El-Makrîzî’nin Hıtat’ına Göre Memlûklar Dönemi Kahire Pazarları

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Memlûklar dönemi Kahire pazarları el-Makrîzî’nin el-Hıtat adlı eserindeki veriler ışığında incelenmektedir. Memlûklar devrinde kurulanların yanısıra ticari faaliyetler selefleri Fatimiler ve Eyyubiler zamanından kalma pazarlarda da devem etmekteydi. Pazar yerlerinin ekserisi kuzeydeki Bâb el-Futûh ve güneydeki Bâb ez-Zuveyle arasında bulunan ve bu süreçte ülkenin ticaret merkezi durumunda olan el-Kasaba’da yer ediyordu. El-Kasaba, günümüzde el-Mu’izz Caddesi olup, bu ad Fatimi Halifesi el-Mu’izz li-Dinillah’tan gelmektedir (341-364/953-975). Bilhassa, Memlûkların ikinci devresine tesadüf eden 15. yüzyıldaki ekonomik ve sosyal gerileme iç pazarlardaki istikrarı da etkilemiş, bu koşullara bağlı olarak da pazarların pek çoğu ortadan kalmıştır.

Keywords

• Memlûklar
• Sûk
• Kahire
• el-Kasaba
• Bâb ez-Zuveyle
• Sûk eş-Şemmâ‘în
• Suveyka

Al-Makrīzī’s Khitat and the Markets in Cairo during the Mamlūks Era

Abstract

This study examines the markets in Cairo during the reign of the Mamlūks in the light of al-Makrīzī’s Chronicle al-Khitat. Besides those which were built during the Mamlūks era the commercial life were ongoing at the markets dating back to the Fatimids and the Ayyubids periods. The marketplaces generally occupied in al-Qasaba which was between Bāb al-Futūh in the north and Bāb al-Zuwayla in the south was the trading center of the city. Al-Qasaba is al-Mu’izz Street today which takes its name from the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu’izz li-Dinillah (341-364/953-975). The economic and social decline especially seen during the second half of the Mamlūks in the 15th century affected also the domestic markets stability and most of the sûqs disappeared depending on these conditions.

Keywords

• Mamlūks
• Sūq
• Cairo
• al-Qasaba
• Bāb al-Zuwayla
• Sûq alShammā‘īn
• Suwayqa

References

1. Aynī, Badr al-Din, Ikd al-Jumān fī Tarih akh al-Zaman, al-maktabat al-shamila, publication date and the place not given.
2. Hamāvī, Yaqūt, Mu‘jam al-Buldān, III, Dar Sader, Beyrut, publication date not given.
3. Ibn Battûta, Ebû Abdullah Muhammed Tancî, İbn Battûta Seyahatnâmesi, tr. A. Sait Aykut, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul 2000.
4. Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354, trans. H.A.R. Gibb, Routledge 2005.
5. _______, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354, Broadway House, London 1929.
6. Ibn al-Dawadārī, Kanz al-Durar wa Jami ‘al-Ghurar, ed. Ulrich Haarmann, VIII, Cairo 1971.
7. Ibn Duqmaq, İbrahim Mohammad b. Aydemir al-‘Ālā‘ī, Kitāb al-Intīsār la Wāsitat aqd al-Amsār, al-Maktāb al-Tijārī li al-Tibā‘ah wa al-Tawzi‘, Beirut publication date not given.
8. İbn Haldun, Mukaddime, II, haz. Zakir Kadiri Ugan, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, İstanbul 1996.

