Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci

Year 2016, Volume: 80 Issue: 289, 701 - 718, 01.12.2016

Nurgül Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.701

Abstract

Patina, M.Ö. I. Binyıl başlarından M.Ö. 745 yılına kadar Yeni Asurca tabletlerde, günümüz Amik Ovası’nı da içine alan Antakya ve yakın çevresini tanımlamada kullanılmıştır. Yine aynı belgelerde bu ülkenin başkenti Kunulua/ Kullania olarak belirtilmiş ve genellikle Amanos Dağları ile birlikte kaydedilmiştir. Patina, Arami nüfusun yönetimi ele geçirmesiyle birlikte, M.Ö. 745’den M.Ö. 738 yılına kadar Yeni Asurca belgelerde Unqi olarak adlandırılmıştır. Unqi Krallığı ise, M.Ö. 738’de Asur İmparatorluğu tarafından tamamen ele geçirilmiştir. Patina/ Unqi Krallığı’nın Asur İmparatorluğu için önemi, karayolu ile Mezopotamya’yı Anadolu’ya bağlaması ve deniz yoluyla Akadeniz’e ulaşımı sağlaması ile, bir tür kavşak konumunda olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu stratejik öneme ek olarak, sahip olduğu coğrafî çeşitlilik ve zengin hammadde kaynakları da Patina/Unqi’yi Eskiçağ ticareti ve buna bağlı gelişen kültürel çeşitliliğin önemli bir temsilcisi haline getirmiştir. Yeni Asur kralları bu önemli merkeze düzenledikleri seferleri, yaşattıkları savaşları ve göçleri yıllıklarında ve yazıtlı stellerinde kayıt altına almışlardır. Bu kayıtlar Patina/Unqi Ülkesi’nin M.Ö. I. Binyıl başlarındaki tarihini ve coğrafyasını aydınlatmada en güvenilir kanıtları sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Yeni Asur Devri Antakya Orontes Patin Unqi Atalur-Lallar Alimuš

