Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Papal Bans and Muslim East during the Middle Ages: East-West Trade in the Light of Notarial Acts (1162-1350)

Year 2019, Volume: 83 Issue: 297, 485 - 518, 01.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.485

Abstract

Despite the fact that the political dynamics between the Muslim East and Christian West during the Middle Ages have attracted attention and undergone thorough investigation in the relevant literature, commercial relations and socioeconomic interactions between Latins and Muslims have stayed a long-neglected subject. Indeed, there is a common misconception among the European historians that Near East trade was under the hegemony of Western maritime powers from the twelfth century onwards. Without doubt, the main reason for the popularity of this traditional belief is the ‘Eurocentric’ and ‘bi-polar’ approach that has dominated the Western historiography for a long period of time. Likewise, another neglected subject is the economic sanctions that were imposed on the Muslim East by the Papacy. There is also a common belief among scholars that the economic sanctions imposed on the Muslim East were successfully implemented by the Papacy. Although a limited number of studies focussing on the economic sanctions imposed on the Muslim East have investigated the diplomatic and ideologic aspects of the subject, they are silent about the trade volume and the activities of Muslim merchants. Addressing this gap in the literature, the current study focuses on the eff ectiveness of the Papal sanctions and trade volume between the East and the West by examining the notarial records of the period. Furthermore, the main aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the commercial activities of Latin merchants in the Muslim East. By doing so, socio-economic interactions between Muslim and Latin merchants will also be under the examination.

References

  • “Actes passés à Famagouste de 1299 à 1301 par-devant le notaire génois Lamberto di Sambuceto”, Archives de l’Orient Latin, (ed.) Desimoni, Cornelio, Paris 1884.
  • Actes des notaires génois de Péra et de Caff a, de la fi n du treizième siècle: (1281-1290), Bucharest: Académie Roumaine, Études et Recherches II, (ed.) Brătianu, Gheorghe, Bucharest 1927.
  • Délibérations des Assemblées Vénitiennes concernant la Romanie (1364-1463), vol. 2, (ed.) Thiriet, Freddy, Paris 1971.
  • Documents inédits sur le commerce de Marseille au moyen âge, 2 vols., (ed.) Blancard, Louis, Marseille 1884–85.
  • Documenti del commercio Veneziano nei secoli XI-XIII, 2 vols., (ed.) della Rocca, Raimondo- Morozzo-Lombardo, Antonino, Torino 1940.
  • Genes et I’outre-mer I: Les actes de Caff a du notaire Lamberto di Sambuceto (1289-1290), (ed.) Michel Balard, Paris-The Hague: Mouton 1973.
  • Gênes et L’Outre-mer: actes notariés de Famagouste et d’autres localités du Proche-Orient (XIVe-XVe s.), Centre de Recherche Scientifi que: Sources et Etudes de L‘Histoire de Chypre, LXXII, (ed.) Balard, Michel, Balletto, Laura ve Schabel, Chris, Nicosia 2013.
  • Les douanes de Gênes, 1376-1377, vol. 1, (ed.) John Day, Paris 1963.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (3 luglio 1300 – 3 agosto 1301), CSFS 31, (ed.) Valeria Polonio, Genoa 1981.
  • Notai Genovesi in Oltremare. Atti Rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (6 luglio-27 ottobre 1301), CSFS 32, (ed.) Romeo Pavoni, Genoa 1982.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (11 ottobre 1296 – 23 giugno 1299), CSFS 39, (ed.) Michel Balard, Genoa 1983.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (Gennaio – Agosto 1301), CSFS 49, (ed.) Romeo Pavoni, Genoa 1987.
  • Notai Genovesi in Oltremare. Atti Rogati a Laiazzo da Federico di Piazzalunga (1274) e Pietro di Bargone (1277, 1279), Collana stroica di fonti e studi, diretta da G. Pistarinoi, 53, (ed.) Laura Balletto, Genova 1989.
  • Pegolotti, F. Balducci, Pratica della Mercatura, (ed.) A. Evans, Cambridge 1936.
  • Makaleler, Kitaplar ve Tezler
  • Abulafi a, David, “The End of Muslim Sicily”, Commerce and Conquest in the Mediterranean 1100-1500, Great Yarmouth 1993, ss. 103-133.
