Geç Antik Çağ Armenia’sında Kimlik Paradigması: Armenialılar Ermeni Midir?

Year 2022, , 61 - 88, 12.04.2022

İlhami Tekin Cinemre

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2022.061

Abstract

Armenia, tarih boyunca üzerinde yaşayan toplulukların çeşitli geleneklerinden ve coğrafyanın siyasi açıdan getirdiği istikrarsızlıktan ötürü çok farklı etnik kökene ve kültüre ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Fakat bölgenin bu çok kültürlü yapısının genel literatürde derinlemesine irdelenmemesi bölge insanlarının toplu bir bakış açısıyla ve daha çok toponim açıdan Ermeni olarak değerlendirilmeleri sonucunu doğurmuştur. Ne var ki çok dilli ve etnik kökenli Armenia bölgesindeki doğal yaşamın bir parçası olan feodal anlayışı meydana getiren pek çok soylu aile, V. yüzyıldan sonra oluşan antik Ermeni metinlerinde dahi birçok farklı soy hikâyesiyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda geç antik çağ boyunca bölge halklarının toponim yerine etnonim olarak incelemeye tabi tutulması, bölgede yaşayan insanların bazılarının Armenialı bazılarının da Ermeni olarak adlandırılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bilhassa eponim adlandırmalar ve köken ilişkisinde Hristiyanlık sonrası Armenia’nın soy arayışının getirdiği kültürel yenileşme de önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, Armenialı olmaktan çıkarak Ermeni adıyla anılan bölge halklarını meydana getiren alt etkenleri, yeni kimliğin üzerine inşa edildiği toplumsal yapıyı ve naxarar olarak adlandırılan soyluların gerçekte hangi kökenlere uzandığını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

Geç Antik Çağ’da Armenia, Armenia Feodalizmi, Ermeni Hristiyanlığı, Ermenilerin Kökeni, Ermeni Mitolojisi

Identity Paradigm in Armenia in the Late Antiquity: Are the People of Armenia Armenian?

Abstract

Ancient Armenia, throughout history, has hosted many different ethnic origins and cultures due to the various traditions of the communities living on it and the political instability of the geography. The fact that this multicultural structure of the region does not examine in depth in the general literature has resulted in the people of the region being evaluated as Armenian from a collective and mostly from a toponym point of view. However, many noble families that formed the feudal understanding, which was a part of the natural life in the multilingual and ethnic Armenia, were associated with many different ancestry stories even in ancient Armenian texts formed after the 5th century. In this context, the fact that examination of the peoples of the region as ethnonym rather than toponym during the late antiquity shows that some of the communities living in the region can be called people of Armenia and some Armenian. The cultural innovation, especially, brought about by the search for the lineage of Armenia after Christianity has an important place in the eponym naming and origin relationship. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the sub-factors that created the peoples of the region called Armenian rather than being people of Armenian, the social structure on which the new identity was built, and the origins of the nobles called naxarar.

Keywords

Armenia in the Late Antiquity, Armenian Feudalism, Armenian Christianity, The Origin of Armenians, Armenian Mythology

