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A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I

Year 2023, Volume: 87 Issue: 310, 793 - 831, 06.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.793

Abstract

This article contains the first publication of a newly discovered inscription from Gordion which is written in Phrygian and probably dates to early reign of Antiochus
I. The inscribed slab appears to have formed part of a funerary monument which is associated with a man named Parsaparnas who probably was a member of the Persian nobility originating from the region of Pergamon in Mysia and commanded a Pergamene military contingent deployed by Antiochus in the region of Gordion. This is the first and, so far, the only inscription known to mention the city of Gordion by name. After an introduction sketching out the situation at Gordion in the Hellenistic period, the article presents in turn the article presents in turn a description of the stone (§1), a detailed commentary on the epigraphical features of the inscription (§§2- 4) and a concise philological discussion (§5), followed by a translation (§6), comments on the geographical and ethnocultural background of the text (§§7-8), the nature of the associated monument (§9), and finally, conclusions about its date and historical context (§10).

References

  • Arslan, Murat, Galatlar: Antikçağ Anadolu’sunun Savaşçı Kavmi, İstanbul 2000.
  • Briant, Pierre, “Les Iraniens d’Asie Mineure après la chute de l’Empire achéménide. (À propos de l’inscription d’Amyzon)”, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 11, 1985, pp. 166-195.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Comparaison et langues faiblement documentées : l’exemple du phrygien et de ses voyelles longues”, La reconstruction des laryngales, eds. Dor, Juliette – Kellens, Jean, Liège 1990, pp. 59-99.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes: Supplément I”, Kadmos 41, 2002, pp. 1-102.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes: Supplément II”, Kadmos 43, 2004, pp. 1-130.
  • Brixhe, Claude – Lejeune, Michel, Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes I: Texte. II: Planches, Paris 1984.
  • Buckler, William H., Lydian inscriptions. Part II (Sardis VI), Leyden 1924.
  • Cahill, Nicholas D., “Taş Kule: A Persian-Period Tomb near Phokaia”, American Journal of Archaeology 92/4, 1988, pp. 481-501.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Galatians and Seleucids: A Century of Conflict and Cooperation”, Seleucid Dissolution: The Sinking of the Anchor, eds. Erickson, Kyle –Ramsey, Gillian, Wiesbaden 2011, pp. 85-106.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Intercultural Anthroponomy in Hellenistic and Roman Galatia. With Maps Drafted by Michael Grün and April Ross”, GEPHYRA 9, 2012, pp. 51-68.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Deconstructing a Myth of Seleucid History: the So-Called ‘Elephant Victory’ over the Galatians Revisited”, Phoenix 66, 2012, pp. 57-73.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Galat Krallıkları / The Galatian Kingdoms”, Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluğu dönemlerinde Anadolu – Anatolia in the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods, ed. Oğuz Tekin, Istanbul 2019, pp. 146-163.
  • Cox, Christopher W. M. – Cameron, Archibald, “A Native Inscription from the Myso-Phrygian Borderland”, Klio 25, 1932, pp. 34-49.
  • Darbyshire, Gareth – Mitchell, Stephen – Vardar, Levent E., “The Galatian settlement in Asia Minor”, Anatolian Studies 50, 2000, pp. 75-97.
  • DeVries, Keith, “The Gordion Excavation Seasons of 1969-1973 and Subsequent Research”, American Journal of Archaeology 94, 1990, pp. 371-406.
  • Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. “The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world”, Anatolian Studies 69, 2019, pp. 109-132.
  • Gençler Güray, Çiğdem, “Ankyra Çevresi’de Roma Dönemi İzleri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 61/2, 2021, pp. 1027-1053.
  • Goldman, Andrew, “Reconstruction The Roman-Period Town at Gordion”, The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians. Recent Work at Gordion, ed. Kealhofer, Lisa, Philadelphia PA, 2005, pp. 56-67.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung, Heidelberg 1964.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis (1958-1971), Cambridge, MA 1975.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Akkan, Yılmaz, “Lydischer Fund aus dem Kaystrostal”, Kadmos 43, 2004, pp. 139-150.
  • Hansen, Esther V., The Attalids of Pergamon, Ithaca-New York 1971.
  • Henrickson, Robert C. - M. James Blackman, “Hellenistic Production of Terracotta Roof Tiles among the Ceramic Industries at Gordion,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18/3, 1999, pp. 307-326.
  • Hinz, Walther, Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen, Wiesbaden 1975.
  • IMT = Inschriften Mysia C Troas, eds. Barth, Matthias and Stauber, Josef. Leopold Wenger Institut. Universität München. Version of 25.8.1993 (Ibycus). Packard Humanities Institute CD #7, 1996. — Mysia, «Kyzikene, Kapu Dağ», nos. 1401- 1856.
  • Kaya, Mehmet A., Anadolu’daki Galatlar ve Galatya Tarihi, İzmir 2000.
  • Mitchell, Stephen, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 1: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • Mitchell, Stephen, “The Galatians: Representation and Reality”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, ed. Erskine, Andrew, Oxford 2003, pp. 280-293.
  • Neumann, Günter, “Die zwei Inschriften auf der Stele von Vezirhan”, Frigi e frigio 1997: Atti del 1° Simposio Internazionale, Roma 16-17 ott. 1995, eds. Gusmani, Roberto – Salvini, Mirjo – Vannicelli, Pietro, Rome 1997, pp. 13-32.
  • Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu, The Phrygian Language, Leiden 2020.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Phonetic value of Lydian letter <d> revisited and the development of PIE *d in Lydian”, Wekwos 4, 2019, pp. 191-262.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “The Rare Letters of the Phrygian Alphabet revisited”, Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean: Practices and Adaptations, eds. Steele, Philippa M., Boyes, Philip J., Oxford-Philadelphia 2022, pp. 145-166.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Observations on the language of the newly discovered Phrygian inscription from Gordion (G-12)”, forthcoming 1.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Mysians in Lydia (II): the evidence of the Lydian-Greek bilingual LW 108”, forthcoming 2.
  • Sams, G. Kenneth – Voigt, Mary M., “Work at Gordion”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 11/2, 1990, pp. 77-105.
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger, Iranische Personennamen in der griechischen Literatur vor Alexander d. Gr. (Iranisches Personennamenbuch Bd. V, Faszikel 5a), Wien 2011.
  • Sekunda, Nicholas V. “Achaemenid colonization in Lydia”, Revue des Études Anciennes 87, 1985, pp. 7-30.
  • Simon, Zsolt, “Die letzte zeile der phrygischen Inschrift von Vezirhan”, Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 51, 2015, pp. 17-30.
  • Sowa, Wojciech,“Griechisch-phrygische bilinguale Inschriften und die Stele von Vezirhan”, Genres épigraphiques et langues d’ attestation fragmentaire dans l’espace méditerranéen, eds. Dupraz, Emmanuel, Sowa, Wojciech, Mont-Saint-Aignan 2015, pp. 177-192.
  • Vardar, Levent E. “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara ve Kırıkkale İlleri 2003”, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2003-2004 Yıllığı 2005, pp. 309-332.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1996”, XV. AST – I, 1998, pp. 245-279.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1997”, XVI. AST – I, 1999, pp. 287-295.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1998”, XVII. AST – I, 2000, p. 163-168.
  • Voigt, Mary M. “Gordion: The Rise and Fall of an Iron Age Capital”, Across the Anatolian Plateau, ed. Hopkins, David C., Boston 2002, pp. 187-96.
  • Voigt, Mary M. – DeVries, Keith – Henrickson, Robert C. – Lawall, Mark – Marsh, Ben – Gürsan-Salzman, Ayşe – Young, T. Cuyler, Jr. “Fieldwork at Gordion: 1993-1995”, Anatolica 23, 1997, p. 1-59.
  • Wörrle, Michael, “Antiochos I., Achaios der Ältere und die Galater: Eine neue Inschrift in Denizli”, Chiron 5, 1975, pp. 59-87.
  • Young, Rodney S. “The Campaign of 1955 at Gordion: Preliminary Report”, American Journal of Archaeology 60, 1956, pp. 249-266.