  • Amari, Michele, I diplomi arabi del R. Archivio Fiorentino, Floransa 1863.
  • Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-İlkhanid War: 1260-1281, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995.
  • Angold, Michael, The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context, Harlow, NY: Longman 2003.
  • Ashtor, Eliyahu, “The Venetian Cotton Trade in Syria in the Later Middle Ages”, Studies on the Levantine Trade in the Middle Ages, London 1978, ss. 675-715.
  • ____________, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1989.
  • ____________, “The wheat supply of the Mamluk Kingdom”, East-West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean, London 1986, ss. 283-295.
  • Ayaz, Y. Fatih, Memlük-Kıbrıs İlişkileri: Kıbrıs’ta İlk Türk Hâkimiyeti, TTK Yay., Ankara 2016.
  • Balard, Michel, “Gênes dans l’histoire économique de la mer Noire (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, Bulgaria Pontica Medii Aevi, 2, Sofi a 1988, ss. 86-127.
  • ____________, État et colonisation au Moyen-Âge et à la Renaissance, La Manufacture, Lyon 1989.
  • ____________, “La place de Famagouste génoise dans le royaume des Lusignan (1374-1464)”, (ed.) C. Mutafi an, Les Lusignans et l’Outremer: Actes du Colloque Poitiers- Lusignan, Poitiers 1993, ss. 16-27.
  • Bozkurtoğlu-Özcan, Özge, “Anonymus, Salâhaddin Eyyûbî ile Pisalıların Anlaşması”, Libri, sy. IV, 2018, ss. 235-249.
  • Cahen, Claude, Orient et Occident au temps des Croisades, Aubier 1983.
  • Carr, Mike, “Crossing Boundaries in the Mediterranean: papal trade licences from the Registra supplicationum of Pope Clement VI (1342-52)”, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 41, no. 1, Taylor and Francis, England 2015, ss. 107-129.
  • Chiarelli, Leonard, A History of Muslim Sicily, Malta 2011.
  • Ciociltan, Virgil, The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Brill Publishers, Leiden 2012.
  • Cocci, Alfredo, “Le projet de blocus naval des côtes égyptiennes dans le Liber secretorum Fidelium Crusis (1321c) de Marino Sanudo il Vecchio (1279c-1343)”, La Méditerranée médiévale: perceptions et représentations, (ed.) Hatem Akkari, Paris: 2002, ss. 171-88.
  • Constable, R. Olivia, “Funduq, Fondaco and Khan in the Wake of Christian Commerce and Crusade”, The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, (ed.) Laiou, Angeliki-Mottahedeh, P. Roy, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Washington D. C. 2001.
  • Coureas, Nicolas, “Lusignan Cyprus and Lesser Armenia: 1195-1375”, EKEE, no. XXI, Nicosia 1995, ss. 33-71.
  • ____________, “Controlled Contacts: The Papacy, The Latin Church of Cyprus and Mamluk Egypt, 1250-1350”, Vermeulen, U. ve Steenbergen, V. J. (eds.) Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, no. IV., Leuven 2005, ss. 395-408.
  • Çavuşdere, Serdar, “Ege’de Türk-İtalyan Hububat Ticareti (13.-14. Yüzyıllar)”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 28, sayı. 46, Ankara 2009, ss. 275-303.
  • Der Nersessian, Sirarpie, “The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia”, K. M. Setton (ed.) A History of the Crusades, vol. 2, Philadelphia: 1962, ss. 630-659.
  • Edbury, Peter, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991.
  • Favreau-Lilie, Marie-Luise, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land, vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Chompagne (1008-1197), Amsterdam 1989.
  • Fleet, Kate, European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.
  • Gilchrist, John, “The Papacy and War Againts the ‘Saracens’, 795-1216” , The International History Review, vol. 10, no. 2, Routledge, Philadelphia 1988, ss. 174- 197.
  • Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, London 2014.
  • Heyd, Wilhelm, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge, éd. française réfondue et consideérablement augumentée par l’auteur, publiée sous le partonage de la Socieété de l’Orient latin, (trans.) Furcy Raynaud, 2 vol., Leipzig 1936.
  • Holt, M. Peter, “Mamluk-Frankish Diplomatic Relations in the Reign of Baybars (658-76/1260- 77)”, Nottingham Medieval Studies, vol. 32, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout 1988, ss. 180- 195.
