaşamda İletişim Çatışmaları Ve Empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Dubois, M. ve Miley, K. (1996) Social Work an Empowering Profession (2nd ed.): Allyn and Bacon.
  • Duru, E. (2002) “Öğretmen Adaylarında Empati- Yardım Etme Eğiliminin Bazı Psikososyal Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 21-35.
  • Eisenberg, N. (2003) “Prosocial Behavior, Empathy, and Sympathy”. Well-Being, 253-265.
  • Engeler, A. ve Yargıç, L. İ. (2007) “Kişiler Arası Tepkisellik İndeksi: Empatinin Çok Boyutlu Ölçümü”. Yeni Symposium Journal, 45(3), 119-127.
  • Erkan, G. (1997) Sosyal Hizmette Mülakat.Ankara.
  • Fraser, N., Taylor, M., Jackson, R. ve O’Jacky, J. (1991) “Social Work and Science: Many Ways of Knowing?”. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 27(4), 5-15.
  • Freedberg, S. (2007) “Re-Examining Empathy: A Relational- Feminist Point of View”. Social Work, 52(3), 251-259.
  • Garden, R. (2009) “Expanding Clinical Empathy: An Activist Perspective”. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(1), 122-125. doi: DOI 10.1007/s11606-008-0849-9
  • Ginot, E. (2009) “The Empathic Power of Enactments the Link between Neuropsychological Processes and an Expanded Definition of Empathy”. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 26(3), 290-309. doi: Doi 10.1037/A0016449
  • Gray, M. (2002) “Art, Irony and Ambiguity: Howard Goldstein and His Contribution to Social Work”. Qualitative Social Work, 1(4), 413-433.
  • Hartman, A. (1972) Casework in Crisis. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.
  • Holm, U. (2002) “Empathy and Professional Attitude in Social Workers and Non-Trained Aides”. International Journal of Social Welfare, 11, 66-75.
  • İkiz, F. E. (2009) “İlköğretim Okullarında Çalışan Psikolojik Danışmanların Empati Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. İlköğretim Online, 8(2), 346-356.
  • Kadushin, A. (1990) The Social Work Interview: A Guide for Human Service Professionals (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Keefe, T. (1980) “Empathy Skill and Critical Consciousness”. Social Casework-Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 61(7), 387-393.
  • Kohut, H. (2009) İçe Bakış, Empati ve Akıl Sağlığının Yarım Çemberi. Nafi Mitrani (Çev.). Retrieved from http://www.icgoru.com
  • Mathiasen, H. (2006) “Empathy and Sympathy: Voices from Literature”. American Journal of Cardiology, 97(12), 1789-1790.
  • Mehrabian, A. (1997) “Relations among Personality Scales of Aggression, Violence, and Empathy: Validational Evidence Bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence Scale”. Aggressive Behaviour, 23, 443-445.
  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L. ve Sato, S. (1988) “Emotional Empathy and Associated Individual Differences”. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 7, 221-240.
  • Mete, S. ve Gerçek, E. (2005) “Pdö Yöntemiyle Eğitim Gören Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Empatik Eğilim Ve Becerilerinin İncelenmesi”. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 9(2), 11-17.
  • Mitchell, C. G. (1998) “Perceptions of Empathy and Client Satisfaction with Managed Behavioral Health Care”. [Reports - Evaluative]. Social Work, 43(5), 404-411.
  • Mlcak, Z. ve Zaskodna, H. (2008) “Analysis of Relationships between Prosocial Tendencies, Empathy, and the Five-Factor Personality Model in Students of Helping Professions”. Studia Psychologica, 50(2), 201-216.
  • Nerdrum, P. (1997) “Maintenance of the Effect of Training in Communication Skills: A Controlled Follow-up Study of Level of Communicated Empathy”. British Journal of Social Work, 27, 705-722.
  • Payne, M. (1997) Modern Social Work Theory. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Pedersen, R. (2009) “Empirical Research on Empathy in Medicine - a Critical Review”. Patient Education and Counseling, 76(3), 307-322.