References

  • Alkım, Bahadır, “The Road From Sam’al to Asitawandawa”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, II/1-2, (1965), s. 1-45.
  • Barjamoviç, Gojko, A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period, The Carsten Niebuhr of Near Eastern Studies, Copenhagen 2011.
  • Bryce, Trevor, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Taylor and Francis e-Library, New York 2009.
  • Donbaz, Veysel, “Two Neo-Assyrian Stelae in the Antakya and Kahramanmaraş Museums”, Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Project-ARRIM 8, (1990), s. 5-20.
  • Fales, Frederick Mario, “Rivers in Neo-Assyrian Geography”, University of Udi- ne, in M.Liverani (ed.)The Neo-Assyrian GeographyRoma (1995), s. 210-217.
  • __________, “Prices in Neo-Assyrian Sources”, State Archives of Assyrian Bulletin, VolumeX/I, (2003), s. 14-23.
  • Grayson, Kirk,The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods/ Volume 2, To- ronto 1991.
  • Günbattı, Cahit, Kültepe’den Akadlı Sargon’a Ait Bir Tablet” Archivum Anatolicum 3, Ankara (1997), s. 131-155.
  • __________, “Anadolu’nun Politik Manzarası”, Arkeo-Atlas.No: 1 İstanbul (2011), s. 252-254.
  • Haines, Richard, Excavations in The Plain of Antioch II: Structural Remains of the Later Phases Çatal Hüyük, Tell al Judaidah and Tell Tayinat, The Oriental Institute of Publicati- on, Chicago 1971.
  • Harrison, Timothy P., “Tell Ta’yinat and The Kingdom of Unqi”, The World of TheArameans II (2001), s. 115-132.
  • __________, Tayinat Höyüğü Arkeoloji Projesi 32, (Çev. Hatice Pamir), Hatay (2010), 36-37.
  • __________, “Temples, Tablets and The Neo-Assyrian Provincial Capital of Ki- nalia”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 6, (2011), s. 29-37.
  • __________, “Recent Discoveries at Tell Tayinat (Ancient Kunulua/Calno) and Their Biblical Implications”, Congress Volume Munich-Brill (2013), s. 396-425
  • __________, “Bir Hitit Kralı Suppiluliuma”, Aktüel Arkeoloji 29, (2012).
  • Hawkins, J. David, “Hattin”, RIA 4, Berlin (1974), s. 160-162.
  • __________, “Jahan” RIA 5, Berlin (1976), s. 238-239.
  • __________, “The Political Geography of North Syriaand South-East Anato- lia in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, in M.Liverani (ed.)The Neo-Assyrian Geography, Roma (1995), s. 87-101.
  • __________, Corpus of Hiyeroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions; Vol. 1, Berlin 2000.
  • __________, “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, The Middle East, The Cambridge Ancient History III Part II, 2003, s. 410-411.
  • Ikeda, Yutaka, “RoyalCitiesandFortifiedCities”,Iraq41(1979), s.75-76.
  • Khurt, Amelie, Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330), Türkiye İş Bankası yayın- ları, İstanbul 2009.
  • Kurt, Mehmet, “M.Ö. I. Bin Yıl Asur-Anadolu İlişkilerinde Kilikya Bölgesi”, Belleten, Cilt LXX, Sayı 257, TTK. Ankara (2006), s. 3-11.
  • Kulakoğlu, Fikri, “Kültepe Kaniş Karumu: Anadolu’nun En Eski Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe-Kaniš Karumu, K.B.Ş.B. Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul (2011), 40-51.
  • Lauinger, Jacop, “Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty at Tell Tayinat: Text and Commentary”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies-64, (2012) s. 88-122.
  • Lauinger, Jacop- Batiuk Stephan, “A Stele of II. Sargon at Tell Tayinat”, Zeitsc- hrift für Assyrologie, 105(1), (2015), s. 54-68.
  • Lemaire, André, “Rechreches De Topographie Historique Sur Le Pays De Qué”, Anatolia Antiqua I, (1991), s. 270.
  • Lipínski, Edward, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion, Orientalia Analecta, 100; Leuven, Peeters 2000.
  • Na’aman, Nadav, “Two Notes on the Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser III. From Kurkh”, Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Aechaeology, Vol.3-No.3- Tel Aviv (1976), s. 89-107.
  • __________, “Aribua and Patina-Hamath Border”, Orientalia Vol.71.( 2000), s. 291-295.
  • Olmstead, Albert T.,“Shalmaneser III and the establishment of the Assyrian Po- wer”, JAOS 41,( 1921), s. 354-382.
  • Pamir, Hatice, “Alalakh’dan Antiochei’ya Hatay’da Kentleşme Süreci”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 6-Sayı 1, Hatay (2009), s. 258-288.
  • Parker, Bradley, The Mechanics of Empire. The Northern Frontier of Assyria as A case Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki 2001.
  • Parpola, Simo - Porter, M., The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo- Assyrian Period, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki 2001.
  • __________, “Neo-Assyrian Treaties From Royal Archives of Nineveh”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 39-no. 2, (1987), s. 183-197.
  • __________, “The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III from Calah/Nim- rud”, State Archives of Assyria, Vol. XIX, Nederlands (2012), s. 35-50.
  • Payne, Annic, Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts, Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis 2, Wiesbaden 2010.
  • Poter, Benjamin, Complex Communities: The Archaeology of Early Iron Age-Before Baghdad Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia- Peabody Museum, Arizona Press, 2013.
  • Postgate, Nicholas, Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, British Institute Archeology at Ankara, England 1976.
  • Radner, Karen, Die Macht des Namens Altorientalische Strategien zur Selbsterhaltung,Santag 8, Weisbaden 2005.
  • Saggs, Frederick , “The Nimrud Letters”, Iraq 17 Part I, (1955), s. 21-50.
  • Sidney, Smith, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum from Shalmaneser III to Sennac- herib, London 1938.
  • Yamada, Shigeo, The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesser III (859-824 BC) Culture&History of the Ancient Near East, Netherlands 2000.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül, “Yeni Asurca Belgelerde Geçen Amēdi Şehri”, Ankara Üniversite- si, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 52, Sayı 2, Ankara (2012), s. 93-110.
  • Yiğit, Turgut, “Tabal”, Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:3-4.Ankara (2000), s. 176-189.
  • Wiseman, D.John, “The New Stele of Assurnasirpal II”, Iraq 14, London (1952), s. 24-44.
  • __________, “The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon”, Iraq 20, no. 1, London (1958), s. 1-99.
  • ARAB II: Luckenbill Daniel David, Ancient Royal Inscriptions of Assyrian and Babylonian, University of Chicago Press, 1927.
  • CAD: The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago 1956vd.
  • RIMA II: Grayson Kirk, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Pe- riods/ Volume 2 (1114-859 BC-Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I), Toronto 1991.
  • RIMA III: Grayson Kirk, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC), Toronto 1996.
  • Ann. : Rost Paul, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III (Annuals) I-II, Leipzig 1893.