  • ____________, “Mamluk-Frankish Diplomatic Relations in the Reign of Qalāwūn (678- 89/1279-90)”, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 121, no. 2, Cambridge 1989, ss. 278-289.
  • Hope, Michael, Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the İlkhanate of Iran, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016.
  • Humpreys, R., Stephen, “Ayyubids, Mamluks and the Latin East in the Thirteenth Century” Mamluk Studies Review, vol. II, Chicago 1998, s. 1-17.
  • Ibn, al-Ibri, Tā’rīkẖ Mukẖtaṣar al-duwal, (ed.) Salhani, Antoine, Beyrut 1958.
  • İbnü’l-İbri, Ebü’l-Ferec, Târîh-u Muhtasari’d-Düvel, (çev.) M. Şerafettin Yaltkaya, İstanbul: İstanbul Maarif Vekâleti Yayını, 1941/Tıpkıbasım TTK Yay., Ankara 2011.
  • Irwin, Robert, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1382, Southern Illinois University Press, Illinois 1986.
  • Irwin, Robert, “The Rise of the Mamluks”, The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. V., (ed.) David Abulafi a, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, ss. 607-621.
  • Jacoby, David, “The Rise of a New Emporium in the Eastern Mediterranean: Famagusta in the Late Thirteenth Century”, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion, Northampton: Variorum Reprints 1989, ss. 145-179.
  • ____________, “The Supply of War Materials to Egypt in the Crusader Period”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol. 25, Jerusalem 2001, ss. 102-132.
  • ____________, “Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 58, Washington D. C. 2004, ss. 197-240.
  • ____________, “Production et commerce de l’alun oriental en Méditerranée, XIe- XVe siècles’’, Le Alun de Méditerranée, (ed.) P. Borgard, J. Brun ve M. Picon, Naples 2005, ss. 219-67.
  • ____________, Travellers, Merchants and Settlers in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th Centuries [Variorum Reprints], Aldershot 2014.
  • ____________, “The Economy of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia: Some Neglected and Overlooked Aspects”, (ed.) C. Mutafi an, La Méditerranée des Arméniens: XIIe- XVe siècle, Paris 2014, ss. 261-291.
  • ____________, “Refugees from Acre in Famagusta around 1300”, The Harbour of All This Sea and Realm: Crusader to Venetian Famagusta, Central European University Press, Budapest 2014, ss. 53-67.
  • ____________, Medieval Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond, London: Routledge 2017.
  • ____________, “Western Commercial and Colonial Expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea in the Late Middle Ages”, Rapporti Mediterranei, Pratiche Documentarie, Presenze Veneziane: Le Reti Economiche E Culturali (XIV-XVI Secolo), G. Ortalli ve A. Sopracas (eds.)a, Venezia: 2017, ss. 3-49.
  • “Kitāb al-Dja’rafi yya: Mappemonde du calife al-Ma’mūn reproduite par Fazārī (IIIe s.) rééditée et commentée par Zuhrī (VIe/XIIe s.)”, (ed.) Sadok H. Mohammad, Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales, vol. 21, (1968), ss. 7-312.
  • Korobeinikov, Dimitri A., “Diplomatic Correspondence between Byzantium and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Fourteenth Century”, Al-Masāq, vol. 16, no. 1, Taylor and Francis, Abingdon 2004, ss. 53-74.
  • Korykoslu Hayton. Doğu Ülkeleri Tarihinin Altın Çağı, (çev.) Altay T. Özcan, Selenge 2015.
  • Louise, B. Robbert, “Venice and the Crusades”, A History of the Crusades, N. P. Zacour (ed.), vol. V, University osf Wisconsin Press, Madison 1985, ss. 379-451.
  • Mackenzie, Robert, Consuls and Communities: Social Organization and State Control in two Genoese Merchant Colonies. Tunis and Famagusta in the Late Thirteenth Century, Unpublished P.h.D Thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1994.
  • Mansouri, M. Tahar, “Les communautés marchandes occidentales dans L’espace mamlouk (XIIIe— XVe siecle),” Coloniser ou Moyen Age, Michael Balard ve Alain Ducellier (eds.), Paris 1995, ss. 89-114.
