Investigating Risky Driver Behaviours Based on the Transtheoretical Model: Comparison of Different Groups

Year 2018, , 33 - 47, 25.10.2018

Bilgesu Kaçan , Uygar Erkuş Gizem Fındık , Bahar Öz

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.446011

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Exceeding
speed limits, driving under the influence of alcohol, not using seat belt, and
distracted driving are accepted as risky driver behaviors by the World Health
Organization. Determining the levels of risky behaviors in Turkish society and
changing those behaviors are important to improve traffic safety in Turkey.  The Transtheoretical Model, indicating the
prescribed steps for change, was used to identify the steps for these risky
behaviors and to examine possible differences. Data was collected via
questionnaires from 120 drivers who do not hold driver licenses but are likely
to be drivers in the future, 99 drivers with safe driving training and 140
drivers who have not received safe driving training. When the results of
self-reports were evaluated in sum, it was found that the driver group who do
not have safe driving training were significantly lower than non-driver group
and the driver group who have safe driving training with regard to driving
within the limits of speed, driving with alcohol, using mobile phone while
driving and eating while driving. When the use of seat belts is considered, the
driver group that does not have safe driving training is significantly lower
than the non-driver group. Considering 359 participants of the study, the
findings were revealed that the five risky behaviors were concentrated around
the action step of the Transtheoretical Model. 
With the present study, it was aimed to prepare a working ground that
could develop specific prevention and intervention programs in the future by
identifying the steps regarding the five behaviors required for safe traffic in
accordance with the steps of the Transtheoretical Model.

Keywords

transtheoretical model, stages of change, risky driver behaviors, safe driving training

Riskli Sürücü Davranışlarının Transteorik Model Temelinde İncelenmesi: Bir Grup Karşılaştırması Çalışması

Abstract

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından hız sınırını aşmak, alkol
kullanmış olarak araç kullanmak, emniyet kemeri kullanmamak ve dikkati dağılmış
olarak araç kullanmak riskli sürücü davranışları olarak belirtilmiş
davranışlardır. Bu riskli davranışların Türk toplumunda hangi aşamada
olunduğunun belirlenmesi ve değiştirilmesi trafik güvenliği açısından önem
taşımaktadır. Mevcut çalışmada değişim için öngördüğü aşamalar ile yarar
sağlayabileceği düşünülen Transteorik Model kullanılarak, bu riskli davranışlar
için katılımcıların bulundukları basamakların tanımlanması ve olası farkların incelenmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Anket yöntemi ile veri toplanan çalışmaya henüz sürücü olmayan
ama gelecekte sürücü olma olasılığı bulunan 120 geleceğin sürücüsü, güvenli
sürüş eğitimi almış 99 sürücü ve güvenli sürüş eğitimi almamış 140 sürücü katılmıştır.
Beyana dayalı sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde, güvenli sürüş eğitimi
almamış sürücü grubunun hız sınırları dâhilinde araç kullanma, alkollüyken araç
kullanma, sürüş esnasında cep telefonu kullanma ve sürüş esnasında yemek yemek davranışlarında
sürücü olmayan gruptan ve güvenli sürüş eğitimi almış gruptan anlamlı derecede
daha alt basamaklarda oldukları bulunmuştur. Emniyet kemeri kullanımında ise
sadece eğitim almamış sürücü grubunun sürücü olmayan gruptan anlamlı ölçüde
daha alt basamaklarda oldukları görülmektedir. Güvenli sürüş eğitimi almış
sürücüler ile henüz sürücü olmayan grubun farklılaştığı tek davranış ise sürüş
esnasında cep telefonu kullanımı olmuş; henüz sürücü olmayan grubun eğitim
almış sürücülerden daha üst basamaklarda olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın 359
katılımcısı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu beş riskli davranış için
Transteorik Model’e göre harekete geçme basamağında yoğunlaştıkları bulgular
arasındadır. Mevcut çalışma ile, güvenli trafik için gerekli olan beş davranış
üzerinden çoğunlukla bulunulan basamağı tanımlayarak Transteorik Model’in
basamaklarına göre geleceğe yönelik spesifik önleme ve müdahale programları
geliştirebilecek çalışmalara zemin hazırlaması hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

