Research Article

The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century

Volume: 75 Number: 273 August 1, 2011
  • Himmet Umunç
EN TR

The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century

Abstract

Although Dutch connections with the Levant, especially in terms of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, and also within the context of the Crusades, may go back to the Middle Ages and perhaps even before, it was from the late sixteenth century onwards that these connections took a dramatic turn and were fully developed. Despite the political, economic, administrative and military problems with Spain after the 1560s, historically termed as the Eighty Years War (1567-68 to 1647-48), the States General of the Dutch Republic prudently took courageous steps and put in place sober policies to establish diplomatic relations with the Ottornan Empire and become a major player in the so-called "riches trade" with the Levant. Indeed, the Republic and the Ottoman Empire were both enthusiastic about forging their cooperation for mutual interests, and, from 1612 onwards, when the first Dutch diplomatic mission was set up in lstanbul, the Dutch primacy in the Levant was consolidated. Dutch merchants were granted by the Ottoman government special privileges and exemptions (i.e. the "capitulations") and, thus, strongly competed with, and even outplayed, other European trade colonies, especially the English, in the Levant. Along with the development of Dutch trade with the Ottoman Empire, there also began Dutch travels to the region. Among the early Dutch travellers, especially Cornelis de Bruijn (1652-1727), who stayed in Izmir and Istanbul for nearly three years (1678-1681) is of particular interest.

Keywords

References

  1. De Bruyn, Cornelis [Corneille le Brun]. Voyage au Levant. Paris: Chez Guillaume Cavelier, 1714.
  2. De Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin. The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Imperial Ambassador at Constantinople 1554-1562. Trans. and Introd. Edward Seymour Forster. 1927. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  3. Barnett, R.D. “The European Merchants in Angora.” Anatolian Studies, 24 (1974): pp. 135-41.
  4. Bridge, Antony. The Crusades. London: Granada, 1980.
  5. Clark, Steve, ed. Travel Writing and Empire: Postcolonial Theory in Transit. London: Zed, 1999.
  6. Çelikkol, Zeki, Alexander de Groot and Ben J. Slot. It Began with the Tulip: The History of Four Centuries of Relationship between Turkey and the Netherlands in Pictures. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 2000.
  7. De Groot, A.H. The Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Republic: A History of the Earliest Diplomatic Relations, 1610-1630. Leiden: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1978.
  8. Forster, Edward Seymour. “Introduction,” in Busbecq, pp. ix-xvi.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

-

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Himmet Umunç This is me

Publication Date

August 1, 2011

Submission Date

February 1, 2011

Acceptance Date

-

Published in Issue

Year 2011 Volume: 75 Number: 273

APA
Umunç, H. (2011). The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN, 75(273), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373
AMA
1.Umunç H. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN. 2011;75(273):373-386. doi:10.37879/belleten.2011.373
Chicago
Umunç, Himmet. 2011. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN 75 (273): 373-86. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
EndNote
Umunç H (August 1, 2011) The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN 75 273 373–386.
IEEE
[1]H. Umunç, “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”, BELLETEN, vol. 75, no. 273, pp. 373–386, Aug. 2011, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
ISNAD
Umunç, Himmet. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN 75/273 (August 1, 2011): 373-386. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
JAMA
1.Umunç H. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN. 2011;75:373–386.
MLA
Umunç, Himmet. “The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century”. BELLETEN, vol. 75, no. 273, Aug. 2011, pp. 373-86, doi:10.37879/belleten.2011.373.
Vancouver
1.Himmet Umunç. The Dutch in the Levant: Trade and Travel in the Seventeenth Century. BELLETEN. 2011 Aug. 1;75(273):373-86. doi:10.37879/belleten.2011.373