  • Pinderhughes, E. (1979) “Teaching Empathy in Cross-Cultural Social Work”. Social Work, 7, 312-316.
  • Raines, J. (1990) “Empathy in Clinical Social Work”. Clinical Social Work Journal, 18(1), 57-72.
  • Rasoal, C., Jungert, T., Hau, S., Stiwne, E. E. ve Andersson, G. (2009) “Ethnocultural Empathy among Students in Health Care Education”. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 32(3), 300-313.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1951) Client Centered Therapy. Boston, Mass: Hougton Mifflin Co.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1970) Carl Rogers on Encounter Groups. New York: Harper and Row Rogers, C. R. (1975) “Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being”. Counceling Psychologist, 1, 1.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1983) “Empatik Olmak Değeri Anlaşılmamış Bir Varoluş Şeklidir, Çev.Akkoyun, F”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 103-124.
  • Rueckert, L. ve Naybar, N. (2008) “Gender Differences in Empathy: The Role of the Right Hemisphere”. [Reports - Research].Brain and Cognition, 67(2), 162-167.
  • Saari, C. (1994) “Empathy in Clinical Social Work: Playing in Transcontextual Space”. Journal of Analytic Social Work, 2(1), 25-42.
  • Salmon, S. (2003) “Teaching Empathy: The Peace Curriculum”. [Reports - Descriptive]. Reclaiming Children and Youth: The Journal of Strength-based Interventions, 12(3), 167-173.
  • Segal, E. A. (2007) “Social Empathy: A Tool to Address the Contradiction of Working but Still Poor”. Families in Society the Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 88(3), 333-337. doi: Doi 10.1606/1044-3894.3642
  • Sheafor, B., Horejsi, C. ve Horejsi, G. (2006)Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Stein, E. (1970) On the Problem of Empathy (2nd ed.). The Hague: Matinus Nijhoff/Dr W.Junk Publishers.
  • Stocks, E. L., Lishner, D. A. ve Decker, S. K. (2009) “Altruism or Psychological Escape: Why Does Empathy Promote Prosocial Behavior?”. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(5), 649-665. doi: Doi 10.1002/Ejsp.561
  • Straussner, S. L. A. ve Phillips, N. K. (2005) “The Role of Empathy in Work with Women Offenders”. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1(2-4), 255-262.
  • Strug, D., Ottman, R., Kaye, J., Saltzberg, S., Walker, J. ve Mendez, H. (2003) “Client Satisfaction and Staff Empathy at Pediatric Hiv/Aids Programs”. Journal of Social Service Research, 29(4), 1-22. doi: Doi 10.1300/ J079v29n04_01
  • Stueber, K. (2008) Empathy N. Z. Edward (Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition) Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/ entries/empathy/
  • Tarrant, M., Dazeley, S. ve Cottom, T. (2009) “Social Categorization and Empathy for Outgroup Members”. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 427-446. doi: Doi 10.1348/014466608x373589
  • TDK. (1998) Türkçe Sözlük (Vol. 1 A-J). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Tomanbay, İ. (1999) Sosyal Çalışma Sözlüğü. Ankara: Selvi Yayınları.
  • Trumpeter, N. N., Watson, P. J., O’Leary, B. J. ve Weathington, B. L. (2008) “Self-Functioning and Perceived Parenting: Relations of Parental Empathy and Love Inconsistency with Narcissism, Depression, and Self- Esteem”. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(1), 51-71.
  • Turnuklu, A., Kacmaz, T., Gurler, S., Kalender, A., Zengin, F. ve Sevkin, B. (2009) “The Effects of Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Education on Students’ Empathy Skills”. Egitim Ve Bilim-Education and Science, 34(153), 15-24.
  • Uygun, E. (2006) Psikiyatri Servisinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Empati Beceri Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Winnicott, D. W. (1965) The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. New York International Universities Press.

