Abstract
Bu makale mekânsal ilişkileri odağına alan mimarlık tarihi ve mimarlık disiplinleri için en değerli kaynaklardan biri olan haritaların kullanımına eleştirel bir bakış getirmeyi hedefliyor. Özellikle 1970lerde temelleri atılmış, bugün hala mimarlık ve mimarlık tarihi alanlarında yoğunlukla kullanılan Mekan Dizimi (Space Syntax) yöntem ve teorisine odaklanan makale, bu yöntemin haritaları morfolojik (biçimbilimsel) analizler yapmak üzere birer ‘altlığa’ indirgediğini savunuyor. Doğuşu harita/haritacılık tarih ve teorisinin sosyo-kültürel dönüşümünden hemen önceye, bilimsellik ve ‘gerçeklik’ iddiasının en kuvvetli olduğu döneme denk gelen Mekan Dizimi yöntem ve teorisi, haritaların kendilerine özgü ağlarını yok sayarak bir yandan yanlış çıkarımlar yapmaya yol açarken diğer yandan haritaların belge olarak sunabileceklerini de ıskalıyor. 1896, 1901 ve 1916 yıllarına ait İskenderun haritaları üzerinden, haritaların başka insanlar, süreçler ve materyaller ile kurdukları ilişkilerin bir asamblaj içinde değerlendirildiğinde bizlere neler sunabileceğine dair küçük bir pencere açmayı amaçlayan bu makale, aynı zamanda onları altlığa indirgemenin sorunlarını irdeliyor. Haritaların hangi koşullarda, hangi amaçlarla ve neler ile ilişki içinde üretildikleri incelendiğinde, Actor-Network Teorisi’nin önerdiği gibi, alışık olmadığımız aktörlerin aktif rollerinin gözler önüne serileceği ve beklentimizin ötesinde bir şeyler ortaya çıkarabileceğinin altı çiziliyor.
Thanks
Belgin Turan Özkaya ve Yaşar Tolga Cora'ya katkılarından dolayı minnettarım.
References
- Bafna, Sonit “Space Syntax: A Brief Introduction to Its Logic and Analytical Techniques.” Environment and Behavior 35, No. 1 (January 2003): 17-29.
- Beşirli, Mehmet. “Bağdat Demiyolu’nun Akdeniz Uzantısı: Toprakkale- İskenderun Demiryolu.” A.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 23 (2004): 215-236.
- Corner, James. “The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique, and Invention”, The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010, der. James Corner ve Alison Bick Hirsch, 89-101. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.
- Edney, H. Matthew. “Academic Cartography, Internal Map History, and the Critical Study of Mapping Processes.” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 66, No.1 (2014): 83-106.
- Eroğlu, Cengiz, Murat Babuçoğlu ve Mehmet Köçer, der. Osmanlı Vilayet Salnamelerinde Halep. Ankara: ORSAM, 2012.
- Griffiths, Sam ve Laura Vaughan, “Mapping Spatial Cultures: Contributions of Space Syntax to Research In The Urban History Of The Nineteenth- Century City.” Urban History 47 (2020): 488-511.
- Griffiths, Sam. “The Use of Space Syntax in Historical Research: Current Practice and Future Possiblities”, Proceedings: Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium, der. M. Greene, J. Reyes ve A. Castro. Santiago de Chile: PUC, 2012. 8193: 1-26.
- Harley, Brian J. “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, No.2 (Summer 1989): 1-20.
- Hillier, Bil ve Julienne Hanson, The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Hillier, Bill. “In Defense of Space”, RIBA Journal (1973): 539 - 544.
- Kitchin, Rob, Chris Perkins ve Martin Dodge, “Thinking About Maps”, Rethinking Maps, der. Martin Dodge, Rob Kitchin ve Chris Perkins, 1-25. London: Routledge, 2009.
- Klarqvist, Björn. “A Space Syntax Glossary.” Nordisk Arkitekturforskning 2 (1993): 11-12.
- Lafi, Nora. “Urban Infrastructure between Local Networks and the Wider World: The Tramway in Late-Ottoman Aleppo.” From the Household to the Wider World, der. Yuval Ben-Bassa ve Johann Buessow, 207-222. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press, 2022.
- Oliveira, Vitor. “Urban Morphology”, Oxford Bibliographies, son güncelleme 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780190922481/obo-9780190922481-0004.xml
- Ürkmez, Naim “Tanzimat’tan I. Dünya Savaşı’na İskenderun.” Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2012.