References

• Abrahamian, Rafael, “Armyanskoye Rytsarstvo IV-VI bb. [Ermeni Şövalyeliği]”, Armyanskiy Vestnik, n. 1-2, (1999), s. 144-150.
• Ačaryan, Hračʿeay, Hayeren Armatakan Baṙaran [Ermenice Etimoloji Sözlüğü], c. 3, Erevani Hamalsarani Hratarakchʿutʿyun, Erevan 1977.
• Adontz, Nicholas, “L’aspect Iranien du Servage”, Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin, c. 2, (1937), s. 141-158.
• Adontz, Nicolas, “Sur l’origine de Léon V, empereur de Byzance”, Armeniaca, c. 2, (1927), s. 1-10.
• Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, çev. Robert W. Thomson, State University of New York Press, Albany 1976.
• Ališan, Ghevond, Ayrarat Bnašxarh Hayastangeaycʿ (Ayrarat, Ermenilerin Anayurdu), Venice 1890.
• Ananian, Paolo, “La Data e le Circonstanze della Consecrazione di S. Gregorio Illuminatore”, Muséon, C 84, (1961), s. 43-73.
• Aristakés de Lastivert, Récit des Malheurs de la Nation Arménienne, çev. Marius Canard ve Haig Bērbērian, Éditions de Byzantion, bd de l’Empereur 4, Bruxelles 1973.
• [The] Armenian History Attibuted to Sebēos, çev. Robert W. Thomson; yorum. James Howard-Johnston, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool 1999.
• Babaie, Sussan ve Grigor, Talinn, Persian Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis, I. B. Tauris, London 2015.
• Benveniste, Émile, “Titres Iraniens en Arménien”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, C 9 (1), (1929), s. 5-10.
• Boyce, Mary, “Gāh”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, C 10, fasc. 3, (2000), s. 253-254.
• Burney, A. Charles and Lang, M. David, The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1971.
• Chahin, Marc, The Kingdom of Armenia, Curzon, Richmond 2001.
• Chaumont, Marie-Louise, “Sur l’Origine de Saint Grégoire d’Arménie”, Muséon, C 102, (1989), s.115-130.
• Christensen, Arthur, L’Iran Sous les Sassanides, Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhague 1936.
• Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. Gyula T. Moravcsik ve Romilly J. H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, London 1962.
• De Blois, François, “‘Freemen’ and ‘Nobles’ in Iranian and Semitic Languages”, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, n. 1, (1985), s. 5-15.
• Debevoise, C. Neilson, A Political History of Parthia, Chicago 1938.
• Diakonoff, M. Igor, The Pre-History of the Armenian People, Caravan Books, New York 1984.
• Ełishē, Vardan and the Armenian War, çev. Robert W. Thomson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA; London 1982.
• [The] Epic Histories Attributed to Pʿawstos Buzand, çev. Nina G. Garsoïan, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1989.
• Eremyan, T. Suren, Hayastaně ěst “Ašxarhacʿoycʿ” [“Aškharhacʿoycʿ”a Göre Armenia], Haykakan SSR GA Hratarakchʿutʿyun, Erevan 1963.
• Forrer, Emil, “Hajassa-Azzi”, Caucasia, C 9, (1931), s. 1-24.
• Frye, N. Richard, “Continuing Iranian Influences on Armenian”, Yād-nāma-ye Īrānī-e Mīnorskī, ed. Mojtaba Mīnovī and Iraj Afshār, Tehran University, Tehran 1969, s. 80-89.
• Garitte, Gérard, Documents Pour l’Étude du Livre d’Agathange, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican 1946.
• Garsoïan, G. Nina, “Prolegomena to a Study of the Iranian Elements in Arsacid Armenia”, Handes Amsorya, Zeitschrift für armenische Philologie, C 90, (1976), s. 177-234.
• Garsoïan, G. Nina, “Taron: As an Early Christian Armenian Center”, Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa 2001, s. 59-69.
• Garsoïan, G. Nina, “The Emergence of Armenia”, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, ed Richard G. Hovannisian, C 1, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1997, s. 37-62.
• Garsoïan, G. Nina, “The Problem of Armenian Integration into the Byzantine Empire”, Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire, ed. Hélène Ahrweiler ve Angeliki E. Laiou, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington 1998, s. 53-124.
• [The] Geography of Ananias of Širak: (Ašxarhacʿoycʿ): The Long and the Short Recensions, çev. Robert H. Hewsen, DR. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992.
• Greenwood, W. Tim, “Armenian Neighbours (600–1045)”, The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, ed. Jonathan Shepard, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, s. 333-364.
• Gulbekian, Edward, “The Significance of the Narrative Describing: The Traditional Origin of the Armenians”, Muséon, C 86, n. 3-4, (1973), s. 365-375.
• Herodotus, The Persian Wars, çev. Alfred D. Godley, C 2, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1921.
• Herzfeld, Ernst, Paikuli: Monument and Inscription of the Early History of the Sasanian Empire, Dietrich Reimer, Ernst Vohsen, Berlin 1924.
• Hewsen, H. Robert, “Ayrarat”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, C 3, Fasc. 2, (1987), s. 150- 151.