  • Mazzaoui, M. Fennell, The Italian Cotton İndustry in the Later Middle Ages 1100-1600, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981.
  • Menache, Sophia, “Papal Attempts at a Commercial Boycott of the Muslims in the Crusader Period”, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. 63, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, ss. 236-59.
  • Metcalf, Alex, The Muslims of Medieval Italy, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2009.
  • Morgan, David, The Mongols, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2007.
  • Nam, Jong-Kuk, Le commerce du coton en Méditerranée à la fi n du Moyen Age, Brill Publishers, Leiden-Boston 2007.
  • Nuovo, Angela, The Book Trade in the Italian Renaissance, Brill Publishers, Leiden 2013.
  • Ortalli, Gerardo, “Venice and Papal Bans on Trade with the Levant: The Role of the Jurist”, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 10, Taylor and Francis, London 1995, ss. 242-58.
  • Otten-Froux, Catherine, “Les relations économiques entre Chypre et le royaume arménien de Cilicie d’après les actes notariés (1270-1320)”, L’Arménie et Byzance: Histoire et culture: Byzantina Sorbonensia 12, Paris 1996, ss. 157-179.
  • Ouerfelli, Mohamed, Le Sucre: Production, commercialisation, et usages dans la Méditerranée medieval, Brill Publishers, Leiden-Boston 2008.
  • Özcan, T. Altay, “XII. ve XIV. Yüzyıllarda Kütahya Şapının Dünya Ticaretindeki Yerine Dair”, Uluslararası Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Tarih, Kültür ve Medeniyeti Sempozyumu III, (Kütahya 2014), TTK Yay., VIII. dizi, sy. 22, Ankara 2017, ss. 81-102.
  • ____________, Moğol-Rus İlişkileri (1223-1341), TTK Yay., Ankara 2017.
  • Özkutlu, Seyit, Medieval Famagusta: Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Dynamics (13th to 15th Centuries), Unpublished P.h.D Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham 2015.
  • Phillips, Jonathan, The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople, New York: Viking 2004.
  • Richard, Jean, “The Mongols and the Franks”, Journal of Asian History, vol. 3, no. 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1969, ss. 45-57.
  • ____________, “Le royaume de Chypre et l’embargo sur le commerce avec l’Egypte (fi n XIIIe-début XIVe siècle)”, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 128, no. 1, Paris 1984, ss. 120-134.
  • Setton, M. Kenneth, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, 4 Vol., American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1976-78.
  • Spuff ord, Peter, Handbook of Medieval Exchange, London 1986.
  • Spuler, Bertold, İran Moğolları: Siyaset, İdare ve Kültür, İlhanlılar Devri (1220-1350), (çev.) Cemal Köprülü, TTK Yay., Ankara 1957.
  • Stantchev, Stefan, Embargo: The Origins of an Idea and the Implications of a Policy in Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 1100- ca. 1500, P.h.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Michigan 2009.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades, Harvard University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts 2006.
  • Yakubovski, Y. A., Altın Ordu’nun Çöküşü, TTK Yay., Ankara 1992.

Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350)

Year 2019, Volume: 83 Issue: 297, 485 - 518, 01.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.485

Abstract

Orta Çağ’da Müslüman Doğu ve Hıristiyan Batı arasındaki siyasi dinamikler akademik merakın yaygın bir konusu olmuş olsa da Latinler ve Müslümanlar arasındaki ticari ilişkiler bugüne kadar pek az tarihçi tarafından incelenmiştir. Batılı tarihçiler arasında, XII. yüzyıldan itibaren Avrupa devletlerinin Yakın Doğu ticaretini kontrol ettiğine dair yanlış bir kanı vardır. Bunun başlıca sebebi, tarihçilerin DoğuBatı ticaretini ‘Avrupa merkezci’ bir yaklaşım ile incelemeleridir. Bu dönemde, Latinler ve Müslümanlar arasındaki ticari ilişkiler konusunun ihmal edilen bir alt başlığı ise Papalığın Müslüman Doğu’ya uygulamak istediği ekonomik yasaklardır. Batılı tarihçiler arasında Papalığın Müslüman Doğu’ya uygulamak istediği ticari ambargoların başarılı olduğu konusunda yaygın bir görüş hâkimdir. Bu alanda yapılmış sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmalar ilişkilerin genellikle diplomatik ve ideolojik yönünü incelerken, söz konusu dönemdeki ticaret hacmi ve Müslüman tüccarların ticari faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi vermemektedir. Bu çalışma, bu tarz ‘Avrupa merkezci’ bir yaklaşımı reddetmekle birlikte, Papalık tarafından ilan edilen ticari yasakların ne derece etkili olduğunu ve Doğu-Batı arasındaki ticaret hacmini Latin noter kayıtları üzerinden incelemektedir. Bununla birlikte, çalışma Latin tüccarların Müslüman topraklarındaki ticari faaliyetleri ve Müslüman tüccarlarla olan sosyo-ekonomik etkileşimlerini de detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir.