Gordion’dan Yeni Bir Frig Yazıtı: Antiochus Saltanatı’nın Başlangıcında Frigya’da bir Pergamon Birliği

Year 2023, Volume: 87 Issue: 310, 793 - 831, 06.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.793

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Frig dilinde yazılmış ve muhtemelen I. Antiochus saltanatının başlarına tarihlenen Gordion’da henüz keşfedilmiş bir yazıtın ilk yayınını oluşturmaktadır. Yazıt, Parsaparnas adlı biriyle ilişkilendirilen bir mezar anıtının parçasını oluşturuyor gibi görünmektedir. Parsaparnas, muhtemelen Mysia’daki Pergamon bölgesinden gelen Pers soylularının bir üyesiydi ve Antiochus tarafından Gordion Bölgesine yerleştirilen bir Pergamon askerî birliğini komuta etmekteydi. Bu örnek, Gordion kentinin adıyla bir- likte anıldığı şimdiye kadarki bilinen ilk ve tek yazıttır. Çalışma, ilk etapta sırasıyla eserin tanımı, yazıtın epigrafik özellikleri üzerine detaylı birtakım tartışmaları, yalın filolojik bir tartışmayı takip eden metnin çevirisi ve coğrafi ve etnokültürel arka planı hakkında- ki yorumlamaları, ayrıca eserle ilişkili mezar anıtının tarihlendirilmesi ve buna ilişkin bağlam üzerine sonuçlar sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Arslan, Murat, Galatlar: Antikçağ Anadolu’sunun Savaşçı Kavmi, İstanbul 2000.
  • Briant, Pierre, “Les Iraniens d’Asie Mineure après la chute de l’Empire achéménide. (À propos de l’inscription d’Amyzon)”, Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 11, 1985, pp. 166-195.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Comparaison et langues faiblement documentées : l’exemple du phrygien et de ses voyelles longues”, La reconstruction des laryngales, eds. Dor, Juliette – Kellens, Jean, Liège 1990, pp. 59-99.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes: Supplément I”, Kadmos 41, 2002, pp. 1-102.
  • Brixhe, Claude, “Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes: Supplément II”, Kadmos 43, 2004, pp. 1-130.
  • Brixhe, Claude – Lejeune, Michel, Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes I: Texte. II: Planches, Paris 1984.
  • Buckler, William H., Lydian inscriptions. Part II (Sardis VI), Leyden 1924.
  • Cahill, Nicholas D., “Taş Kule: A Persian-Period Tomb near Phokaia”, American Journal of Archaeology 92/4, 1988, pp. 481-501.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Galatians and Seleucids: A Century of Conflict and Cooperation”, Seleucid Dissolution: The Sinking of the Anchor, eds. Erickson, Kyle –Ramsey, Gillian, Wiesbaden 2011, pp. 85-106.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Intercultural Anthroponomy in Hellenistic and Roman Galatia. With Maps Drafted by Michael Grün and April Ross”, GEPHYRA 9, 2012, pp. 51-68.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Deconstructing a Myth of Seleucid History: the So-Called ‘Elephant Victory’ over the Galatians Revisited”, Phoenix 66, 2012, pp. 57-73.
  • Coşkun, Altay, “Galat Krallıkları / The Galatian Kingdoms”, Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluğu dönemlerinde Anadolu – Anatolia in the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods, ed. Oğuz Tekin, Istanbul 2019, pp. 146-163.
  • Cox, Christopher W. M. – Cameron, Archibald, “A Native Inscription from the Myso-Phrygian Borderland”, Klio 25, 1932, pp. 34-49.
  • Darbyshire, Gareth – Mitchell, Stephen – Vardar, Levent E., “The Galatian settlement in Asia Minor”, Anatolian Studies 50, 2000, pp. 75-97.
  • DeVries, Keith, “The Gordion Excavation Seasons of 1969-1973 and Subsequent Research”, American Journal of Archaeology 94, 1990, pp. 371-406.
  • Dusinberre, Elspeth R. M. “The collapse of empire at Gordion in the transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic world”, Anatolian Studies 69, 2019, pp. 109-132.
  • Gençler Güray, Çiğdem, “Ankyra Çevresi’de Roma Dönemi İzleri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi 61/2, 2021, pp. 1027-1053.
  • Goldman, Andrew, “Reconstruction The Roman-Period Town at Gordion”, The Archaeology of Midas and the Phrygians. Recent Work at Gordion, ed. Kealhofer, Lisa, Philadelphia PA, 2005, pp. 56-67.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung, Heidelberg 1964.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis (1958-1971), Cambridge, MA 1975.