• Hewsen, H. Robert, “The Primary History of Armenia: An Examination of the Validity of an Immemorially Transmitted Historical Tradition”, History in Africa, c. 2, (1975), s. 91-100.
• Hewsen, H. Robert, “Van in This World; Paradise in the Next, The Historical Geography of Van/Vaspurakan”, Armenian Van/Vaspurakan, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa 2000, s. 13-42.
• Histoire de la Géorgie: Depuis l’Antiquité Jusqu’au XIXe Siècle, çev. Marie-Félicité Brosset, Académie Impériale des Sciences, S.-Pétersbourg 1849.
• Histoire de la Siounie, çev. Marie-Félicité Brosset, C 1, Eggers et Cie., St. Petersburg 1864.
• [The] History of al-Tabarî, çev. Joel L. Kraemer, vd., C 5, State University of New York Press, Albany 1989.
• [The] History of Łazar Pʿarpecʿi, çev. Robert W. Thomson, Scholars Press, Atlanta 1991.
• Hübschmann, Heinrich, Die Altarmenischen Ortsnamen, Oriental Press, Amsterdam 1969.
• Justi, Ferdinand, Iranisches Namenbuch, Marburg 1895.
• Kârnâmak-i Artakhshîr Pâpakân, çev. Edalji K. Ântiâ, Fort Printing Press, Bombay 1900.
• Kherumian, Raphael, “Esquisse d’une Feodalite Oubliie”, Vostan, n. 1/1, (1948- 1949), s. 7-56.
• King, W. Leonard ve Thompson, R. Campbell, The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behistûn in Persia, British Museum, London 1907.
• Kogean, Sahak, Kamsarakannerĕ: Tearkʿ Širakay ew Aršaruneacʿ [Kamsarakanlar: Širak ve Aršarunik Lordları], Vienna 1926.
• Krkyašaryan, Simon, “Naxararnern u Naxararutʿyunnerə Hin Hayastanum [Antik Armenia’da Naxarar ve Naxararlık]”, Lraber, C 10, (1978), s. 60-75.
• Lang, M. David, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization, George Allen & Unwin, London 1970.
• Lang, M. David, “Iran, Armenia and Georgia”, The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. Ehsan Yarshater, C 3/1, (2006), s. 505-536.
• [The] Letter of Tansar, çev. Mary Boyce, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma 1968
• Luckenbill, D. Daniel, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, C 1, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1926.
• Manandian, Hakob, The Trade and Cities of Armenia in Relation to Ancient World Trade, çev. Nina G. Garsoïan, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon 1965.
• Manandyan, Hakob, Feodalizmē hin Hayastanum [Antik Armenia’da Feodalizm], Hratarakutyun Melkʿonyan Fondi, Yerevan 1934.
• Markwat, Josef, “Die Genealogie der Bagratiden und das Zeitalter des Mar Abas und Ps. Moses Xorenacʿi”, Caucasica, (1930), s. 11-14.
• Minorsky, Vladimir, “Caucasica IV”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, C 15/S. 3 (1953), s. 504-529.
• Minorsky, Vladimir, Studies in Caucasian History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1977.
• Moses Khorenatsʿi, History of the Armenians, çev. Robert W. Thomson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge; MA; London 1978.
• Nor Baṙgirkʿ Haykazean Lezui, ed. Gabriēl Awetikʿean, Khachʿatur Siwrmēlean ve Mkrtichʿ Awgerean, C 1-2, İ Tparani Srboyn Ghazaru, Venice 1836-1837.
• Oskean, Hamazasp, Gnuneacʿ ew Ṙštuneacʿ Naxararutʿiwnnere [Gnunikʿ ve Rshtunik’ʿ Naxararlıkları], Vienna 1952.
• Périkhanian, Anahit, “Notes sur le Lexique Iranien et Arménien”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, n.s. C 5, (1968), s. 9-30.
• Petrosyan, Armen, “The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review”, Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies, C 16, (2007), s. 25- 66.
• Pliny, Natural History, çev. Harris Rackham, C 2, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1942.
• Plontke-Lüning, Annegret, “Iberia”, Brill’s New Pauly, Antiquity, ed. Hubert Cancik ve Helmuth Schneider, C 6, Brill, Leiden; Boston 2005, s. 694-695.
• Plutarch, Lives, Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus, çev. Bernadotte Perrin, C 3, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1916.
• Plutarch, Lives, Volume II: Themistocles and Camillus. Aristides and Cato Major. Cimon and Lucullus, çev. Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge 1914.
• Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, “Aristocrats, Mercenaries, Clergymen and Refugees: Deliberate and Forced Mobility of Armenians in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (6th to 11th Century A.D.)”, Migration Histories of the Medieval Afroeurasian Transition Zone, ed. Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Lucian Reinfandt ve Yannis Stouraitis, Brill, Leiden 2020, s. 327-384.
• Pseudo-Yovhannēs Mamikonean, The History of Tarōn, çev. Levon Avdoyan, Scholars Press, Atlanta 1993.
• Rapp, H. Stephen, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts, Peeters Publishers, Louvain 2003.
• Russell, R. James, “Early Armenian Civilization”, The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity, ed. Edmund Herzig ve Marina Kurkchiyan, RoutledgeCurzon, London 2005, s. 23-40.
