Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War

Year 2015, Volume: 79 Issue: 285, 739 - 760, 01.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739

Abstract

Supply of military weapons, equipment, spare parts and ammunition had always been of a crucial importance for the Ottoman Empire. This issue came to be a part of an international diplomacy from 19th century onwards when the Ottoman governments were forced into a position to choose allies from European Powers who were in rivalry in providing military materials. Many companies from France, England and Germany competed with each other in order to have the greatest share from the military supplies market in the Ottoman Empire. Such German companies as Krupp, and Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik in Düsseldorf; French company Sxneider/Le Creusot; and British Armstrong/Vickers Company were among them. However, German weapon companies stood out in meeting the needs of the Ottoman military. In the reign of Abdulhamid II, the German company of Krupp came forward in selling artillery weapons in particular after the 1880’s, and turned out to be the dominant power in the end of the century, while the other German companies dealt in the various other military materials such as rifles, ammunitions, spare parts, wagons, factory workbenches. Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi (General Supplies Department) which functioned as attached to the Harbiye Nezareti (Ministry of War) during the early years of the 20th century was in charge of the supply and distribution of primary materials which were necessary for the provisioning of the army. This department was not only involved in the provisioning and equipment of the army during the WWI, but played an important role in procuring the technical equipment for the setting up and development of military factories as well as establishing connections and cooperation with Germany to this end, through its branches. It is possible to reach many correspondences about these cases in ATESE Archives which is attached to the General Staff. This study aims to provide some examples concerning the activities of the above-mentioned department and military factories and procuring the wartime equipment in particular, based on the primary sources.

References

  • Beşirli, Mehmet, ‘Birinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesinde Türk Ordusunun Top Mühimmatı Alımında Pazar Mücadelesi: Alman Friedrich Krupp Firması ve Rakipleri (Struggle for the Market of Turkish Army’s Purchase of Cannon Ammunitions during the Pre-WWI Period: German Friedrich Krupp Company and Its Rivals)’, Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Merkezi Dergisi, no. 15, Konya: Spring 2004, pp. 169-203.
  • __________, ‘II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Osmanlı Ordusunda Alman Silahları (German Weapons in the Ottoman Army in the Reign of Abdulhamid II)’, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 16, Year 2004/1, pp. 121-139.
  • Beydilli, Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishane, Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi 1776-1826, Eren, İstanbul, 1995.
  • Durgun, Bülent, ‘Alman Islah Heyetleri ve Bischoff ’un Balkan Harbinde Osmanlı Ordusu’nun Ulaştırması Hakkında Değerlendirmeleri (The German Military Missions in Turkey and Evaluations of the Inspector Bischoff on the Transportation Issues in the Ottoman Army’, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi / Journal of Turkish World Studies, XII/2 (Winter 2012), pp.101-120.
  • Fuhrman, Malte, ‘Visions of Germany in Turkey: Legitimizing German Imperialist Penetrations of the Ottoman Empire’, Free University, Berlin, (undated), pp. 1-20.
  • Illich, Niles Stefan, ‘German Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire: A Comparative Study’, PhD. Dissertation in History, Texas A&M University, 2007.
  • İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin, “Ottoman Science in the Classical Period and Early Contacts with European Science and Technology”, Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, IRCICA, İstanbul, 1992, s. 1-49.
  • Mete, Ali Serdar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğundan Türkiye Cumhuriyetine Türk Ordusunda Mavzer Tüfekleri (Mauser Rifles in the Turkish Army from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic), MA Thesis at the Institute of Ataturk’s Principles and History of Turkish Renovation, Yeditepe University, 2012.
  • Ortaylı, İlber, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu (German Influence in the Ottoman Empire), Timaş, İstanbul, 2012.
  • Öncü, Edip, ‘The Beginnings of Ottoman-German Partnership: Diplomatic and Military Relations Between Germany and the Ottoman Empire Before the First World War’, MA Thesis in History, Bilken University, Ankara, 2003.
  • Shaw, Stanford, Between Old and New, Ottoman Empire under Selim III (1789-1807), (CambridgeMassachusetts, 1971).
  • Türk, Fahri, Türkiye ile Almanya Arasındaki Silah Ticareti 1871-1914 (Weapons Trade between Turkey and Germany 1871-1914), IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 2012.
  • Wallach, Jehuda L., Bir Askeri Yardımın Anatomisi: Türkiye’de Prusya-Alman Askeri Heyetleri 1835-1919 (An Anatomy of an Aid: Prussian-German Military Committees 1835-1919), Translated by Fahri Çeliker, Genelkurmay Basımevi, 2nd Issue, Ankara, 1985.
  • Yılmaz, Veli, 1’inci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk-Alman İttifakı ve Askeri Yardımlar (Turkish-German Alliance in the WWI and Military Aids), Cem Ofset, İstanbul, 1993.
  • Yorulmaz, Naci, ‘Ottoman Empire and Germany (1871-1908): Military-economic Relationship, Trades Activities of German Armament Industry in the Ottoman Market’, Frei University, Berlin, Undated. http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/wpcontent/uploads/2009/11/ OttomanEmpireGermany18711908.pdf (12.02.2014), pp. 1-19.
  • __________, Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I, I.B. Tauris, London&New York, 2014.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay. Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy, IB Tauris, London&New York, (2nd edition), 2011.

Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Alman Askeri Teknik Bilgisinin ve Teknolojisinin Osmanlı Askeri Fabrikalarına Transferi

Year 2015, Volume: 79 Issue: 285, 739 - 760, 01.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739

Abstract

Askeri silahların, ekipmanın, yedek parçaların ve cephanenin temini, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu için her zaman hayati bir mesele olmuştur. Bu konu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun, askeri malzemelerin temini konusunda birbirleriyle yarış içerisinde olan Avrupalı güçlerden birini tercih etmek zorunda kaldığı 19. yüzyıldan itibaren uluslararası diplomasinin bir parçası haline geldi. Fransa, İngiltere ve Almanya’dan birçok şirket Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki askeri mühimmat ve malze pazarından en büyük payı kapabilmek için birbirleriyle rekabet halindeydiler. Almanya’dan Krupp ve Düsseldorf ’daki Rheinische Metallwaren und Maschinefabrik, Fransa’dan Sxneider/Le Creusot ve İngiltere’den Armstrong/Vickers Company bu şirketler arasında bulunuyordu. Fakat, Alman silah şirketleri Osmanlı askeriyesinin ihtiyaçlarını temin konusunda diğerlerine göre daha fazla ön plana çıkıyordu. Sultan II. Abdülhamid döneminde özellikle de 1880’lerden sonra, top ve ilgili mühimmatı satma hususunda Alman Krup firması başı çekti ve yüzyılın sonunda en başat firma haline geldi. Bununla birlikte diğer Alman firmaları tüfek, cephane, yedek parça, araba ve fabrika tezgahları gibi malzeme ve araç-gerecin teminiyle meşgul oldu. 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Harbiye Nezareti’ne bağlı olarak çalışan Levazımat-ı Umumiye Dairesi, ordunun iaşesi için gerekli olan malzemeleri temin etmek ve bunların dağıtımını yapmakla görevliydi. Bu daire, Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında sadece bu görevi yapmakla kalmadı, aynı zamanda askeri fabrikaların kurulup geliştirilmesi için gerekli teknik ekipmanı sağlamada ve bu amaçla muhtelif şubeleri vasıtasıyla Almanya ile ilişkiler kurup işbirlikleri geliştirmede de önemli bir rol oynadı. Genel Kurmay ATESE Arşivlerinde bu konularla ilgili birçok yazışmaya ulaşmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmamız, ismi geçen dairenin faaliyetleri, askeri fabrikalar ve özellikle de savaş mühimmatı temini konusunda ilk elden kaynaklara dayanarak bazı örnekler sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

