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Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu'da Faiz Uygulaması

Year 2005, , 425 - 466, 20.08.2005
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.425

Abstract

Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı adı verilen dönem (M.Ö. 1975-1725) Anadolu'da
tarihin başladığı zaman olup, bu devre ismini veren Asurlu tüccarlar
Anadolu'ya gelerek yerleşmiş oldukları şehirlerde iki asır boyunca Anadolu
halkıyla birlikte yaşamışlardır. Asurlu tüccarlar Anadolu'ya çivi yazısını da
getirmişler ve böylece Anadolu tarihi devirlere girmiştir.
Bu dönemle ilgili bilgilerimizin büyük kısmı, Kayseri'nin 20 km. kuzeyinde
bulunan Kültepe eski Kanis/karum şehri harabelerinde yapılan kazılarda
ortaya çıkarılan çivi yazılı belgelerden gelmektedir. Bu belgeler, tüccarların
mektupları, mahkeme zabıtları ve borç verdiklerinde yazdırmış oldukları
senetlerden oluşmaktadır. Senetlere baktığımızda sırasıyla; borç miktarı,
borçlu, alacak'', tarihleme, vade tespiti kaydedilerek ödenmemesi halinde
ilave edilecek faiz belirtilmektedir. Sonra o yılda limum olan şahsın adı
zikredilmekte ve en son şahitlerin ismi geçmektedir.

References

  • E. Bilgiç-H. Sever-C. Günbatu-S. Bayram, Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri 1, Ankara 1990.
  • E. Bilgiç-S. Bayram, Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri II, Ankara 1995.
  • E. Bilgiç-C. Günbatu, Ankaraner Kültepetafeln, (FAOS B-3) Stutgart 1995.
  • B. Kienast, Die Altassyrischen Texte des Orientalischen Seminars der Universitat Heidelberg und der Sammlııng Erlenmeyer-Basel, Bei-lin 1960.
  • Bayram-Veenhof 1991-1992, S. Bayram-K. R. Veenhof, "Unpublised Kültepe Texts on Real Estate" JNES Ex oriente Lux, No: 32, 1991- 1992, s. 92; Belge No: Kt. 84/k 169.
  • E. Bilgiç 1951 E. Bilgiç, "Çivi Yazılı iktisadi Metinlerde Faiz Meselesi", Belleten, C. XV. S. 59, (1951), s. 339-347.
  • A.T. Clay, Letters and Transactions from Cappadocia, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies IV, New Haven 1927.
  • F.J. Stephens, Old Assiyrian Letters and Business Documents, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies VI, New Haven 1944
  • Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum.
  • V. Donbaz, "Busines Ased an Anatolien Merchant", Afo XXXV, (1988) s. 48-58.
  • S. Dalley, A Catalogue of the Akkadian Cuneiform Tablets in the Collecdons of the Royal Scottish Museum Edinburg with Copies of the Texts, Royal Scottish Museum Information Seri es, Art and Archaeology, 2. Edinburg, 1979.
  • G. Eisser-J. Lewy, Die altassyrichen Rechtsurkunden vom Kültepe, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegptischen Gesellschaft 33. und 35. Leipzig 1930-35 (EL 1 und 2, wenn nach Sieten zitiert).
  • B. Hrozny, Inscriptions Cuneiformes du Kültepe 1, Praha 1952.
  • L. Matous, Inscripdons Cuneiformes du Killtepe II, Praha 1962.
  • J. Lewy, Die Kültepetexte der Sammlung Rudolf Blanekertz, Berlin, 1929.
  • J. Lewy, Keilsclirifttexte in dell Antiken-Museen zu Stanbul, İstanbul 1926.
  • V. Donbaz, Keilschrifttexte in den Antiken-Museen zu Stanbul, Stutgart 1989.
  • K. Hecker, Die Keilschrifttexte der Universitatsbibliothek Giessenunter Ben etzung nachgelanesser vorarbeiten von J. Lewy, Giessen 1966.
  • I. J. Gelb, Inscriptions from Alishar and Vicinity, Oriental Institu Publications 27, Chicago 1935.
  • W.C. Gwaltney, Jr. The Pennsylvania Old Assyrian Text, HUCA, Supplement 3. Cincinnati 1983.
  • K. Hecker- G. Kryszat-L.Matous, Prager Kültepe-Texte I: Kappadokische Keilschrift Tafeln aus der Sammlungen der Karlsuniverstat Prag Praha, 1998.
  • Revue d'Assyriologıe et d'Archeologie Orientale........
  • Fr. Thureau-Dangin, Tablettes Cappadociennes, deuxieme serie Musee de Louvre, Paris 1928.
  • J. Lewy, Tablettes Cappadociennes troisieme sene Musee de Louvre, Paris 1935.
  • J. Lewy, Die Keilschrifttexte aus Kleinasien, Texte und Materialien der Frau, Leipzig 1932.
  • Veenhof 2003 K.R. Veenhof, The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyms Irom Karum Kanish and its Chronological Implications, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayını , Ankara 2003, s. 6-10.
  • K. Veenhof-E. K. Brandt, Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Heft XXVI, Altassyriche Tontafeln aus Kültepe Texte und Siegelabrollungen, 1992.

