Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Osmanlı Orta Doğusunda Tarımsal Üretimi Arttırma Çabalarına Bir Örnek: Yafa Ovası’nın Sulanması Projesi

Year 2016, , 201 - 218, 01.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.201

Abstract

19. yüzyıla gelindiğinde Orta Doğu’da nehir kıyılarındaki tarım arazileri haricinde kalan bölgelerde, mevsimlik yağışlara bağlı kuru tarım yapılmaktaydı. Bu durum pek çok verimli arazinin işlenmemesi anlamına gelmektedir. Yağışlara bağımlı kalmadan tarımsal üretimi yaygınlaştırma ve hasılatı arttırma ancak ve ancak kapsamlı sulama projeleri ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu makalede su kaynaklarının kıt olduğu Orta Doğu temel alınarak Filistin bölgesinin bir kıyı şehri olan Yafa’da sulu tarım ve bahçeciliğin geliştirilmesine yönelik sulama projeleri ve bu bağlamda verilen imtiyazlar incelenecektir. Bölgede su kaynaklarına bağlı çatışmaların bugün dahi yaşandığı dikkate alınırsa, Yafa gibi bir şehirde sulama projesi gerçekleştirilmesi, hem devletin tarım politikalarına yönelmesi bakımından hem de Yahudi kolonilerinin iskan politikalarını değerlendirmek açısından oldukça önemli olacaktır.

References

  • Archive Sources (Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive)
  • Bˉab-ı ˉAlˉı Evrak Odası Evrˉakı (BEO)
  • Dˉahiliye Nezˉareti Mektˉubˉı Kalemi Evrˉakı (DH.MKT)
  • Hˉariciye Nezˉareti Tercüme Odası Evrˉakı (HR.TO)
  • İrˉade Dˉahiliye (İ.DH)
  • Meclis-i Vükelˉa Mazbataları (MV)
  • Şˉurˉa-yı Devlet Evrˉakı (ŞD)
  • Yıldız Mütenevvˉı Mˉaruzˉat Evrˉakı (Y.MTV)
  • Yıldız Perˉakende Evrˉakı Tahrirˉat-ı Ecnebiyye ve Mˉabeyn Mütercimliği (Y.PRK.TKM) Newspapers Saadet Publications
  • Akarlı, Engin D., “Abdulhamid’s Islamic Policy in the Arab Provinces”, Türk-A- rap İlişkileri: Geçmişte, Bugün ve Gelecekte – I. Uluslararası Konferans Bildirileri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara 1979, pp. 44-60.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Yafa”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 43, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul 2013, pp. 171-174.
  • Avcı, Yasemin, Değişim Sürecinde Bir Osmanlı Kenti: Kudüs (1890-1914), Ankara: Phoenix Publishing, 2004.
  • Avıtsur, Shmuel, “The Influence of Western Technology on the Economy of Palestine During Nineteenth Century”, Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period, Ed. Moshe Ma’oz, The Magnes Press, Jerusalem 1975, pp. 485-494.
  • Ben-Artzı, Yossi, “Changes in the Agricultural Sector of the Moshavot 1882- 1914”, Ottoman Palestine 1800-1914 / Studies in Economic and Social History, Ed. Gad G. Gilbar, E.J. Brill, Leiden 1990, pp. 131-158.
  • Buhl, F., “Yafa”, The Encyclopedia of Islam (New Edition), Vol. XI, Brill, Leiden 2001, pp. 234-235.
  • Gilbar, Gad G., “The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West 1865-1914”, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Political, Social and Economic Trans- formation, Ed. David Kushner, E.J. Brill, Leiden 1986, pp. 188-210.
  • Glass, Joseph, “The Biography in Historical-Geographical Research: Joseph Navon Bey, A Case Study”, The Land that Became Israel: Studies in the Historical Geograp- hy, Ed. Ruth Kark: The Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.77-89.
  • Hanssen, Jess, Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital, Ox- ford University Press, New York 2005.
  • Honigman, E., “Yafa”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 13, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstan.- bul 1986, pp.330-333.
  • Issawi, Charles, The Fertile Crescent 1800-1914, A Documentary Economic History, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1988.
  • Karasapan, Celal Tevfik, Filistin ve Şark-ül-Ürdün, Vol II., Ahmed İhsan Matba- ası, İstanbul 1942.
  • Karlinsky, Nahum, California Dreaming – Ideology, society and Technology in the Citrus Industry of Palestine 1890-1938, New York State University Press, New York 2005.
  • Kenanoğlu, Macit, “Miri Arazi”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol 30, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul 2005, pp.157-160.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan, Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkan ve Ricali (1839-1922), İsis Press, İstan- bul 1999.
  • Levine, Mark, Overthrowing Geography, Re-Imasining Identities: A History of Jaffa and Tel Aviv, 1880 to the Present [Unpublished Phd dissetation], New York University, New York 1999.
  • Lewis, Bernard, “Jaffa in the 16th Century, According to the Ottoman Tahrir Registers”, Necati Lügal Armağanı, TTK Publishing, Ankara 1968, pp. 435-446.
  • Owen, Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914, I.B. Tauris, Lon- don 1981.
  • Öztürk, Mustafa, “Arap Ülkelerinde Osmanlı İdaresi”, History Studies, Orta Doğu Özel Sayısı, 2010, pp. 325-351.
  • Patai, Raphael, “Musha’a Tenure and Co-Operation in Palestine”, American Antropologist (New Edition), Vol. 51/No. 3 (1949), pp. 436-445.
  • Quataert, Donald, “Tarım”, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Vol. 2, Ed. Halil İnalcık and Donald Quataert, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2004, pp. 961-999.
  • Ruppin, A., “Migration from and to Syria 1860-1914”, The Economic History of the Middele East 1800-1914, Ed. Charles Issawi, The University of Chicago Press, Chi- cago 1966, pp. 269-273.
  • Samur, Sabahattin, Suriye Vilayeti’nin İdari ve Sosyal Yapısı (1840-1908) [Unpub- lished PhD Dissetation], Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara 1988.
  • Schilcher, Linda, “Geç Osmanlı Suriye’sinde Tahıl Ekonomisi ve Büyük Ölçek- li Ticarileşme Sorunu”, Osmanlı Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticari Tarım, Ed. Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998, pp. 180-205.
  • Tabak, Faruk, “Bereketli Hilal’in Batısında Tarımsal Dalgalanmalar ve Eme- ğin Kontrolü 1700-1850”, Osmanlı Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticari Tarım, Ed. Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998, pp. 139-159.
  • Tibawi, A.L., British Interests In Palestine 1800-1901, Oxford University Press, London 1961.
  • Wilkins, Charles, “Aspects of the Social and Economic Structure of Early Nine- teenth Century Jaffa”, Al-Manarah, Vol. 1/No. 1 (1996), pp. 87-107.
  • Yazbak, Mahmoud, “19th Century Palestinian Commercial Networks: The Oranges of Jaffa”, Perspectives on Ottoman Studies / Papers from 18th Symposium of the Inter- national Comitee of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Studies Ed. Ekrem Causevic and others, Lit Werlag, Berlin 2010, pp. 577-587.