  • Gusmani, Roberto, Akkan, Yılmaz, “Lydischer Fund aus dem Kaystrostal”, Kadmos 43, 2004, pp. 139-150.
  • Hansen, Esther V., The Attalids of Pergamon, Ithaca-New York 1971.
  • Henrickson, Robert C. - M. James Blackman, “Hellenistic Production of Terracotta Roof Tiles among the Ceramic Industries at Gordion,” Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18/3, 1999, pp. 307-326.
  • Hinz, Walther, Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen, Wiesbaden 1975.
  • IMT = Inschriften Mysia C Troas, eds. Barth, Matthias and Stauber, Josef. Leopold Wenger Institut. Universität München. Version of 25.8.1993 (Ibycus). Packard Humanities Institute CD #7, 1996. — Mysia, «Kyzikene, Kapu Dağ», nos. 1401- 1856.
  • Kaya, Mehmet A., Anadolu’daki Galatlar ve Galatya Tarihi, İzmir 2000.
  • Mitchell, Stephen, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 1: The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule, Oxford 1993.
  • Mitchell, Stephen, “The Galatians: Representation and Reality”, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, ed. Erskine, Andrew, Oxford 2003, pp. 280-293.
  • Neumann, Günter, “Die zwei Inschriften auf der Stele von Vezirhan”, Frigi e frigio 1997: Atti del 1° Simposio Internazionale, Roma 16-17 ott. 1995, eds. Gusmani, Roberto – Salvini, Mirjo – Vannicelli, Pietro, Rome 1997, pp. 13-32.
  • Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu, The Phrygian Language, Leiden 2020.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Phonetic value of Lydian letter <d> revisited and the development of PIE *d in Lydian”, Wekwos 4, 2019, pp. 191-262.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “The Rare Letters of the Phrygian Alphabet revisited”, Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean: Practices and Adaptations, eds. Steele, Philippa M., Boyes, Philip J., Oxford-Philadelphia 2022, pp. 145-166.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Observations on the language of the newly discovered Phrygian inscription from Gordion (G-12)”, forthcoming 1.
  • Oreshko, Rostyslav, “Mysians in Lydia (II): the evidence of the Lydian-Greek bilingual LW 108”, forthcoming 2.
  • Sams, G. Kenneth – Voigt, Mary M., “Work at Gordion”, Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 11/2, 1990, pp. 77-105.
  • Schmitt, Rüdiger, Iranische Personennamen in der griechischen Literatur vor Alexander d. Gr. (Iranisches Personennamenbuch Bd. V, Faszikel 5a), Wien 2011.
  • Sekunda, Nicholas V. “Achaemenid colonization in Lydia”, Revue des Études Anciennes 87, 1985, pp. 7-30.
  • Simon, Zsolt, “Die letzte zeile der phrygischen Inschrift von Vezirhan”, Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 51, 2015, pp. 17-30.
  • Sowa, Wojciech,“Griechisch-phrygische bilinguale Inschriften und die Stele von Vezirhan”, Genres épigraphiques et langues d’ attestation fragmentaire dans l’espace méditerranéen, eds. Dupraz, Emmanuel, Sowa, Wojciech, Mont-Saint-Aignan 2015, pp. 177-192.
  • Vardar, Levent E. “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara ve Kırıkkale İlleri 2003”, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2003-2004 Yıllığı 2005, pp. 309-332.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1996”, XV. AST – I, 1998, pp. 245-279.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1997”, XVI. AST – I, 1999, pp. 287-295.
  • Vardar, Levent E. – Akyürek Vardar, Nalan, “Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli 1998”, XVII. AST – I, 2000, p. 163-168.
  • Voigt, Mary M. “Gordion: The Rise and Fall of an Iron Age Capital”, Across the Anatolian Plateau, ed. Hopkins, David C., Boston 2002, pp. 187-96.
  • Voigt, Mary M. – DeVries, Keith – Henrickson, Robert C. – Lawall, Mark – Marsh, Ben – Gürsan-Salzman, Ayşe – Young, T. Cuyler, Jr. “Fieldwork at Gordion: 1993-1995”, Anatolica 23, 1997, p. 1-59.
  • Wörrle, Michael, “Antiochos I., Achaios der Ältere und die Galater: Eine neue Inschrift in Denizli”, Chiron 5, 1975, pp. 59-87.
  • Young, Rodney S. “The Campaign of 1955 at Gordion: Preliminary Report”, American Journal of Archaeology 60, 1956, pp. 249-266.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Rostyslav Oreshko 0000-0003-1500-9115