Interest payment procedures applied by Assyrian merchants during the first quarter of the second millennium B.C. in Anatolia

Year 2005, , 425 - 466, 20.08.2005
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.425

Abstract

Among the thousands of documents found during the excavation of the Kültepe Kanis karum (settlement or commercial colony) there are also promissory notes, letters, trial minutes etc. of Assyrian merchants, who settled in the main cities of Anatolia beginning from the early second millennium B.C. These Assyrian merchants established a credit system that they applied to the transactions among themselves and to those with the local population. When they sold the local population products like tin and cloth, which they had imported from Assyria, they also offered credit facilities and charged interest rates that were a function of the term. In the same way, they added interest rates depending on the term, to all credit transactions among themselves and if the debit was not extinguished at its due date the interest was summed to the main sum and interest was charged on this new amount of debt. From these documents we notice that interest was calculated on a monthly basis. While the interest charged to the local population was rather high, the interest on transactions among themselves could not exceed the 30 % annual rate established by the karum administration. We also see that some Assyrians, who must have been bankers or usurers, provided short-term credit facilities at low interest rates. Promissory notes found at the second level of the Kanis karum during the Kültepe excavations encompass the period beginning from the fifth year of the reign of the Assyrian king Sarrukan, including the reign of king Puzur-Assur and ending in the thirtieth year of the reign of king Naram-Suen (1920-1840 B.C.) A table has been compiled that shows the amounts of credit provided by Assyrian merchants active in Anatolia during the reigns of these kings, the interest rates charged by them, debit-credit amounts and terms, on a monthly and yearly basis. We see that the levels of interest rates change according to the months, the years and the individuals who provided the credit facilities. In this article I have tried to draw the portrait of an 80- year period, by comparing the limum lists found at Kültepe with these promissory notes.