Abstract
This article aims to take a critical glance at the use of maps in spatially focused disciplines such as architecture and architectural history. It concentrates specifically on Space Syntax methodology and theory, founded in the 1970s and still used extensively in architecture and architectural history fields. The main argument elaborates on Space Syntax’s use of maps which reduces them to ‘underlays’ to analyze spatial relations morphologically and by doing so misses other potentials that maps have to offer as sources. The emergence of Space Syntax theory goes hand in hand with map/mapping history and theory’s claims of being scientific and depicting the ‘truth’, right before its socio-cultural turn in the 1980s. The highly quantitative methods used by Space Syntax make use of maps to create various diagrams for spatial analyses, which ignores the unique network of each map in terms of its production and circulation. By scrutinizing the 1896, 1901, and 1916 maps of İskenderun (Alexandretta) within their own assemblage - meaning through their relations with human and non-human actors - this article aspires to glimpse at what maps have to offer and what goes wrong when we reduce them to underlays. Following what Actor-Network Theory suggests, it proposes to investigate the production processes and purposes of maps as well as their unique ties to unravel the active roles of those actors that we’re usually not accustomed to.
References
- Bafna, Sonit “Space Syntax: A Brief Introduction to Its Logic and Analytical Techniques.” Environment and Behavior 35, No. 1 (January 2003): 17-29.
- Beşirli, Mehmet. “Bağdat Demiyolu’nun Akdeniz Uzantısı: Toprakkale- İskenderun Demiryolu.” A.Ü. Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi 23 (2004): 215-236.
- Corner, James. “The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique, and Invention”, The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010, der. James Corner ve Alison Bick Hirsch, 89-101. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2014.
- Edney, H. Matthew. “Academic Cartography, Internal Map History, and the Critical Study of Mapping Processes.” Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 66, No.1 (2014): 83-106.
- Eroğlu, Cengiz, Murat Babuçoğlu ve Mehmet Köçer, der. Osmanlı Vilayet Salnamelerinde Halep. Ankara: ORSAM, 2012.
- Griffiths, Sam ve Laura Vaughan, “Mapping Spatial Cultures: Contributions of Space Syntax to Research In The Urban History Of The Nineteenth- Century City.” Urban History 47 (2020): 488-511.
- Griffiths, Sam. “The Use of Space Syntax in Historical Research: Current Practice and Future Possiblities”, Proceedings: Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium, der. M. Greene, J. Reyes ve A. Castro. Santiago de Chile: PUC, 2012. 8193: 1-26.
- Harley, Brian J. “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, No.2 (Summer 1989): 1-20.
- Hillier, Bil ve Julienne Hanson, The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Hillier, Bill. “In Defense of Space”, RIBA Journal (1973): 539 - 544.
- Kitchin, Rob, Chris Perkins ve Martin Dodge, “Thinking About Maps”, Rethinking Maps, der. Martin Dodge, Rob Kitchin ve Chris Perkins, 1-25. London: Routledge, 2009.
- Klarqvist, Björn. “A Space Syntax Glossary.” Nordisk Arkitekturforskning 2 (1993): 11-12.
- Lafi, Nora. “Urban Infrastructure between Local Networks and the Wider World: The Tramway in Late-Ottoman Aleppo.” From the Household to the Wider World, der. Yuval Ben-Bassa ve Johann Buessow, 207-222. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press, 2022.
- Oliveira, Vitor. “Urban Morphology”, Oxford Bibliographies, son güncelleme 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780190922481/obo-9780190922481-0004.xml
- Ürkmez, Naim “Tanzimat’tan I. Dünya Savaşı’na İskenderun.” Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, 2012.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Reviews |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 29, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Issue: 2 |
Cite
Greetings with Our Fifth Issue!
We are delighted to present the latest issue of Toplumsal Tarih Akademi journal. This issue marks the fifth since the journal began its journey in December 2022, but it stands out as the first to not center around a thematic dossier. It also represents our initial experience transitioning from editorial assistants to full editors of the journal. We ask for your forgiveness in advance for any shortcomings.
We extend our gratitude to our former editors, Yaşar Tolga Cora and Nurşen Gürboğa, who rapidly transformed the journal into one of the key publications of the History Foundation. We also thank the former President of the History Foundation and the journal’s former editor-in-chief, Mehmet Ö. Alkan, for his pioneering role in launching the journal. We are fully aware of the responsibility placed on our shoulders to carry the journal forward. With the support of our Editorial Board members and an expanding team of editors, we aim to fulfill this responsibility to the best of our ability.
At this point, we wish to thank our new section editors, who took on the responsibility of shaping the journal with us at the September 2024 Editorial Board meeting, marking the transition in the journal’s management. Our thanks go to Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu, who joined as book review editors, and Deniz Türker, who is now overseeing the document review section. We are immensely grateful for their energetic contributions to the process. While Nurşen Gürboğa has passed on the role of editor to us, she continues as the journal’s editor-in-chief. Her guidance and the bridges she builds with the History Foundation’s administration are invaluable to us. We also extend our gratitude to Emre Erkan, our Turkish language editor, who worked meticulously and swiftly to prepare articles for publication, and to our layout editor, Aşkın Yücel Seçkin, for her careful and prompt efforts. Our heartfelt thanks also go to our anonymous referees, the unseen heroes who guide our authors through their revisions.