References

  • Beşirli, Mehmet, ‘Birinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesinde Türk Ordusunun Top Mühimmatı Alımında Pazar Mücadelesi: Alman Friedrich Krupp Firması ve Rakipleri (Struggle for the Market of Turkish Army’s Purchase of Cannon Ammunitions during the Pre-WWI Period: German Friedrich Krupp Company and Its Rivals)’, Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Merkezi Dergisi, no. 15, Konya: Spring 2004, pp. 169-203.
  • __________, ‘II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Osmanlı Ordusunda Alman Silahları (German Weapons in the Ottoman Army in the Reign of Abdulhamid II)’, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, no. 16, Year 2004/1, pp. 121-139.
  • Beydilli, Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishane, Mühendishane Matbaası ve Kütüphanesi 1776-1826, Eren, İstanbul, 1995.
  • Durgun, Bülent, ‘Alman Islah Heyetleri ve Bischoff ’un Balkan Harbinde Osmanlı Ordusu’nun Ulaştırması Hakkında Değerlendirmeleri (The German Military Missions in Turkey and Evaluations of the Inspector Bischoff on the Transportation Issues in the Ottoman Army’, Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi / Journal of Turkish World Studies, XII/2 (Winter 2012), pp.101-120.
  • Fuhrman, Malte, ‘Visions of Germany in Turkey: Legitimizing German Imperialist Penetrations of the Ottoman Empire’, Free University, Berlin, (undated), pp. 1-20.
  • Illich, Niles Stefan, ‘German Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire: A Comparative Study’, PhD. Dissertation in History, Texas A&M University, 2007.
  • İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin, “Ottoman Science in the Classical Period and Early Contacts with European Science and Technology”, Transfer of Modern Science and Technology to the Muslim World, IRCICA, İstanbul, 1992, s. 1-49.
  • Mete, Ali Serdar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğundan Türkiye Cumhuriyetine Türk Ordusunda Mavzer Tüfekleri (Mauser Rifles in the Turkish Army from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic), MA Thesis at the Institute of Ataturk’s Principles and History of Turkish Renovation, Yeditepe University, 2012.
  • Ortaylı, İlber, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu (German Influence in the Ottoman Empire), Timaş, İstanbul, 2012.
  • Öncü, Edip, ‘The Beginnings of Ottoman-German Partnership: Diplomatic and Military Relations Between Germany and the Ottoman Empire Before the First World War’, MA Thesis in History, Bilken University, Ankara, 2003.
  • Shaw, Stanford, Between Old and New, Ottoman Empire under Selim III (1789-1807), (CambridgeMassachusetts, 1971).
  • Türk, Fahri, Türkiye ile Almanya Arasındaki Silah Ticareti 1871-1914 (Weapons Trade between Turkey and Germany 1871-1914), IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, Istanbul, 2012.
  • Wallach, Jehuda L., Bir Askeri Yardımın Anatomisi: Türkiye’de Prusya-Alman Askeri Heyetleri 1835-1919 (An Anatomy of an Aid: Prussian-German Military Committees 1835-1919), Translated by Fahri Çeliker, Genelkurmay Basımevi, 2nd Issue, Ankara, 1985.
  • Yılmaz, Veli, 1’inci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk-Alman İttifakı ve Askeri Yardımlar (Turkish-German Alliance in the WWI and Military Aids), Cem Ofset, İstanbul, 1993.
  • Yorulmaz, Naci, ‘Ottoman Empire and Germany (1871-1908): Military-economic Relationship, Trades Activities of German Armament Industry in the Ottoman Market’, Frei University, Berlin, Undated. http://www.turkishnews.com/en/content/wpcontent/uploads/2009/11/ OttomanEmpireGermany18711908.pdf (12.02.2014), pp. 1-19.
  • __________, Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I, I.B. Tauris, London&New York, 2014.
  • Zorlu, Tuncay. Innovation and Empire in Turkey: Sultan Selim III and Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy, IB Tauris, London&New York, (2nd edition), 2011.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Abdurrahim Aydın This is me

Tuncay Zorlu This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 79 Issue: 285

Cite

APA Aydın, A., & Zorlu, T. (2015). Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War. BELLETEN, 79(285), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739
AMA Aydın A, Zorlu T. Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War. TTK BELLETEN. August 2015;79(285):739-760. doi:10.37879/belleten.2015.739
Chicago Aydın, Abdurrahim, and Tuncay Zorlu. “Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the Beginning of the First World War”. BELLETEN 79, no. 285 (August 2015): 739-60. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
EndNote Aydın A, Zorlu T (August 1, 2015) Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War. BELLETEN 79 285 739–760.
IEEE A. Aydın and T. Zorlu, “Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 79, no. 285, pp. 739–760, 2015, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
ISNAD Aydın, Abdurrahim - Zorlu, Tuncay. “Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the Beginning of the First World War”. BELLETEN 79/285 (August 2015), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
JAMA Aydın A, Zorlu T. Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War. TTK BELLETEN. 2015;79:739–760.
MLA Aydın, Abdurrahim and Tuncay Zorlu. “Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the Beginning of the First World War”. BELLETEN, vol. 79, no. 285, 2015, pp. 739-60, doi:10.37879/belleten.2015.739.
Vancouver Aydın A, Zorlu T. Transfer of German Military Know-How and Technology to the Ottoman Military Factories at the beginning of the First World War. TTK BELLETEN. 2015;79(285):739-60.