According to Cuneiform Documents Historical Process of Antakya and Amik Plain from Patina Kingdom to Unqi Kingdom

Year 2016, Volume: 80 Issue: 289, 701 - 718, 01.12.2016

Nurgül Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.701

Abstract

Patina has been used to define the Antakya and its near environment that encloses the Amik plain today in the Neo-Assyrian tablets from the beginning of the BC I. to BC 745. In the same documents, the capital of the city has been defined as Kunulua/Kullania and generally recorded with Amanos Mountains. Patina was called as Unqi in the Neo-Assyrian documents from BC 745 to BC 738 upon Arami to seize the power. Unqi Kingdom was completely seized by the Assyrian Empire in BC 738. The importance of Patina/Unqi Kingdom for Assyrian Empire is to connect the Mesopotamia to Anatolia through land route and provide access to Mediterranean with seaway and is kind of a junction. In addition to this strategic importance, geographic diversity and rich raw material resources make the Patina/ Unqi an important representative of the ancient period trade and cultural diversity that had developed dependently. Neo-Assyrian kings recorded their expeditions to this important center and the wars and exodus that they initiated in their annuals and stela inscriptions. These records provide the most reliable evidences to set light on the history and geography of the Patina/Unqi Country in the beginning of the BC I.

Keywords

Neo-Assyrian Period Antakya Orontes Patin Unqi AtalurLallar Alimuš

References

  • Alkım, Bahadır, “The Road From Sam’al to Asitawandawa”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, II/1-2, (1965), s. 1-45.
  • Barjamoviç, Gojko, A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period, The Carsten Niebuhr of Near Eastern Studies, Copenhagen 2011.
  • Bryce, Trevor, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia, Taylor and Francis e-Library, New York 2009.
  • Donbaz, Veysel, “Two Neo-Assyrian Stelae in the Antakya and Kahramanmaraş Museums”, Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Project-ARRIM 8, (1990), s. 5-20.
  • Fales, Frederick Mario, “Rivers in Neo-Assyrian Geography”, University of Udi- ne, in M.Liverani (ed.)The Neo-Assyrian GeographyRoma (1995), s. 210-217.
  • __________, “Prices in Neo-Assyrian Sources”, State Archives of Assyrian Bulletin, VolumeX/I, (2003), s. 14-23.
  • Grayson, Kirk,The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Periods/ Volume 2, To- ronto 1991.
  • Günbattı, Cahit, Kültepe’den Akadlı Sargon’a Ait Bir Tablet” Archivum Anatolicum 3, Ankara (1997), s. 131-155.
  • __________, “Anadolu’nun Politik Manzarası”, Arkeo-Atlas.No: 1 İstanbul (2011), s. 252-254.
  • Haines, Richard, Excavations in The Plain of Antioch II: Structural Remains of the Later Phases Çatal Hüyük, Tell al Judaidah and Tell Tayinat, The Oriental Institute of Publicati- on, Chicago 1971.
  • Harrison, Timothy P., “Tell Ta’yinat and The Kingdom of Unqi”, The World of TheArameans II (2001), s. 115-132.
  • __________, Tayinat Höyüğü Arkeoloji Projesi 32, (Çev. Hatice Pamir), Hatay (2010), 36-37.
  • __________, “Temples, Tablets and The Neo-Assyrian Provincial Capital of Ki- nalia”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 6, (2011), s. 29-37.
  • __________, “Recent Discoveries at Tell Tayinat (Ancient Kunulua/Calno) and Their Biblical Implications”, Congress Volume Munich-Brill (2013), s. 396-425
  • __________, “Bir Hitit Kralı Suppiluliuma”, Aktüel Arkeoloji 29, (2012).
  • Hawkins, J. David, “Hattin”, RIA 4, Berlin (1974), s. 160-162.
  • __________, “Jahan” RIA 5, Berlin (1976), s. 238-239.
  • __________, “The Political Geography of North Syriaand South-East Anato- lia in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, in M.Liverani (ed.)The Neo-Assyrian Geography, Roma (1995), s. 87-101.
  • __________, Corpus of Hiyeroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions; Vol. 1, Berlin 2000.
  • __________, “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, The Middle East, The Cambridge Ancient History III Part II, 2003, s. 410-411.
  • Ikeda, Yutaka, “RoyalCitiesandFortifiedCities”,Iraq41(1979), s.75-76.
  • Khurt, Amelie, Eski Çağ’da Yakındoğu (M.Ö. 3000-330), Türkiye İş Bankası yayın- ları, İstanbul 2009.
  • Kurt, Mehmet, “M.Ö. I. Bin Yıl Asur-Anadolu İlişkilerinde Kilikya Bölgesi”, Belleten, Cilt LXX, Sayı 257, TTK. Ankara (2006), s. 3-11.
  • Kulakoğlu, Fikri, “Kültepe Kaniş Karumu: Anadolu’nun En Eski Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi”, Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe-Kaniš Karumu, K.B.Ş.B. Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul (2011), 40-51.
  • Lauinger, Jacop, “Esarhaddon’s Succession Treaty at Tell Tayinat: Text and Commentary”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies-64, (2012) s. 88-122.
  • Lauinger, Jacop- Batiuk Stephan, “A Stele of II. Sargon at Tell Tayinat”, Zeitsc- hrift für Assyrologie, 105(1), (2015), s. 54-68.
  • Lemaire, André, “Rechreches De Topographie Historique Sur Le Pays De Qué”, Anatolia Antiqua I, (1991), s. 270.