An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley

Year 2016, , 201 - 218, 01.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.201

Abstract

In the 19th century, in regions that lay outside the agriculture lands along the shores of rivers in the Middle East, dry agriculture that was affiliated with seasonal precipitation was practiced. This situation meant that many productive lands were not farmed. The spread of agriculture production without being dependent on precipitation and an increase in production was only possible with a wide-ranging irrigation project. This paper takes as its basis the Middle East, which was limited in water resources and examines the irrigation projects that were developed for irrigated agriculture and gardening in Jaffa, a seaside Palestinian city; in addition, the concessions that were granted in this context will be examined. If we take into account that the conflicts affiliated with water sources in this region still continue today, the development of an irrigation project in a city like Jaffa, both from the aspect of the direction of state agricultural policies and for evaluating the settlement policies of the Jewish colonies, is extremely important.

References

  • Archive Sources (Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive)
  • Bˉab-ı ˉAlˉı Evrak Odası Evrˉakı (BEO)
  • Dˉahiliye Nezˉareti Mektˉubˉı Kalemi Evrˉakı (DH.MKT)
  • Hˉariciye Nezˉareti Tercüme Odası Evrˉakı (HR.TO)
  • İrˉade Dˉahiliye (İ.DH)
  • Meclis-i Vükelˉa Mazbataları (MV)
  • Şˉurˉa-yı Devlet Evrˉakı (ŞD)
  • Yıldız Mütenevvˉı Mˉaruzˉat Evrˉakı (Y.MTV)
  • Yıldız Perˉakende Evrˉakı Tahrirˉat-ı Ecnebiyye ve Mˉabeyn Mütercimliği (Y.PRK.TKM) Newspapers Saadet Publications
  • Akarlı, Engin D., “Abdulhamid’s Islamic Policy in the Arab Provinces”, Türk-A- rap İlişkileri: Geçmişte, Bugün ve Gelecekte – I. Uluslararası Konferans Bildirileri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara 1979, pp. 44-60.
  • Altan, Ebru, “Yafa”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 43, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul 2013, pp. 171-174.
  • Avcı, Yasemin, Değişim Sürecinde Bir Osmanlı Kenti: Kudüs (1890-1914), Ankara: Phoenix Publishing, 2004.
  • Avıtsur, Shmuel, “The Influence of Western Technology on the Economy of Palestine During Nineteenth Century”, Studies on Palestine During the Ottoman Period, Ed. Moshe Ma’oz, The Magnes Press, Jerusalem 1975, pp. 485-494.
  • Ben-Artzı, Yossi, “Changes in the Agricultural Sector of the Moshavot 1882- 1914”, Ottoman Palestine 1800-1914 / Studies in Economic and Social History, Ed. Gad G. Gilbar, E.J. Brill, Leiden 1990, pp. 131-158.
  • Buhl, F., “Yafa”, The Encyclopedia of Islam (New Edition), Vol. XI, Brill, Leiden 2001, pp. 234-235.
  • Gilbar, Gad G., “The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West 1865-1914”, Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Political, Social and Economic Trans- formation, Ed. David Kushner, E.J. Brill, Leiden 1986, pp. 188-210.
  • Glass, Joseph, “The Biography in Historical-Geographical Research: Joseph Navon Bey, A Case Study”, The Land that Became Israel: Studies in the Historical Geograp- hy, Ed. Ruth Kark: The Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1990, pp.77-89.
  • Hanssen, Jess, Fin de Siècle Beirut: The Making of an Ottoman Provincial Capital, Ox- ford University Press, New York 2005.
  • Honigman, E., “Yafa”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol. 13, Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstan.- bul 1986, pp.330-333.
  • Issawi, Charles, The Fertile Crescent 1800-1914, A Documentary Economic History, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1988.
  • Karasapan, Celal Tevfik, Filistin ve Şark-ül-Ürdün, Vol II., Ahmed İhsan Matba- ası, İstanbul 1942.
  • Karlinsky, Nahum, California Dreaming – Ideology, society and Technology in the Citrus Industry of Palestine 1890-1938, New York State University Press, New York 2005.