Transteorik Model, değişim aşamaları, riskli sürücü davranışları, güvenli sürüş eğitimi

References

• Asbridge, M., Brubacher, J. R. ve Chan, H. (2012). Cell phone use and traffic crash risk: A culpability analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(1), 259-267.
• Asgarabad, A. A., Tahami, A. N. ve Khanjani, N. (2012). Exposure to hand-held mobile phone use while driving among Iranian passenger car drivers: An observational study. Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 4(2), 96-97.
• Beck, K. H., Yan, F. ve Wang, M. Q. (2007). Cell phone users, reported crash risk, unsafe driving behaviors and dispositions: A survey of motorists in Maryland. Journal of Safety Research, 38(6), 683-688.
• Bener, A., Crundall, D., Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. (2010). Mobile phone use while driving: A major public health problem in an Arabian society, State of Qatar—mobile phone use and the risk of motor vehicle crashes. Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 123-129.
• Bener, A., Lajunen, T., Özkan, T. ve Haigney, D. (2006). The effect of mobile phone use on driving style and driving skills. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 11(5), 459-465.
• Björklund, G. (2005). Driver interaction: Informal rules, irritation and aggressive behaviour (Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 8). Uppsala, Sweden: Doctoral dissertation, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
• Defansif Sürüş Eğitimi. (n.d.). Nisan 2018’de http://hed.com.tr/Egitim/Defansif-Surus-Egitimi/83 adresinden alındı.
• Demirkol, İ. C., Tosun, A. P. D. H. ve Yüksel, Y. (2015). Tehlikeli araç kullanma: Kamuda çalışan şoförlerin emniyet kemeri kullanımı. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 139-152.
• DiClemente, C. C., Prochaska, J. O., Fairhurst, S. K., Velicer, W. F., Velasquez, M. M. ve Rossi, J. S. (1991). The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(2), 295.
• Evans, L. (1986). The effectiveness of safety belts in preventing fatalities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 18(3), 229-241.
• Evans, L. ve Frick, M. C. (1986). Safety belt effectiveness in preventing driver fatalities versus a number of vehicular, accident, roadway, and environmental factors. Journal of Safety Research, 17(4), 143-154.
• Harré, N., & Field, J. (1998). Safe driving education programs at school: lessons from New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 22(4), 447-450.
• Huang, J. L., ve Ford, J. K. (2012). Driving locus of control and driving behaviors: Inducing change through driver training. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(3), 358-368.
• Irwin, C., Monement, S. ve Desbrow, B. (2015). The influence of drinking, texting, and eating on simulated driving performance. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(2), 116-123.
• Isler, R. B., Starkey, N. J., ve Sheppard, P. (2011). Effects of higher-order driving skill training on young, inexperienced drivers' on-road driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 1818-1827.
• Janssens, W. ve De Pelsmacker, P. (2007). Fear appeal in traffic safety advertising: The moderating role of medium context, trait anxiety, and differences between drivers and non-drivers. Psychologica Belgica, 47(3), 173-193. doi:10.5334/pb-47-3-173
• Jimmy Bordarie (2017). Public policy of urban mobility: Impact of the history and practices on young drivers’ social representation of 30 km/hr. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 29(2), 211-234, DOI: 10.1080/10495142.2017.1326346
• Jonah, B. A. (1986). Accident risk and risk-taking behavior among young drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 18(4), 255-271.
• Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2015 (2016). Ankara: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Trafik Istatistik Bülteni (2016).
• Khadem-Rezaiyan, M., Moallem, S. R. ve Vakili, V. (2017). High-risk behaviors while driving: A population-based study from Iran. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(3), 257-261.
• Kowalski, K., Jeznach, A. ve Tuokko, H. A. (2014). Stages of driving behavior change within the transtheoretical model (TM). Journal of Safety Research, 50, 17-25.