SOSYAL HİZMET UYGULAMASINDA EMPATİYİ YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK

Year 2009, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 39 - 56, 15.10.2009

Abstract

Bu makalede, sosyal hizmet mesleğinde empati kavramının anlamı ve çağrışımları ele alınmaktadır. Makalede, empatinin yardım sürecindeki temel rolü güncel bilgiler ışığında tartışılmaktadır. Sosyal hizmette empati, içeriğin ve hissin yansıtılmasıyla gelişen bir süreçtir. Ortaya çıkışını sağlayan unsurların neler olduğu ise tartışılan bir konudur. Bireyin kalıtımsal yetenekleri arasında olduğu veya eğitimle edinilen bir beceri olduğu yönünde çeşitli görüşler mevcuttur. Makalede, çeşitli referanslarla savunulan temel görüş, empatinin bir süreç olarak ortaya çıkmasına eğitimle yardım edilebilirken, davranışın kendisinin bir beceri olarak doğrudan öğretilemeyeceğidir. Öz-farkındalığı gelişmiş, etkili dinleme becerilerine sahip, toplumsal ve kültürel farklılıklar hakkında bilgi, saygı ve hoşgörü sahibi bir sosyal hizmet uzmanında empatinin gelişmesi kolaylaştırılabilir. Bununla birlikte, terapötik görüşmelerde kullanılan empatik tepkiler ise eğitimle sosyal hizmet uzmanlarına kazandırılabilecek bir uygulama becerisidir. Yazarlar, uzantıları oldukça yoğun bir kavramlar alanına yayılan empatiyi sosyal hizmet disiplini bakışıyla tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Astin, H. S. (1967) “Assessment of Empathic Ability by Means of a Situational Test”. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 57-60.
  • Austin, E., Evans, J. P., Goldwater, R. ve Potter, V. (2005) “A Preliminary Study of Emotional Intelligence, Empathy and Exam Performance in First Year Medical Students”. Personelity and Individual Differences, 39, 1395-1405. Aydın, A. (1996) Empatik Becerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Barker, R. L. (1999) The Social Work Dictionary (4th ed.). Washington DC: NASW Press.
  • Barnes, A. ve Thagard, P. (1997) “Empathy and Analogy”. Canadian Philosophical Review, 36, 705-720.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991) The Altruism Question: Toward a Social-Psychological Answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Bayam, G., Şimşek, E. ve Dilbaz, N. (1995) “Üç Farklı Meslek Grubunda Empatik Beceri Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması”. Kriz Dergisi, 3(1-2), 182-184.
  • Bohart, A. ve Greenberg, L. (1997) Empathy Reconsidered: New Directions in Psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Carkhuff, R. R. (1969) Helping and Human Relations: Practice and Research (Vol. 2). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
  • Carkhuff, R. R. (2000) The Art of Helping in the 21st Century (8th ed.). Amerst, MA: Human Resources Development Press.
  • Compton, B. R. ve Galaway, B. (1979) Social Work Processes. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press.
  • Compton, B. R., Galaway, B. ve Cournoyer, B. R. (2005) Social Work Processes (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Corcoran, K. J. (1983) “Emotional Separation and Empathy”. [Reports - Research]. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(5), 667-671.
  • Davis, C. M. (1990) “What Is Empaty, and Can Empaty Be Taught?”. Physical Therapy, 70(11), 707-711.
  • Davis, M. H. (1996) Empathy : A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, Colo.: WestviewPress.
  • de Kemp, R. A. T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R. C. M. E. ve Scholte, R. H. J. (2007) “Early Adolescent Empathy, Parental Support, and Antisocial Behavior”. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(1), 5-18.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2008) “Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy”. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279-300.
  • Dereboy, Ç., Harlak, H., Gürel, S., Gemalmaz, A. ve Eskin, M. (2005) “Tıp Eğitiminde Eşduyumu Öğretmek”. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(2), 83-89.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1988) “Empatinin Yeni Bir Modele Dayanılarak Ölçülmesi Ve Psikodrama İle Geliştirilmesi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1-2), 155-190.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1990) “Yeni Bir Empati Modeli Ve Empatik Becerinin İki Farklı Yaklaşımla Ölçülmesi”. Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(24), 42-50.