  • Kenanoğlu, Macit, “Miri Arazi”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol 30, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayını, İstanbul 2005, pp.157-160.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan, Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkan ve Ricali (1839-1922), İsis Press, İstan- bul 1999.
  • Levine, Mark, Overthrowing Geography, Re-Imasining Identities: A History of Jaffa and Tel Aviv, 1880 to the Present [Unpublished Phd dissetation], New York University, New York 1999.
  • Lewis, Bernard, “Jaffa in the 16th Century, According to the Ottoman Tahrir Registers”, Necati Lügal Armağanı, TTK Publishing, Ankara 1968, pp. 435-446.
  • Owen, Roger, The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914, I.B. Tauris, Lon- don 1981.
  • Öztürk, Mustafa, “Arap Ülkelerinde Osmanlı İdaresi”, History Studies, Orta Doğu Özel Sayısı, 2010, pp. 325-351.
  • Patai, Raphael, “Musha’a Tenure and Co-Operation in Palestine”, American Antropologist (New Edition), Vol. 51/No. 3 (1949), pp. 436-445.
  • Quataert, Donald, “Tarım”, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Vol. 2, Ed. Halil İnalcık and Donald Quataert, Eren Yayınları, İstanbul 2004, pp. 961-999.
  • Ruppin, A., “Migration from and to Syria 1860-1914”, The Economic History of the Middele East 1800-1914, Ed. Charles Issawi, The University of Chicago Press, Chi- cago 1966, pp. 269-273.
  • Samur, Sabahattin, Suriye Vilayeti’nin İdari ve Sosyal Yapısı (1840-1908) [Unpub- lished PhD Dissetation], Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara 1988.
  • Schilcher, Linda, “Geç Osmanlı Suriye’sinde Tahıl Ekonomisi ve Büyük Ölçek- li Ticarileşme Sorunu”, Osmanlı Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticari Tarım, Ed. Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998, pp. 180-205.
  • Tabak, Faruk, “Bereketli Hilal’in Batısında Tarımsal Dalgalanmalar ve Eme- ğin Kontrolü 1700-1850”, Osmanlı Toprak Mülkiyeti ve Ticari Tarım, Ed. Çağlar Keyder and Faruk Tabak, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1998, pp. 139-159.
  • Tibawi, A.L., British Interests In Palestine 1800-1901, Oxford University Press, London 1961.
  • Wilkins, Charles, “Aspects of the Social and Economic Structure of Early Nine- teenth Century Jaffa”, Al-Manarah, Vol. 1/No. 1 (1996), pp. 87-107.
  • Yazbak, Mahmoud, “19th Century Palestinian Commercial Networks: The Oranges of Jaffa”, Perspectives on Ottoman Studies / Papers from 18th Symposium of the Inter- national Comitee of Pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Studies Ed. Ekrem Causevic and others, Lit Werlag, Berlin 2010, pp. 577-587.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

İsmail Yaşayanlar This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

APA Yaşayanlar, İ. (2016). An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley. BELLETEN, 80(287), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.201
AMA Yaşayanlar İ. An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley. TTK BELLETEN. April 2016;80(287):201-218. doi:10.37879/belleten.2016.201
Chicago Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: The Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley”. BELLETEN 80, no. 287 (April 2016): 201-18. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.201.
EndNote Yaşayanlar İ (April 1, 2016) An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley. BELLETEN 80 287 201–218.
IEEE İ. Yaşayanlar, “An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 80, no. 287, pp. 201–218, 2016, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2016.201.
ISNAD Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: The Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley”. BELLETEN 80/287 (April 2016), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.201.
JAMA Yaşayanlar İ. An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley. TTK BELLETEN. 2016;80:201–218.
MLA Yaşayanlar, İsmail. “An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: The Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley”. BELLETEN, vol. 80, no. 287, 2016, pp. 201-18, doi:10.37879/belleten.2016.201.
Vancouver Yaşayanlar İ. An Example of Efforts to Increase Agricultural Output in the Ottoman Middle-East: the Irrigation Project of the Jaffa Valley. TTK BELLETEN. 2016;80(287):201-18.