References

  • E. Bilgiç-H. Sever-C. Günbatu-S. Bayram, Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri 1, Ankara 1990.
  • E. Bilgiç-S. Bayram, Ankara Kültepe Tabletleri II, Ankara 1995.
  • E. Bilgiç-C. Günbatu, Ankaraner Kültepetafeln, (FAOS B-3) Stutgart 1995.
  • B. Kienast, Die Altassyrischen Texte des Orientalischen Seminars der Universitat Heidelberg und der Sammlııng Erlenmeyer-Basel, Bei-lin 1960.
  • Bayram-Veenhof 1991-1992, S. Bayram-K. R. Veenhof, "Unpublised Kültepe Texts on Real Estate" JNES Ex oriente Lux, No: 32, 1991- 1992, s. 92; Belge No: Kt. 84/k 169.
  • E. Bilgiç 1951 E. Bilgiç, "Çivi Yazılı iktisadi Metinlerde Faiz Meselesi", Belleten, C. XV. S. 59, (1951), s. 339-347.
  • A.T. Clay, Letters and Transactions from Cappadocia, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies IV, New Haven 1927.
  • F.J. Stephens, Old Assiyrian Letters and Business Documents, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies VI, New Haven 1944
  • Cuneiform Texts from Cappadocian Tablets in the British Museum.
  • V. Donbaz, "Busines Ased an Anatolien Merchant", Afo XXXV, (1988) s. 48-58.
  • S. Dalley, A Catalogue of the Akkadian Cuneiform Tablets in the Collecdons of the Royal Scottish Museum Edinburg with Copies of the Texts, Royal Scottish Museum Information Seri es, Art and Archaeology, 2. Edinburg, 1979.
  • G. Eisser-J. Lewy, Die altassyrichen Rechtsurkunden vom Kültepe, Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatisch-Aegptischen Gesellschaft 33. und 35. Leipzig 1930-35 (EL 1 und 2, wenn nach Sieten zitiert).
  • B. Hrozny, Inscriptions Cuneiformes du Kültepe 1, Praha 1952.
  • L. Matous, Inscripdons Cuneiformes du Killtepe II, Praha 1962.
  • J. Lewy, Die Kültepetexte der Sammlung Rudolf Blanekertz, Berlin, 1929.
  • J. Lewy, Keilsclirifttexte in dell Antiken-Museen zu Stanbul, İstanbul 1926.
  • V. Donbaz, Keilschrifttexte in den Antiken-Museen zu Stanbul, Stutgart 1989.
  • K. Hecker, Die Keilschrifttexte der Universitatsbibliothek Giessenunter Ben etzung nachgelanesser vorarbeiten von J. Lewy, Giessen 1966.
  • I. J. Gelb, Inscriptions from Alishar and Vicinity, Oriental Institu Publications 27, Chicago 1935.
  • W.C. Gwaltney, Jr. The Pennsylvania Old Assyrian Text, HUCA, Supplement 3. Cincinnati 1983.
  • K. Hecker- G. Kryszat-L.Matous, Prager Kültepe-Texte I: Kappadokische Keilschrift Tafeln aus der Sammlungen der Karlsuniverstat Prag Praha, 1998.
  • Revue d'Assyriologıe et d'Archeologie Orientale........
  • Fr. Thureau-Dangin, Tablettes Cappadociennes, deuxieme serie Musee de Louvre, Paris 1928.
  • J. Lewy, Tablettes Cappadociennes troisieme sene Musee de Louvre, Paris 1935.
  • J. Lewy, Die Keilschrifttexte aus Kleinasien, Texte und Materialien der Frau, Leipzig 1932.
  • Veenhof 2003 K.R. Veenhof, The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyms Irom Karum Kanish and its Chronological Implications, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayını , Ankara 2003, s. 6-10.
  • K. Veenhof-E. K. Brandt, Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmaler der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Heft XXVI, Altassyriche Tontafeln aus Kültepe Texte und Siegelabrollungen, 1992.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

H. Ali Şahin This is me

Publication Date August 20, 2005
Published in Issue Year 2005

Cite

APA Şahin, H. A. (2005). Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması. BELLETEN, 69(255), 425-466. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.425
AMA Şahin HA. Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması. TTK BELLETEN. August 2005;69(255):425-466. doi:10.37879/belleten.2005.425
Chicago Şahin, H. Ali. “Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması”. BELLETEN 69, no. 255 (August 2005): 425-66. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.425.
EndNote Şahin HA (August 1, 2005) Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması. BELLETEN 69 255 425–466.
IEEE H. A. Şahin, “Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 69, no. 255, pp. 425–466, 2005, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2005.425.
ISNAD Şahin, H. Ali. “Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması”. BELLETEN 69/255 (August 2005), 425-466. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2005.425.
JAMA Şahin HA. Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması. TTK BELLETEN. 2005;69:425–466.
MLA Şahin, H. Ali. “Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması”. BELLETEN, vol. 69, no. 255, 2005, pp. 425-66, doi:10.37879/belleten.2005.425.
Vancouver Şahin HA. Asurlu Tüccarların M.Ö. 2. Bin Yılın İlk Çeyreğinde Anadolu’da Faiz Uygulaması. TTK BELLETEN. 2005;69(255):425-66.