9. Ibn Iyās, Muhammad b. Ahmad , Badā’i al-Dhuhūr fī Wakāid al-Wakā’i al-Duhūr, II, Metabi al-Shaab, Cairo 1960.
10. Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, London: Routledge 1958.
11. Ibn Taghrībirdī, Jamāl al-Dīn Ābī’l-Mahāsīn Yusūf, Al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Mir wa al-Qāhira, 13, Dār al-Kitāb al-‘Ilmiya, Beirut 1992.
12. Taghrībirdī, Jamāl al-Dīn Ābī’l-Mahāsīn Yusūf b. Al-Nujūm al-Zāhira fī Mulūk Misr wa al-Qāhira, ed.
13. Wizarat al-Sakafa wa al-Irshād, Dār al-Kitāb, al-maktab al-shamiya, XV, Egypt, publication date not given.
14. Qazvinī, Zakariya, ‘Asār al-Bilād wa Ahbār al-‘Ibād, ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, Gottingen 1848.
15. Makrīzī, Taqiy al-Dīn Ahmād b. ‘Alī, Kitāb al-Sulūk lī Ma‘rifāt Duwal al-Mulūk, VI, ed. M. Abd al-Qadir, Dār al-Kitab al-Ilmiya, Beirut 1997.
16. _______, Kitāb al-Mawaiz wal-I‘tibār fī Dhikr al-Hitat wal-Asār, II, Maktaba al-Sakafa al-Diniya, Cairo1987.
17. Mukaddesî, Muhammed b. Ahmed , Ahsenü’t Tekâsîm, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2015.
18. Nāsir Khusraw, Safarnāme-i Nāsır-ı Khusraw-i 'Alawī, ed. M. Ganīzāde, Berlin 1922.
19. _______, Naser-e Khosraw’s Book of Travels (Safarnama), Bibliotheca Persica, Albany New York 1986.
20. Tabarī, Abu Cafar, The History of al-Tabarī, tr. Franz Rosenthal, State University of New York Press, New York 1989.
21. _______, The History of al-Tabarī: Index XL, ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater and A. V. Popovkin, Sunny Press, New York 2007.
22. Abd al-Wahāb, Hasen , Tahtit al-Qahira ve Tanzimaha munzu Nashatiha, Cairo 1957.
23. Abouseif, Doris Behrens, The Arts of the Mamluks In Egypt and Syria: An Introduction, Bonn University Press, Goettingen 2012.
24. Abulafia, David, Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. M. Postan and E. Miller, Cambridge University Press, New York 1987, pp. 402-73.
25. Ağır, Abdullah Mesut, Memlûklarda Ticaret, Çizgi Kitapevi, Konya 2015.
26. Ashtor, Eliyahu, Levant Trade in the Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1923.
27. _______, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages, Collins. London 1976.
28. _______, “Observations on Venetian Trade in the Levant in the XVth Century”, East-West Trade
29. In The Medieval Mediterranean, ed. B.Z. Kedar, Variorum Reprints, London 1986, pp. 533-586.
30. _______, “The Kārimī Merchants”, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1/2, 1956, pp. 45-56.
31. _______, “Le Monople de Barsbāy d’après des Sources Vénetiennes”, Anuario de Estudios Medievals, 9, Madrid 1979, pp. 551-572.
32. ‘Āşūr, Sa‘īd ‘Abd el-Fettāh, . al-‘Asr al-Memālīkī fī Mısr wa al-Sham, Dār al-Nahdad al-Arabiya, Cairo 1976.
33. Atasoy, N., “Un manuscript mamlūk illustré du Sāhnāma”, Revue des études islamiques, I, France 1969, pp. 151-8.
34. Atil, Esin, Renaissance of Islam:Art of the Mamluks, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. 1981.
35. Ayalon, David, “Memlûk Devletinde Kölelik Sistemi”, Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, tr. Samira Kortantamer, IV, İzmir 1989, pp. 211-247.
36. Bahnasi and Gaballa Gaballa, Mamluk Art: The Splendour and Magic of the Sultans, MWNF Museum Ohne Grenzen, Cairo 2001.
37. Bayram, Mikhail, “Türkiye Selçuklularında Devlet Yapısının Şekillenmesi”, Türkler, v. 7, ed. Hasan C. Güzel, Kemal Çiçek and Salim Koca, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara 2002, pp. 239-248.
38. Bianquis, Tn. and Guichard, P., “Sūk”, v.9, Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden 1997, p. 786.
39. Burgan, Michael., Empire of the Mongols, Chelsea House Publishers, New York 2005.
40. Constable, Olivia Remie, Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2003.
41. Contadini, A., “Threads of Ornament in the Style World of the Fifteenth and the Sixteenth
42. Centuries”, Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local, ed. Gülru Necipoğlu and Alina Payne, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016, pp. 290-307.
43. Coureas, N., “Controlled Contacts: The Papacy, the Latin Church of Cyprus and Mamluk Egypt
