Şarkiyatçi Yazında “İran-İslam” Kavramının Oluşumu ve Neticeleri, Selçuklu Sanat ve Mimarlık Tarihi Örneği

Year 2022, Volume: 86 Issue: 307, 895 - 928, 07.12.2022

Ali Uzay Peker

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2022.895

Abstract

Bu makale, özellikle İngilizce tarih yazınında yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan “İranİslâm” (Perso-Islamic) teriminin geçerliliğini sorgulamaktadır. Bu terimin gönderdiği kavram dünyası, Orta Doğu tarihi üzerine yapılan yayınlarda, eski İran kültürü ile sonrasındaki İslâm kültürü arasında bir birlik olduğu varsayımıyla icat edilmiştir. On dokuzuncu yüzyıldan bugüne İran üzerine, özellikle dilbilim kökenli tarihçilerin yaptığı çalışmalar, Hint-Avrupalılık üzerinden bir anlatı ve söylem gelişimine neden olmuş, Orta Asya, İran, Irak ve Anadolu’da İslâm döneminde ortaya çıkan medeniyet unsurları hemen her zaman eski-İran’a bağlanmıştır. Araştırmacılar bu terimi, İslâm egemenliği altındaki kurum, kültür ve âdaba ait geleneklerde İslâm-öncesi kültür unsurlarını çağrıştıran herhangi bir unsurla karşılaştığı zaman, üzerinde fazla düşünmeden yaygın olarak kullanmıştır. Bu durum İslâm medeniyetine katılan pek çok başka kültürün gözardı edilmesini; İran-İslâm adlandırmasıyla, kolaycı ve bütüncü bir yöntemle tanımlanması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Sonuçta, “İran-İslâm,” bir oryantalist paradigmanın temel terimi olarak, İslâm sanat ve mimarisi üzerine hakim anlatının da anahtar kavramlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bu makale önce “İran-İslâm” teriminin tarih çalışmalarında hangi içerikte ve amaçlarla kullanıldığını sergilemekte, daha sonra Selçuk sanat ve mimari tarihi yazımını örnek alan olarak ele alarak bu kavramın kullanımını sorgulamaktadır.

Keywords

İran-İslâm, İranlaştırma, Aryanizm, Selçuklu, Anadolu, Sanat ve Mimarlık, Tarihyazımı

The Formation and Denouement of “Perso-Islamic” in Oriental History and the Case of Seljuk Art and Architectural History

Abstract

This paper questions the validity of the term “Perso-Islamic,” a label invented in scholarship on the history of the Middle East to coin the presumed cultural union between former ancient Persia and later Islamic culture. From the nineteenth century on, particularly the European historians with Indo-European philological background introduced an idiosyncratic discourse to studies on Islamic civilization. The phrase Perso-Islamic has been almost extemporaneously employed by them in places where institutions, culture and etiquette in central Islamic lands hint at elements of preIslamic kingship. As a result, the elements of culture in Central Asia, Iran and Anatolia that are considered as “civilized” are habitually linked to ancient Persia, and non-Iranian elements are marginalized under that holistic term, Perso-Islamic. As a chief expression of a long fostered orientalist paradigm, “Perso-Islamic” then became one of the key concepts of the grand narrative on Islamic art and architecture. The objective of this paper is first to reveal what “Perso-Islamic” refers to in historical studies, then to illustrate virtually impetuous use of the term in recent scholarship on Seljuk art and architecture.

Keywords

Perso-Islamic, Persianization, Aryanism, Seljuk, Anatolia, Art, Architecture, Historiagraphy

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