  • Dökmen, Ü. (1994) Sanatta Ve Günlük Yaşamda İletişim Çatışmaları Ve Empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
  • Dubois, M. ve Miley, K. (1996) Social Work an Empowering Profession (2nd ed.): Allyn and Bacon.
  • Duru, E. (2002) “Öğretmen Adaylarında Empati- Yardım Etme Eğiliminin Bazı Psikososyal Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 21-35.
  • Eisenberg, N. (2003) “Prosocial Behavior, Empathy, and Sympathy”. Well-Being, 253-265.
  • Engeler, A. ve Yargıç, L. İ. (2007) “Kişiler Arası Tepkisellik İndeksi: Empatinin Çok Boyutlu Ölçümü”. Yeni Symposium Journal, 45(3), 119-127.
  • Erkan, G. (1997) Sosyal Hizmette Mülakat.Ankara.
  • Fraser, N., Taylor, M., Jackson, R. ve O’Jacky, J. (1991) “Social Work and Science: Many Ways of Knowing?”. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 27(4), 5-15.
  • Freedberg, S. (2007) “Re-Examining Empathy: A Relational- Feminist Point of View”. Social Work, 52(3), 251-259.
  • Garden, R. (2009) “Expanding Clinical Empathy: An Activist Perspective”. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(1), 122-125. doi: DOI 10.1007/s11606-008-0849-9
  • Ginot, E. (2009) “The Empathic Power of Enactments the Link between Neuropsychological Processes and an Expanded Definition of Empathy”. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 26(3), 290-309. doi: Doi 10.1037/A0016449
  • Gray, M. (2002) “Art, Irony and Ambiguity: Howard Goldstein and His Contribution to Social Work”. Qualitative Social Work, 1(4), 413-433.
  • Hartman, A. (1972) Casework in Crisis. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.
  • Holm, U. (2002) “Empathy and Professional Attitude in Social Workers and Non-Trained Aides”. International Journal of Social Welfare, 11, 66-75.
  • İkiz, F. E. (2009) “İlköğretim Okullarında Çalışan Psikolojik Danışmanların Empati Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”. İlköğretim Online, 8(2), 346-356.
  • Kadushin, A. (1990) The Social Work Interview: A Guide for Human Service Professionals (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. Keefe, T. (1980) “Empathy Skill and Critical Consciousness”. Social Casework-Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 61(7), 387-393.
  • Kohut, H. (2009) İçe Bakış, Empati ve Akıl Sağlığının Yarım Çemberi. Nafi Mitrani (Çev.). Retrieved from http://www.icgoru.com
  • Mathiasen, H. (2006) “Empathy and Sympathy: Voices from Literature”. American Journal of Cardiology, 97(12), 1789-1790.
  • Mehrabian, A. (1997) “Relations among Personality Scales of Aggression, Violence, and Empathy: Validational Evidence Bearing on the Risk of Eruptive Violence Scale”. Aggressive Behaviour, 23, 443-445.
  • Mehrabian, A., Young, A. L. ve Sato, S. (1988) “Emotional Empathy and Associated Individual Differences”. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 7, 221-240.
  • Mete, S. ve Gerçek, E. (2005) “Pdö Yöntemiyle Eğitim Gören Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Empatik Eğilim Ve Becerilerinin İncelenmesi”. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 9(2), 11-17.
  • Mitchell, C. G. (1998) “Perceptions of Empathy and Client Satisfaction with Managed Behavioral Health Care”. [Reports - Evaluative]. Social Work, 43(5), 404-411.
  • Mlcak, Z. ve Zaskodna, H. (2008) “Analysis of Relationships between Prosocial Tendencies, Empathy, and the Five-Factor Personality Model in Students of Helping Professions”. Studia Psychologica, 50(2), 201-216.
  • Nerdrum, P. (1997) “Maintenance of the Effect of Training in Communication Skills: A Controlled Follow-up Study of Level of Communicated Empathy”. British Journal of Social Work, 27, 705-722.
  • Payne, M. (1997) Modern Social Work Theory. London: Macmillan Press.
  • Pedersen, R. (2009) “Empirical Research on Empathy in Medicine - a Critical Review”. Patient Education and Counseling, 76(3), 307-322.