44. 1350”, Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, ed. U. Vermeulen
45. J.V. Steenbergen, Leuven 2005, pp. 395-408.
46. Chipman, Leigh, The World of Pharmacy and Pharmacists in Mamlūk Cairo, Leiden: Brill 2010.
47. Çetin, Altan, “Memlûklar Dönemi Doğu Akdeniz Müslüman Şehirlerinin Ekonomik Yüzü”,GEFAD, 29: Ankara 2009, pp.369-384.
48. Diem, Werner and Radenberg, Hans-Peter, A Dictionary of the Arabic Material of S.D. Goitein's A Mediterranean Society, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden
49. Dilain, Marwan Atıf, “al-Silā et-Ticāriyye fī’l-Asvāk al-Mısriyya fī Devlet al- Memālīk al-Burciyya” al-Majalla al- Urduniya li al-Tārih wa al-‘Asar Urduniyye li’t-Tārih wa al-‘Asar , 2/2 (2012), pp. 54-93.
50. Ekhtiar, Maryam, Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press, New York 2012.
51. Ferrer, M.T., “Catalan Commerce in the Middle Ages”, Catalan Historical Review, 5, Barcelona 2012, pp. 29-65.
52. Fikrī, Ahmad, Masājid al-Qāhira we Madārisuhā, Cairo 1965-69.
53. Fischel,Walter J., “The Spice Trade in Mamluk Egypt: A Contribution to the Economic History of Medieval Islam”, JESHO 1/2, Leiden 1958, pp. 157-74.
54. Gil, Moshe, A History of Palestine, 634-1099, Cambridge University Press, New York 1997.
55. Golia, Maria, Cairo: City of Sand, Reaktion Books, London 2004.
56. Gotein, S. D., A Mediterranean Society: Daily Life, University of California Press, California 1983.
57. Haldane, D., Mamluk Painting, Aris and Philips Ltd., Warminster 1978.
58. Har-El, Shai, Struggle for Domination in the Middle East, Leiden: Brill 1995.
59. Ihr, Anna, “The Spread of Middle Eastern Glass”, Encounters Materialities Confrontations Archaeologies of Social Space and Interaction”, ed. Per Cornell and Fredrick Fahlender, New Castle 2007, pp. 198-214.
60. Ivanova, Maria, The Black Sea and Early Civilizations of Europe, The Near East and Asia, Cambridge University Press, New York 2013.
61. İnalcık, Halil, “The Ottoman State: Economy and Society 1300-1600”, An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, ed. Halil İnalcık and Donald Quataert, Cambridge University Press, New York 1994, pp. 9-409.
62. Irwin, Robert, “Mamluk Literature”, Mamluk Studies Review, ed. Bruce D. Craig, VII, Chicago 2003, pp. 1-31.
63. Kallek, Cengiz, “Pazar”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, v. 34, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 2007, pp. 194-203.
64. Kasım Abdu Kasım, Asvāk Mısr fī ‘Asr Salātīn al-Mamālīk, Cairo 1978.
65. Kelly, Marjorie, Islam: The Religious and Political Life of a World Community, Greenwood Publishing Group, USA 1984.
66. Kohler, Benedikt, Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism, LexingtonBooks, New York
67. Kuban, Doğan, İstanbul, Bir Kent Tarihi: Bizantion, Konstantinopolis, İstanbul, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, İstanbul 1966.
68. Labib, Subhi, “Egyptian Commercial Policy in the Middle Ages”, Studies in the Economic History in the Middle East, ed. M. A. Cook, Oxford University Press, London 1970, pp. 63-78.
69. _______, Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Kapitalizm, Tarih Okulu, tr. Mustafa Alican, 24 İzmir 2013, pp. 225-43.
70. Lapidus, I. M., Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, New York 1984.
71. Lecker, M., “On the Markets of Medina (Yathrib) in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 8, Jerusalem 1986, pp. 133-47.
72. Lev, Yaacov, State and Society in Fatimid Egypt, Leiden: Brill 1991.
73. Levanoni, Amalia, A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-Nasir Muhammad İbn Qalawun, Leiden: Brill 1995.
74. Mols, Luitgard, Mamluk Metalwork Fittings in Their Artistic and Architectural Context, Leiden: Brill 2006.
75. Nicholas, D. M., The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century London: Routledge 2014.
76. Pamuk, Ş., A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, New York 2000.
77. _______, “Political Economy and Institutions in the Near East since the Rise of Islam”, Islam and Economic Development: Past and Present Conference. North Carolina 2010, pp.1-35.
78. Poole, S. L., Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem, The Other Press, Kuala Lumpur, 2007.