References

  • “Actes passés à Famagouste de 1299 à 1301 par-devant le notaire génois Lamberto di Sambuceto”, Archives de l’Orient Latin, (ed.) Desimoni, Cornelio, Paris 1884.
  • Actes des notaires génois de Péra et de Caff a, de la fi n du treizième siècle: (1281-1290), Bucharest: Académie Roumaine, Études et Recherches II, (ed.) Brătianu, Gheorghe, Bucharest 1927.
  • Délibérations des Assemblées Vénitiennes concernant la Romanie (1364-1463), vol. 2, (ed.) Thiriet, Freddy, Paris 1971.
  • Documents inédits sur le commerce de Marseille au moyen âge, 2 vols., (ed.) Blancard, Louis, Marseille 1884–85.
  • Documenti del commercio Veneziano nei secoli XI-XIII, 2 vols., (ed.) della Rocca, Raimondo- Morozzo-Lombardo, Antonino, Torino 1940.
  • Genes et I’outre-mer I: Les actes de Caff a du notaire Lamberto di Sambuceto (1289-1290), (ed.) Michel Balard, Paris-The Hague: Mouton 1973.
  • Gênes et L’Outre-mer: actes notariés de Famagouste et d’autres localités du Proche-Orient (XIVe-XVe s.), Centre de Recherche Scientifi que: Sources et Etudes de L‘Histoire de Chypre, LXXII, (ed.) Balard, Michel, Balletto, Laura ve Schabel, Chris, Nicosia 2013.
  • Les douanes de Gênes, 1376-1377, vol. 1, (ed.) John Day, Paris 1963.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (3 luglio 1300 – 3 agosto 1301), CSFS 31, (ed.) Valeria Polonio, Genoa 1981.
  • Notai Genovesi in Oltremare. Atti Rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (6 luglio-27 ottobre 1301), CSFS 32, (ed.) Romeo Pavoni, Genoa 1982.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (11 ottobre 1296 – 23 giugno 1299), CSFS 39, (ed.) Michel Balard, Genoa 1983.
  • Notai genovesi in Oltremare. Atti rogati a Cipro da Lamberto di Sambuceto (Gennaio – Agosto 1301), CSFS 49, (ed.) Romeo Pavoni, Genoa 1987.
  • Notai Genovesi in Oltremare. Atti Rogati a Laiazzo da Federico di Piazzalunga (1274) e Pietro di Bargone (1277, 1279), Collana stroica di fonti e studi, diretta da G. Pistarinoi, 53, (ed.) Laura Balletto, Genova 1989.
  • Pegolotti, F. Balducci, Pratica della Mercatura, (ed.) A. Evans, Cambridge 1936.
  • Makaleler, Kitaplar ve Tezler
  • Abulafi a, David, “The End of Muslim Sicily”, Commerce and Conquest in the Mediterranean 1100-1500, Great Yarmouth 1993, ss. 103-133.
  • Amari, Michele, I diplomi arabi del R. Archivio Fiorentino, Floransa 1863.
  • Amitai-Preiss, Reuven, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-İlkhanid War: 1260-1281, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1995.
  • Angold, Michael, The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context, Harlow, NY: Longman 2003.
  • Ashtor, Eliyahu, “The Venetian Cotton Trade in Syria in the Later Middle Ages”, Studies on the Levantine Trade in the Middle Ages, London 1978, ss. 675-715.
  • ____________, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1989.
  • ____________, “The wheat supply of the Mamluk Kingdom”, East-West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean, London 1986, ss. 283-295.