• Russell, R. James, “Some Iranian Images of Kingship in the Armenian Artaxiad Epic”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, C 20, (1986-1987), s. 253-270.
• Russell, R. James, “The Formation of the Armenian Nation”, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, c. 1, St. Martin’s Press, New York 1997, s. 19-36.
• Russell, R. James, Zoroastrianism in Armenia, ed. Richard N. Frye, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Cambridge; MA; London 1987.
• Salvini, Mirjo, Nairi e Ur(u)atri: Contributo alla Storia della Formazione del Regno di Urarṭu, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, Roma 1967.
• Sargsyan, X. Gagik, “Movses Xorenacʿu Naxararakan Tohmeri Cʿankə”, Patma-banasirakan Handes, n. 1-2, (1996), s. 73-70.
• Schmitt, Rüdiger, Die iranischen und Iranier-Namen in den Schriften Xenophons, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2020.
• Settipani, Christian, Continuité des Élites à Byzance durant les Siècles Obscurs. Les Princes Caucasiens et l’Empire du vie au ixe siècle, De Boccard, Paris 2006.
• Sköld, Hannes, “L’Origine des Mamiconiens”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, C 5(1), (1925), s. 131-136.
• Stephanos ho Byzantios, Ethnika: Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum Quae Supersunt Ex Recensione Augusti Meinekii, Akademische Druck - und Verlagsanstal, Graz 1958.
• Strabo, Geography, çev. Horace Leonard Jones, C 5, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1928.
• Sukiasian, G. Aleksej, Obŝestvenno-političeskij Stroj i Pravo Armenii v Èpohu Rannego Feodalizma: (III-IX vv. n. è.), Izdatel’stvo Erevanskogo Universiteta, Erevan 1963.
• Sumbat Davitʿis Dze, Cʿxorebay da Ucqebay Bagratoniantʿa, Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts and Eurasian Contexts, çev. Stephen H. Rapp, Peeters Publishers, Louvain 2003, s. 350-404.
• [The] Syriac Chronicle Known as That of Zachariah of Mitylene, çev. Frederick J. Hamilton ve Ernest W. Brooks, Methuen & Co., London 1899.
• Tacitus, Histories: Books 4-5, Annals: Books 1-3, çev. Clifford H. Moore ve John Jackson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1931.
• Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram, The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia, çev. Nina G. Garsoïan, Livraria Bertrand, Lisbon 1976.
• Terian, Abraham, Patriotism and Piety in Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics on Saint Gregory, Crestwood, St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, New York 2005.
• The New Oxford Annotated Bible, ed. Michael D. Coogan, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2010.
• Thomas Artsruni, History of the House of the Artsrunikʿ, çev. Robert W. Thomson, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 1985.
• Thomson, W. Robert, “The Origins of Caucasian Civizilation: The Christian Component”, Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change, ed. Ronald G. Suny, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1983, s. 25-44.
• Toumanoff, Cyril, “A Note on the Orontids”, Muséon, C 72, (1959), s. 1-36.
• Toumanoff, Cyril, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC 1963.
• Toumanoff, Cyril, “The Bagratids of Iberia from the Eighth to the Eleventh Century”, Muséon, C 74/S. 1-2, (1961), s. 5-42.
• Toumanoff, Cyril, “The Mamikonids and the Liparitids”, Armeniaca, (1969), s. 125-137.
• Toumanoff, Cyril, “The Third-Century Armenian Arsacids. A Chronological and Genealogical Commentary”, Revue des Études Arméniennes, C 6, (1969), s. 233- 281.
• Toumanoff, Cyrille, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie Pour l’Histoire de la Caucasie Chrétienne: (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie), Edizioni Aquila, Roma 1976.
• Traina, Giusto, “Ambigua Gens? Methodological Problems in the Ancient Armenian History”, Reflections of Armenian Identity in History and Historiography, ed. Houri Berberian ve Touraj Daryaee, Jordan Center for Persian Studies, California 2018, s. 71-79.
• [The] Universal History of Stepʿanos Tarōnecʿi, çev. Tim Greenwood, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2017.
• Van Lint, M. Theo, “The Formation of Armenian Identity in the First Millenium”, Church History and Religious Culture, C 89/S. 1-3, (2009), s. 251-278.
• Van Loon, M. Nanning, Urartian Art: Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, İstanbul 1966.
• Varkʿ Mashtotsʿi, çev. Krikor H. Maksoudian, Caravan Books, Delmar, New York 1985.
• Whittow, Mark, The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles 1996.
• Widengren, Geo, Der Feudalismus im alten Iran, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Cologne and Opladen 1969.
• Xenophon, Anabasis, çev. Carleton L. Brownson, rev. John Dillery, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1998.
• Yovhannēs Drasxanakertcʿi, History of Armenia, çev. Krikor H. Maksoudian, Scholars Press, Atlanta 1987.