  • Pinderhughes, E. (1979) “Teaching Empathy in Cross-Cultural Social Work”. Social Work, 7, 312-316.
  • Raines, J. (1990) “Empathy in Clinical Social Work”. Clinical Social Work Journal, 18(1), 57-72.
  • Rasoal, C., Jungert, T., Hau, S., Stiwne, E. E. ve Andersson, G. (2009) “Ethnocultural Empathy among Students in Health Care Education”. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 32(3), 300-313.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1951) Client Centered Therapy. Boston, Mass: Hougton Mifflin Co.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1970) Carl Rogers on Encounter Groups. New York: Harper and Row Rogers, C. R. (1975) “Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being”. Counceling Psychologist, 1, 1.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1983) “Empatik Olmak Değeri Anlaşılmamış Bir Varoluş Şeklidir, Çev.Akkoyun, F”. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 103-124.
  • Rueckert, L. ve Naybar, N. (2008) “Gender Differences in Empathy: The Role of the Right Hemisphere”. [Reports - Research].Brain and Cognition, 67(2), 162-167.
  • Saari, C. (1994) “Empathy in Clinical Social Work: Playing in Transcontextual Space”. Journal of Analytic Social Work, 2(1), 25-42.
  • Salmon, S. (2003) “Teaching Empathy: The Peace Curriculum”. [Reports - Descriptive]. Reclaiming Children and Youth: The Journal of Strength-based Interventions, 12(3), 167-173.
  • Segal, E. A. (2007) “Social Empathy: A Tool to Address the Contradiction of Working but Still Poor”. Families in Society the Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 88(3), 333-337. doi: Doi 10.1606/1044-3894.3642
  • Sheafor, B., Horejsi, C. ve Horejsi, G. (2006)Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Stein, E. (1970) On the Problem of Empathy (2nd ed.). The Hague: Matinus Nijhoff/Dr W.Junk Publishers.
  • Stocks, E. L., Lishner, D. A. ve Decker, S. K. (2009) “Altruism or Psychological Escape: Why Does Empathy Promote Prosocial Behavior?”. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39(5), 649-665. doi: Doi 10.1002/Ejsp.561
  • Straussner, S. L. A. ve Phillips, N. K. (2005) “The Role of Empathy in Work with Women Offenders”. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 1(2-4), 255-262.
  • Strug, D., Ottman, R., Kaye, J., Saltzberg, S., Walker, J. ve Mendez, H. (2003) “Client Satisfaction and Staff Empathy at Pediatric Hiv/Aids Programs”. Journal of Social Service Research, 29(4), 1-22. doi: Doi 10.1300/ J079v29n04_01
  • Stueber, K. (2008) Empathy N. Z. Edward (Ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition) Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/ entries/empathy/
  • Tarrant, M., Dazeley, S. ve Cottom, T. (2009) “Social Categorization and Empathy for Outgroup Members”. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 427-446. doi: Doi 10.1348/014466608x373589
  • TDK. (1998) Türkçe Sözlük (Vol. 1 A-J). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Tomanbay, İ. (1999) Sosyal Çalışma Sözlüğü. Ankara: Selvi Yayınları.
  • Trumpeter, N. N., Watson, P. J., O’Leary, B. J. ve Weathington, B. L. (2008) “Self-Functioning and Perceived Parenting: Relations of Parental Empathy and Love Inconsistency with Narcissism, Depression, and Self- Esteem”. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(1), 51-71.
  • Turnuklu, A., Kacmaz, T., Gurler, S., Kalender, A., Zengin, F. ve Sevkin, B. (2009) “The Effects of Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Education on Students’ Empathy Skills”. Egitim Ve Bilim-Education and Science, 34(153), 15-24.
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There are 67 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tarık Tuncay This is me

Sunay İl This is me

Publication Date October 15, 2009
Submission Date August 15, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tuncay, T., & İl, S. (2009). SOSYAL HİZMET UYGULAMASINDA EMPATİYİ YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK. Toplum Ve Sosyal Hizmet, 20(2), 39-56.