  • Ayaz, Y. Fatih, Memlük-Kıbrıs İlişkileri: Kıbrıs’ta İlk Türk Hâkimiyeti, TTK Yay., Ankara 2016.
  • Balard, Michel, “Gênes dans l’histoire économique de la mer Noire (XIIIe-XVe siècles)”, Bulgaria Pontica Medii Aevi, 2, Sofi a 1988, ss. 86-127.
  • ____________, État et colonisation au Moyen-Âge et à la Renaissance, La Manufacture, Lyon 1989.
  • ____________, “La place de Famagouste génoise dans le royaume des Lusignan (1374-1464)”, (ed.) C. Mutafi an, Les Lusignans et l’Outremer: Actes du Colloque Poitiers- Lusignan, Poitiers 1993, ss. 16-27.
  • Bozkurtoğlu-Özcan, Özge, “Anonymus, Salâhaddin Eyyûbî ile Pisalıların Anlaşması”, Libri, sy. IV, 2018, ss. 235-249.
  • Cahen, Claude, Orient et Occident au temps des Croisades, Aubier 1983.
  • Carr, Mike, “Crossing Boundaries in the Mediterranean: papal trade licences from the Registra supplicationum of Pope Clement VI (1342-52)”, Journal of Medieval History, vol. 41, no. 1, Taylor and Francis, England 2015, ss. 107-129.
  • Chiarelli, Leonard, A History of Muslim Sicily, Malta 2011.
  • Ciociltan, Virgil, The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, Brill Publishers, Leiden 2012.
  • Cocci, Alfredo, “Le projet de blocus naval des côtes égyptiennes dans le Liber secretorum Fidelium Crusis (1321c) de Marino Sanudo il Vecchio (1279c-1343)”, La Méditerranée médiévale: perceptions et représentations, (ed.) Hatem Akkari, Paris: 2002, ss. 171-88.
  • Constable, R. Olivia, “Funduq, Fondaco and Khan in the Wake of Christian Commerce and Crusade”, The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, (ed.) Laiou, Angeliki-Mottahedeh, P. Roy, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Washington D. C. 2001.
  • Coureas, Nicolas, “Lusignan Cyprus and Lesser Armenia: 1195-1375”, EKEE, no. XXI, Nicosia 1995, ss. 33-71.
  • ____________, “Controlled Contacts: The Papacy, The Latin Church of Cyprus and Mamluk Egypt, 1250-1350”, Vermeulen, U. ve Steenbergen, V. J. (eds.) Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras, no. IV., Leuven 2005, ss. 395-408.
  • Çavuşdere, Serdar, “Ege’de Türk-İtalyan Hububat Ticareti (13.-14. Yüzyıllar)”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 28, sayı. 46, Ankara 2009, ss. 275-303.
  • Der Nersessian, Sirarpie, “The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia”, K. M. Setton (ed.) A History of the Crusades, vol. 2, Philadelphia: 1962, ss. 630-659.
  • Edbury, Peter, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991.
  • Favreau-Lilie, Marie-Luise, Die Italiener im Heiligen Land, vom ersten Kreuzzug bis zum Tode Heinrichs von Chompagne (1008-1197), Amsterdam 1989.
  • Fleet, Kate, European and Islamic Trade in the Early Ottoman State: The Merchants of Genoa and Turkey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999.
  • Gilchrist, John, “The Papacy and War Againts the ‘Saracens’, 795-1216” , The International History Review, vol. 10, no. 2, Routledge, Philadelphia 1988, ss. 174- 197.
  • Harris, Jonathan, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, London 2014.
  • Heyd, Wilhelm, Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge, éd. française réfondue et consideérablement augumentée par l’auteur, publiée sous le partonage de la Socieété de l’Orient latin, (trans.) Furcy Raynaud, 2 vol., Leipzig 1936.
  • Holt, M. Peter, “Mamluk-Frankish Diplomatic Relations in the Reign of Baybars (658-76/1260- 77)”, Nottingham Medieval Studies, vol. 32, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout 1988, ss. 180- 195.
  • ____________, “Mamluk-Frankish Diplomatic Relations in the Reign of Qalāwūn (678- 89/1279-90)”, Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 121, no. 2, Cambridge 1989, ss. 278-289.
  • Hope, Michael, Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the İlkhanate of Iran, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016.