Our decision to produce this issue with free-topic articles, coupled with changes in our management structure during the process, resulted in some delays. We are particularly grateful to our authors for their patience and understanding.
This issue features four research articles, three document reviews, four book reviews, and an obituary. Let us first introduce the research articles in our fifth issue. The first, authored by Nurhan Davutyan, is titled “The Ottoman Moratorium of 1875 could have been Prevented.” This study provides a fresh perspective on the developments leading to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration, which violated the fiscal sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. Drawing on extensive resources and statistical analysis, Davutyan argues that financial measures proposed by Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha in 1867 could have averted the moratorium if implemented earlier, rather than in 1879.
The second article is a collaborative work by Murat Tülek, Jean-François Pérouse, and Funda Ferhanoğlu, titled “Jacques Pervititch before 1922.” This detailed study focuses on the early life and career of Pervititch, a pivotal figure in Istanbul’s cartographic history, before he began creating insurance maps of the city. Rich with visual materials, including one featured on our cover, the article offers valuable insights into Pervititch’s family life, professional development, and early maps.
Our third research article, “Governing the Exception, Negotiating Justice: The Law of the Mountains, Feud Settlements, and Hybrid Punishments in Shkodra,” takes us to the Albanian lands of the late Ottoman period. In this study, Ebru Aykut examines Ottoman governance strategies amidst local mountain laws and centralization efforts. By applying Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality to a series of cases, the article sheds light on fascinating historical events in Shkodra, offering a rewarding read for our audience.
The fourth article bridges natural history and historical research. Titled ““Why the Cormorant?” A 19th-Century Ottoman Intellectual's Perspective on the Lexical History of Karabatak,” Tarkan Murat Akkaya analyzes an 1899 newspaper article on the cormorant bird. This engaging piece explores the origins of bird names, contributing a unique perspective to the field of nomenclature, specifically regarding the cormorant.
Under the editorial guidance of Deniz Türker, our document review section aims to draw attention to overlooked historical documents and present creative interpretations of them. Filiz Yazıcıoğlu’s study highlights the significance of petitions as sources, examining those written by a telegraph operator, Mehmet Tevfik Bey, during the reign of Abdul Hamid II. Mertkan Karaca reviews a 1909 article by Halil Edhem Bey, brother of Osman Hamdi Bey, shedding light on the history of the Imperial Museum, now the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. Aysel Yıldız examines two letters that narrate the remarkable life of a Janissary, İbrahim Ben Ali, born in Istanbul in 1756, who endured captivity in Russia and eventually emigrated to the United States.
Our book review section, edited by Gülhan Balsoy and Cihangir Gündoğdu, features analyses of recent publications focusing on various periods of Ottoman and Republican history. Ekrem Yener reviews Ümit Kurt’s Kanun ve Nizam Dairesi’nde Soykırım Teknokratı Mustafa Reşat Mimaroğlu’nun İzinde Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Devlet Mekanizması, while Melis Cankara critiques Uğur Zekeriya Peçe’s Island and Empire: How Civil War in Crete Mobilized the Ottoman World. Ayşe Hilal Uğurlu examines Ali Akyıldız’s Mabeyn-i Hümayun: Osmanlı Saray Teşkilatının Modernleşmesi, and Numan Deniz discusses Nir Shafir’s The Order and Disorder of Communication: Pamphlets and Polemics in Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire.
Finally, our obituary section commemorates historian, teacher, and writer Necdet Sakaoğlu, known for his work on local, urban, Seljuk, Ottoman, and educational history. Fahri Aral honors his memory with a heartfelt piece.
According to our Editorial Board's decision, the journal will now publish themed issues in June and open-call issues in December. We encourage you to follow the calls for papers announced on DergiPark and the History Foundation’s website. The deadline for submissions to our December 2025 issue is June 15, 2025, through the DergiPark system.
We value the development of social historiography and the creation of platforms for free and critical thought, especially for publishing high-quality Turkish articles. Toplumsal Tarih Akademi aims to combine the History Foundation’s long-standing tradition of critical publishing with the international standards of academic publishing. To this end, we are actively pursuing the indexing of our journal in national and international databases. Your constructive criticism and contributions are vital to us, and we eagerly await your feedback.
Enjoy reading and have a wonderful year ahead.
Editors of Toplumsal Tarih Akademi
Firuzan Melike Sümertaş & Sırrı Emrah Üçer