Umut Alagöz 0000-0002-7894-5747

Publication Date December 6, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 87 Issue: 310

Cite

APA Oreshko, R., & Alagöz, U. (2023). A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. BELLETEN, 87(310), 793-831. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.793
AMA Oreshko R, Alagöz U. A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. TTK BELLETEN. December 2023;87(310):793-831. doi:10.37879/belleten.2023.793
Chicago Oreshko, Rostyslav, and Umut Alagöz. “A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the Early Reign of Antiochus I”. BELLETEN 87, no. 310 (December 2023): 793-831. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.793.
EndNote Oreshko R, Alagöz U (December 1, 2023) A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. BELLETEN 87 310 793–831.
IEEE R. Oreshko and U. Alagöz, “A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 87, no. 310, pp. 793–831, 2023, doi: 10.37879/belleten.2023.793.
ISNAD Oreshko, Rostyslav - Alagöz, Umut. “A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the Early Reign of Antiochus I”. BELLETEN 87/310 (December 2023), 793-831. https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2023.793.
JAMA Oreshko R, Alagöz U. A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. TTK BELLETEN. 2023;87:793–831.
MLA Oreshko, Rostyslav and Umut Alagöz. “A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the Early Reign of Antiochus I”. BELLETEN, vol. 87, no. 310, 2023, pp. 793-31, doi:10.37879/belleten.2023.793.
Vancouver Oreshko R, Alagöz U. A New Phrygian Inscription from Gordion: A Pergamene Contingent in Phrygia in the early Reign of Antiochus I. TTK BELLETEN. 2023;87(310):793-831.