  • Humpreys, R., Stephen, “Ayyubids, Mamluks and the Latin East in the Thirteenth Century” Mamluk Studies Review, vol. II, Chicago 1998, s. 1-17.
  • Ibn, al-Ibri, Tā’rīkẖ Mukẖtaṣar al-duwal, (ed.) Salhani, Antoine, Beyrut 1958.
  • İbnü’l-İbri, Ebü’l-Ferec, Târîh-u Muhtasari’d-Düvel, (çev.) M. Şerafettin Yaltkaya, İstanbul: İstanbul Maarif Vekâleti Yayını, 1941/Tıpkıbasım TTK Yay., Ankara 2011.
  • Irwin, Robert, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1382, Southern Illinois University Press, Illinois 1986.
  • Irwin, Robert, “The Rise of the Mamluks”, The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. V., (ed.) David Abulafi a, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, ss. 607-621.
  • Jacoby, David, “The Rise of a New Emporium in the Eastern Mediterranean: Famagusta in the Late Thirteenth Century”, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion, Northampton: Variorum Reprints 1989, ss. 145-179.
  • ____________, “The Supply of War Materials to Egypt in the Crusader Period”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, vol. 25, Jerusalem 2001, ss. 102-132.
  • ____________, “Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 58, Washington D. C. 2004, ss. 197-240.
  • ____________, “Production et commerce de l’alun oriental en Méditerranée, XIe- XVe siècles’’, Le Alun de Méditerranée, (ed.) P. Borgard, J. Brun ve M. Picon, Naples 2005, ss. 219-67.
  • ____________, Travellers, Merchants and Settlers in the Eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th Centuries [Variorum Reprints], Aldershot 2014.
  • ____________, “The Economy of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia: Some Neglected and Overlooked Aspects”, (ed.) C. Mutafi an, La Méditerranée des Arméniens: XIIe- XVe siècle, Paris 2014, ss. 261-291.
  • ____________, “Refugees from Acre in Famagusta around 1300”, The Harbour of All This Sea and Realm: Crusader to Venetian Famagusta, Central European University Press, Budapest 2014, ss. 53-67.
  • ____________, Medieval Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond, London: Routledge 2017.
  • ____________, “Western Commercial and Colonial Expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea in the Late Middle Ages”, Rapporti Mediterranei, Pratiche Documentarie, Presenze Veneziane: Le Reti Economiche E Culturali (XIV-XVI Secolo), G. Ortalli ve A. Sopracas (eds.)a, Venezia: 2017, ss. 3-49.
  • “Kitāb al-Dja’rafi yya: Mappemonde du calife al-Ma’mūn reproduite par Fazārī (IIIe s.) rééditée et commentée par Zuhrī (VIe/XIIe s.)”, (ed.) Sadok H. Mohammad, Bulletin d’Etudes Orientales, vol. 21, (1968), ss. 7-312.
  • Korobeinikov, Dimitri A., “Diplomatic Correspondence between Byzantium and the Mamluk Sultanate in the Fourteenth Century”, Al-Masāq, vol. 16, no. 1, Taylor and Francis, Abingdon 2004, ss. 53-74.
  • Korykoslu Hayton. Doğu Ülkeleri Tarihinin Altın Çağı, (çev.) Altay T. Özcan, Selenge 2015.
  • Louise, B. Robbert, “Venice and the Crusades”, A History of the Crusades, N. P. Zacour (ed.), vol. V, University osf Wisconsin Press, Madison 1985, ss. 379-451.
  • Mackenzie, Robert, Consuls and Communities: Social Organization and State Control in two Genoese Merchant Colonies. Tunis and Famagusta in the Late Thirteenth Century, Unpublished P.h.D Thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1994.
  • Mansouri, M. Tahar, “Les communautés marchandes occidentales dans L’espace mamlouk (XIIIe— XVe siecle),” Coloniser ou Moyen Age, Michael Balard ve Alain Ducellier (eds.), Paris 1995, ss. 89-114.
  • Mazzaoui, M. Fennell, The Italian Cotton İndustry in the Later Middle Ages 1100-1600, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1981.
  • Menache, Sophia, “Papal Attempts at a Commercial Boycott of the Muslims in the Crusader Period”, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. 63, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, ss. 236-59.
  • Metcalf, Alex, The Muslims of Medieval Italy, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2009.
