Research Article

Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries

Number: 1 April 14, 2026
TR EN

Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries

Abstract

In today's world, research and development activities of countries and cities, urban developments and economic developments have significant impacts on air transportation. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of research and development (R&D) expenditures, urbanization population rate and gross domestic product (GDP) on air transportation using panel data analysis method. In the study, data of the upper-middle country group (Türkiye, Malaysia, Argentina, China, Bulgaria, South Africa, Colombia, Ecuador) for the period 1995-2019 were used. In this context, to determine the factors influencing air transportation, the number of air passengers was selected as the dependent variable, while the urbanization population rate, R&D expenditures, and GDP were selected as independent variables. The analysis included Delta homogeneity tests and cross-sectional dependence tests. Unit root analysis was conducted to assess the stationarity of the selected variables. Following the unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration, Kao, and Westerlund tests were conducted to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. After these two tests were applied, the panel ARDL method was used to determine the long-term coefficients between the selected factors. The causality between urbanization, R&D, economic growth and air transportation was examined with the Granger causality test. According to the econometric analysis findings of the research, it was concluded that R&D expenditures, urbanization population rate and GDP increased the number of passengers carried in the long term.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Due to the method used in this study, ethics committee approval is not required.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Transport Economics, Applied Economics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

April 14, 2026

Submission Date

February 20, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 5, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 1

APA
Avcı, T., & Gür, T. (2026). Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1643863
AMA
1.Avcı T, Gür T. Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026;(1). doi:10.38002/tuad.1643863
Chicago
Avcı, Tunahan, and Tuğçe Gür. 2026. “Relationship Between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries”. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1643863.
EndNote
Avcı T, Gür T (April 1, 2026) Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi 1
IEEE
[1]T. Avcı and T. Gür, “Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries”, Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 1, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.38002/tuad.1643863.
ISNAD
Avcı, Tunahan - Gür, Tuğçe. “Relationship Between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries”. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1 (April 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1643863.
JAMA
1.Avcı T, Gür T. Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026. doi:10.38002/tuad.1643863.
MLA
Avcı, Tunahan, and Tuğçe Gür. “Relationship Between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries”. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 1, Apr. 2026, doi:10.38002/tuad.1643863.
Vancouver
1.Tunahan Avcı, Tuğçe Gür. Relationship between Urbanization, R&D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2026 Apr. 1;(1). doi:10.38002/tuad.1643863

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