• Laude, J. R. ve Fillmore, M. T. (2015). Simulated driving performance under alcohol: effects on driver-risk versus driver-skill. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 271-277.
• Leviakangas, P. (1998). Accident risk of foreign drivers – The case of Russian drivers in south-eastern Finland. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30, 245–254.
• Nangana, L. S., Monga, B., Ngatu, N. R., Mbelambela, E. P., Mbutshu, L. H. ve Malonga, K. F. (2016). Frequency, causes and human impact of motor vehicle-related road traffic accident (RTA) in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 21(5), 350-355.
• Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. Traffic culture and traffic climate scale. Unpublished manuscript.
• Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. (2011). Person and environment: Traffic culture. In B. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of traffic psychology (pp. 179–192). London: Elsevier
• Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Wallén Warner, H. ve Tzamalouka, G. (2006, July). Traffic climates and driver behaviours in four countries: Finland, Greece, Sweden, and Turkey. Athens, Greece: Paper presented at the 26th International Congress of Applied Psychology.
• Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Parker, D., Sümer, N. ve Summala, H. (2010). Symmetric relationship between self and others in aggressive driving across gender and countries. Traffic Injury Prevention, 11(3), 228-239.
• Ozkan, T., Puvanachandra, P., Lajunen, T., Hoe, C. ve Hyder, A. (2012). The validity of self-reported seatbelt use in a country where levels of use are low. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 47, 75-77.
• Parks V., Leister C., Patat A., Troy S., Vermeeren A., Volkerts E.R. ve Verster J.C. (2002) Effect of ethanol at a blood alcohol concentration of 0.4 g/l on actual driving and memory. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 12(3), 432–433
• Porter, M., Bedard, M., Weaver, B., Porter, M. M., Marshall, S., Molnar, F., & ... Miller-Polgar, J. (2008). The Combination of Two Training Approaches to Improve Older Adults' Driving Safety. Traffic Injury Prevention, 9(1), 70-76.
• Prochaska, J. ve DiClemente, C. (1983) Stages and processes of self-change in smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 5, 390–395.
• Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C. ve Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 47(9), 1102.
• Rumar, K. (1985). The role of perceptual and cognitive filters in observed behavior. In Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (pp. 151-170). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Sinelnikov, S. ve Wells, B. M. (2017). Distracted driving on the job: Application of a modified stages of change model. Safety Science, 94, 161-170.
• Yannis, G., Louca, G., Vardaki, S., & Kanellaidis, G. (2013). Why do drivers exceed speed limits. European Transport Research Review, 5(3), 165-177.
• Young, M. S., Mahfoud, J. M., Walker, G. H., Jenkins, D. P. ve Stanton, N. A. (2008). Crash dieting: The effects of eating and drinking on driving performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(1), 142-148.
• World Health Organization (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013. www.who.int/vio lence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/ adresinden alındı.
• World Health Organization (2015). Global status report on road safety. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2015/en/ adresinden alındı.
• Trafik Güvenliği Dairesi Başkanlığı (2016). Trafik kazaları özeti, 2015. http://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Trafik/TrafikKazalariOzeti2015.pdf adresinden alındı.
• Tuokko, H. A., McGee, P. D. ve Rhodes, R. E. (2006). Decisional balance and readiness to change driving behavior in older adults: A pilot study. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 24(3), 1-12.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2017). Karayolu trafik kaza istatistikleri, 2016. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24606 adresinden alındı.
• Zador, P. L., Krawchuk, S. A. ve Voas, R. B. (2000). Alcohol-related relative risk of driver fatalities and driver involvement in fatal crashes in relation to driver age and gender: an update using 1996 data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61(3), 387-395.