79. Popper, W., Egypt and Syria under the Circassion Sultans,1382-1468 A.D. Systematic Notes to ibn Taghrī Birdī’s Chronicles of Egypt, University of California Press, California 1955.
80. Preiss, A., Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhānid War 1260-1281, Cambridge University Press New York 1995.
81. Purcell, Maureen, Papal Crusading Policy, 1244-1291: The Chief Instruments of Papal Crusading Policy and Crusade of the Holy Land from the Final Loss of Jerusalem to the Fall of Acre 1244-1291, Leiden: Brill 1975.
82. Ratté, F., “Understanding the city through travelers’ tales: Cairo as seen as experienced by two fourteenth century Italians”, The City in the Muslim World: Depictions by Western Travel Writers”, London: Routledge 2015, pp. 56-78.
83. Raymond, André, “Sūk: In Cairo under the Mamlūks and Ottomans”, Encyclopedia of Islam, v.9, Leiden: Brill 1997, p. 792.
84. Rizā, Shayh Ahmād, Qamus Dār al-‘Aāmī wa al-Fasikh, Beirut 1981.
85. Richards, D. S., The Annals of the Saljuq Turks: Selections from al-Kamil Fi'l-Ta‘rikh of Ibn al-Athir, London: Routledge 2014.
86. Richardson, Todd, Palague, Weather and Wool, Authorhouse, Indiana 2009.
87. Sağlam, Ahmet, “İlhanlı Hükümdarı Gazan Han’ın Suriye’yi İşgali Sürecinde İbn Teymiyye’nin Siyasi ve Dini Mücadelesi”, IJOSES, 3/6, (2016), p. 35-55.
88. Sato, Tsugitaka, Sugar in the Social Life of Medieval Islam, Leiden: Brill 2014.
89. Sayyad, Nezar, Cairo: Histories of a City, Harvard University Press, Harvard 2011.
90. Shehada, Housni Alkhateeb, Mamluks and Animals: Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam, Leiden: Brill 2013.
91. Staffa, S.J., Conquest and Fusion: The Social Evolution of Cairo A.d. 642-1850, Leiden: Brill 1977.
92. Stanley, Bruce, “Cairo. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia”, ed. Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, ABC-CLIO Press, California 2006, pp. 110-3.
93. Stilt,Kristen, Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.
94. Sonbol, Amira El Azhary, The New Mamluks: Egyptian Society and Modern Feudalism, Syracuse University Press, New York 2000.
95. Streck, M., “Kaysāriya”, Encyclopedia of Islam, v.4, Leiden: Brill 1997, pp. 841-5.
96. Sümer, Faruk, Yabanlu Pazarı: Selçuklular Devrinde Milletlerarası Büyük Bir Fuar, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, İstanbul 1985.
97. Tomar, Cengiz, “ Pazar: Memlûklar Dönemi”, Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi, v. 34, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul 2007.
98. Tsugitaka, Sato, “ Slave Traders and Kārimī Merchants “, Mamluk Studies Review X-1, Chicago 2006, pp. 141-232.
99. Udovitch, L., The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900:Studies in Economic and Social History, Darwin Press, Princeton 1981.
100. Vivan, Cassandra, Americans in Egypt, 1770-1915: Explorers, Consuls, Travelers, Soldiers, Missionaries, Writers and Scientists, McFarland Company Inc. Publishers, North Carolina: 2012.
101. Walz, Terence, “Sudanese, Habasha, Takarna and Barabira: Trans-Saharan Africans in Cairoas Shown in the 1848 Census”, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: Histories of Trans-Saharan Africans in Nineteenth-century Egypt, Sudan, and the Ottoman Mediterranean, ed. Terence Walz, K. M. Cuno, American University in Cairo Press Series, Oxford 2010, pp. 43-76.
102. Ward, Rachel, “Plugging the Gap: Mamluk Export Metalwork 1375-1475”, Facts and Artefacts:Art in the Islamic World : Festschrift for Jens Kröger on His 65th Birthday, ed. Annette Hagedorn and Avînoʿam Šālēm, Leiden: Brill, 2007, pp. 263-84.
103. Wheatley, Paul, The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2001.
104. Williams, Caroline, Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide, American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 2008.
105. Winter, Michael, “The Ottoman Occupation”, Cambridge History of Egypt, ed. Carl Petry, Cambridge University Press, v. I, New York 1998, pp. 490-516.
106. Yūnūnī, Mohammad b. Ahmad, Early Mamluk Syrian Historiography: Al-Yūnīnī's Dhayl Mirʼāt al- Zamān, Leiden: Brill 1989.