  • Morgan, David, The Mongols, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford 2007.
  • Nam, Jong-Kuk, Le commerce du coton en Méditerranée à la fi n du Moyen Age, Brill Publishers, Leiden-Boston 2007.
  • Nuovo, Angela, The Book Trade in the Italian Renaissance, Brill Publishers, Leiden 2013.
  • Ortalli, Gerardo, “Venice and Papal Bans on Trade with the Levant: The Role of the Jurist”, Mediterranean Historical Review, vol. 10, Taylor and Francis, London 1995, ss. 242-58.
  • Otten-Froux, Catherine, “Les relations économiques entre Chypre et le royaume arménien de Cilicie d’après les actes notariés (1270-1320)”, L’Arménie et Byzance: Histoire et culture: Byzantina Sorbonensia 12, Paris 1996, ss. 157-179.
  • Ouerfelli, Mohamed, Le Sucre: Production, commercialisation, et usages dans la Méditerranée medieval, Brill Publishers, Leiden-Boston 2008.
  • Özcan, T. Altay, “XII. ve XIV. Yüzyıllarda Kütahya Şapının Dünya Ticaretindeki Yerine Dair”, Uluslararası Batı Anadolu Beylikleri Tarih, Kültür ve Medeniyeti Sempozyumu III, (Kütahya 2014), TTK Yay., VIII. dizi, sy. 22, Ankara 2017, ss. 81-102.
  • ____________, Moğol-Rus İlişkileri (1223-1341), TTK Yay., Ankara 2017.
  • Özkutlu, Seyit, Medieval Famagusta: Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Dynamics (13th to 15th Centuries), Unpublished P.h.D Thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham 2015.
  • Phillips, Jonathan, The Fourth Crusade and the sack of Constantinople, New York: Viking 2004.
  • Richard, Jean, “The Mongols and the Franks”, Journal of Asian History, vol. 3, no. 1, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1969, ss. 45-57.
  • ____________, “Le royaume de Chypre et l’embargo sur le commerce avec l’Egypte (fi n XIIIe-début XIVe siècle)”, Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, vol. 128, no. 1, Paris 1984, ss. 120-134.
  • Setton, M. Kenneth, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, 4 Vol., American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1976-78.
  • Spuff ord, Peter, Handbook of Medieval Exchange, London 1986.
  • Spuler, Bertold, İran Moğolları: Siyaset, İdare ve Kültür, İlhanlılar Devri (1220-1350), (çev.) Cemal Köprülü, TTK Yay., Ankara 1957.
  • Stantchev, Stefan, Embargo: The Origins of an Idea and the Implications of a Policy in Europe and the Mediterranean, ca. 1100- ca. 1500, P.h.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Michigan 2009.
  • Tyerman, Christopher, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades, Harvard University Press, Cambridge-Massachusetts 2006.
  • Yakubovski, Y. A., Altın Ordu’nun Çöküşü, TTK Yay., Ankara 1992.
There are 87 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Seyit Özkutlu

Publication Date August 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 83 Issue: 297

Cite

APA Özkutlu, S. (2019). Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350). BELLETEN, 83(297), 485-518. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.485
AMA Özkutlu S. Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350). TTK BELLETEN. August 2019;83(297):485-518. doi:10.37879/belleten.2019.485
Chicago Özkutlu, Seyit. “Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları Ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350)”. BELLETEN 83, no. 297 (August 2019): 485-518. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.485.
EndNote Özkutlu S (August 1, 2019) Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350). BELLETEN 83 297 485–518.
IEEE S. Özkutlu, “Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350)”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 83, no. 297, pp. 485–518, 2019, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2019.485.
ISNAD Özkutlu, Seyit. “Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları Ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350)”. BELLETEN 83/297 (August 2019), 485-518. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2019.485.
JAMA Özkutlu S. Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350). TTK BELLETEN. 2019;83:485–518.
MLA Özkutlu, Seyit. “Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları Ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350)”. BELLETEN, vol. 83, no. 297, 2019, pp. 485-18, doi:10.37879/belleten.2019.485.
Vancouver Özkutlu S. Orta Çağ’da Papalık Yasakları ve Müslüman Doğu: Latin Noter Kayıtları Işığında Doğu-Batı Ticareti (1162-1350). TTK BELLETEN. 2019;83(297):485-518.