  • Lipínski, Edward, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion, Orientalia Analecta, 100; Leuven, Peeters 2000.
  • Na’aman, Nadav, “Two Notes on the Monolith Inscription of Shalmaneser III. From Kurkh”, Journal of the Tel Aviv University Institute of Aechaeology, Vol.3-No.3- Tel Aviv (1976), s. 89-107.
  • __________, “Aribua and Patina-Hamath Border”, Orientalia Vol.71.( 2000), s. 291-295.
  • Olmstead, Albert T.,“Shalmaneser III and the establishment of the Assyrian Po- wer”, JAOS 41,( 1921), s. 354-382.
  • Pamir, Hatice, “Alalakh’dan Antiochei’ya Hatay’da Kentleşme Süreci”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol. 6-Sayı 1, Hatay (2009), s. 258-288.
  • Parker, Bradley, The Mechanics of Empire. The Northern Frontier of Assyria as A case Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki 2001.
  • Parpola, Simo - Porter, M., The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo- Assyrian Period, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki 2001.
  • __________, “Neo-Assyrian Treaties From Royal Archives of Nineveh”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 39-no. 2, (1987), s. 183-197.
  • __________, “The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III from Calah/Nim- rud”, State Archives of Assyria, Vol. XIX, Nederlands (2012), s. 35-50.
  • Payne, Annic, Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts, Subsidia et Instrumenta Linguarum Orientis 2, Wiesbaden 2010.
  • Poter, Benjamin, Complex Communities: The Archaeology of Early Iron Age-Before Baghdad Cities of Ancient Mesopotamia- Peabody Museum, Arizona Press, 2013.
  • Postgate, Nicholas, Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, British Institute Archeology at Ankara, England 1976.
  • Radner, Karen, Die Macht des Namens Altorientalische Strategien zur Selbsterhaltung,Santag 8, Weisbaden 2005.
  • Saggs, Frederick , “The Nimrud Letters”, Iraq 17 Part I, (1955), s. 21-50.
  • Sidney, Smith, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum from Shalmaneser III to Sennac- herib, London 1938.
  • Yamada, Shigeo, The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesser III (859-824 BC) Culture&History of the Ancient Near East, Netherlands 2000.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül, “Yeni Asurca Belgelerde Geçen Amēdi Şehri”, Ankara Üniversite- si, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 52, Sayı 2, Ankara (2012), s. 93-110.
  • Yiğit, Turgut, “Tabal”, Ankara Üniversitesi, Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:3-4.Ankara (2000), s. 176-189.
  • Wiseman, D.John, “The New Stele of Assurnasirpal II”, Iraq 14, London (1952), s. 24-44.
  • __________, “The Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon”, Iraq 20, no. 1, London (1958), s. 1-99.
  • ARAB II: Luckenbill Daniel David, Ancient Royal Inscriptions of Assyrian and Babylonian, University of Chicago Press, 1927.
  • CAD: The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago 1956vd.
  • RIMA II: Grayson Kirk, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia Assyrian Pe- riods/ Volume 2 (1114-859 BC-Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I), Toronto 1991.
  • RIMA III: Grayson Kirk, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC II (858-745 BC), Toronto 1996.
  • Ann. : Rost Paul, Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglat-Pilesers III (Annuals) I-II, Leipzig 1893.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Nurgül Yıldırım This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 80 Issue: 289

Cite

APA Yıldırım, N. (2016). Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci. BELLETEN, 80(289), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.701
AMA Yıldırım N. Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci. TTK BELLETEN. December 2016;80(289):701-718. doi:10.37879/belleten.2016.701
Chicago Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya Ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”. BELLETEN 80, no. 289 (December 2016): 701-18. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.701.
EndNote Yıldırım N (December 1, 2016) Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci. BELLETEN 80 289 701–718.
IEEE N. Yıldırım, “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 80, no. 289, pp. 701–718, 2016, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2016.701.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya Ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”. BELLETEN 80/289 (December 2016), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2016.701.
JAMA Yıldırım N. Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci. TTK BELLETEN. 2016;80:701–718.
MLA Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya Ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”. BELLETEN, vol. 80, no. 289, 2016, pp. 701-18, doi:10.37879/belleten.2016.701.
Vancouver Yıldırım N. Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci. TTK BELLETEN. 2016;80(289):701-18.

Belleten is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).