Genç Sürücülerin Trafikte Risk Alma Davranışına Bir Bakış: Yol Güvenliğinde Aile İklimi

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 96 - 119, 31.10.2021

Özlem Ersan , Türker Özkan

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1002879

Abstract

Genç sürücüler arasında ölüm oranlarında rol oynayan faktörlerden birinin riskli sürüş davranışı olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Bu nedenle genç sürücüler arasında trafik bağlamında risk alma davranışının önemli bir konu olarak ele alınması gerekmektedir. Çevresel ve kişilerarası faktörlerden biri olarak değerlendiren ebeveynin, sahip olduğu bilgilerin, model alma davranışının, ebeveynlik tarzının genç sürücülerin trafik bağlamında sürüş davranışlarını izlemede önemli olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı genç sürücülerin trafikte risk alma davranışına aile iklimi kapsamında yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak ve ilgili çalışmalar temelinde ailelere ve genç sürücülere öneriler sunmaktır. Toplamda 17 çalışmaya yer verilen bu derlemenin bulgular kısmında çalışmaların amaçları, çeşitli ölçme araçları, ebeveyn ve genç sürücüleri kapsayan örneklem özellikleri, bağımsız ve bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler ve sonuçlar dahil edilmiş, ilgili çalışmaların detayları amaç çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak ebeveyn ve genç sürücülere trafik bağlamında detaylı önerilere aile ikliminin 7 boyutu olan iletişim, gözetim, güvenliğe bağlılık, model olma, geri bildirim, mesajlar ve sınırlar kapsamında yer verilmiş ve genç sürücülerin güvenli sürüş davranışını artırmak için aileleri de kapsayacak şekilde toplumsal eğitim aktiviteleri, sosyal, bilişsel ve davranışsak faktörler ile ilgili tavsiyelerin faydalı olabileceği vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

genç sürücüler, aile, aile iklimi, riskli sürüş

Thanks

Prof. Orit Taubman-Ben-Ari'ye çalışma sürecindeki katkıları için teşekkür ederiz.

A View for Risk-Taking Behavior of Young Drivers in Traffic: Family Climate for Road Safety

Abstract

It has been emphasized that one of the factors in mortality rates among young drivers is risky driving behavior. For this reason, risk-taking behavior among young drivers in the context of traffic should be considered as an important issue. It is known that the parent who evaluates it as one of the environmental and interpersonal factors, the information parents have, the modeling behavior, the parenting style are important in monitoring the driving behavior of young drivers in the traffic context. The aim of this review study is to provide a new perspective on the risk-taking behavior of young drivers in traffic within the scope of family climate and to provide recommendations to families and young drivers on the basis of related studies. A total of 17 studies were included in the part of this review, the objectives of the studies, various measurement tools, sample characteristics covering parent and teen drivers, relationships between independent and dependent variables, and results were included, and the details of the related studies were discussed within the framework of the purpose. As a result, parents and young drivers were given detailed recommendations in the scope of 7 dimensions of family climate which were communication, monitoring, commitment to safety, modeling, feedback, messages, and limits and useful recommendations were emphasized to improve community education, social, cognitive, and behavioral factors.

Keywords

young drivers, family, family climate

References

• Arnett, J. (1992). Reckless behavior in adolescence: A developmental perspective. Developmental Review, 12(4), 339–373.
• Arnett, J. J. (1995). Adolescents' uses of media for self-socialization. Journal Of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 519–533.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
• Barnes, C. M., Hollenbeck, J. R., Wagner, D. T., DeRue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D. ve Schwind, K. M. (2008). Harmful help: The costs of backing-up behavior in teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 529-539.
• Barnes, G. M., Reifman, A. S., Farrell, M. P. ve Dintcheff, B. A. (2000). The effects of parenting on the development of adolescent alcohol misuse: a Six‐Wave latent growth model. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 175–186.
• Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., Gottlieb, N. H.ve Fernández, M. E. (2011). Intervention mapping step 1: Needs assessment. Planning Health Promofion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach.
• Beck, K. H., Shattuck, T.ve Raleigh, R. (2001). A comparison of teen perceptions and parental reports of influence on driving risk. American Journal of Health Behavior, 25(4), 376–387.
• Begg, D.ve Langley, J. (2001). Changes in risky driving behaviors from age 21 to 26 years. Journal of Safety Research, 32(4), 491–499.
• Bianchi, A.ve Summala, H. (2004). The “genetics” of driving behavior: parents’ driving style predicts their children’s driving style. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(4), 655–659.
• Borawski, E. A., Ievers-Landis, C. E., Lovegreen, L. D.ve Trapl, E. S. (2003). Parental monitoring negotiated unsupervised time, and parental trust: The role of perceived parenting practices in adolescent health risk behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33(2), 60–70.
• Brookland, R., Begg, D., Langley, J.ve Ameratunga, S. (2008). Parent and adolescent risky driving behaviors: New Zealand Drivers Study. Australasian College of Road Safety Journal, 20, 52–59.
• Brown, B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (2nd ed.). (s. 363-394) New York: Wiley.
• Carlson, W. L.ve Klein, D. (1970). Familial vs. institutional socialization of the young traffic offender. Journal of Safety Research. 2(1), 13–25.
• Carpentier, A., Brijs, K., Declercq, K., Brijs, T., Daniels, S.ve Wets, G. (2014). The effect of family climate on risky driving of young novices: The moderating role of attitude and locus of control. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 73, 53–64.
• Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C.ve Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103.
• Clarke, D. D., Ward, P. ve Truman, W. (2002). In-depth accident causation study of young drivers. TRL REPORT 542.
• Corvo, K. ve Carpenter, E. H. (2000). Effects of parental substance abuse on current levels of domestic violence: A possible elaboration of intergenerational transmission processes. Journal of Family Violence, 15(2), 123–135.
• Curry, A. E., Peek-Asa, C., Hamann, C. J. ve Mirman, J. H. (2015). Effectiveness of parent focused interventions to increase teen driver safety: A critical review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 6–14.
• Deery, H.A., (1999). Hazard and risk perception among young novice drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 30, 225–236.
• Desrichard, O., Roché, S. ve Bègue, L. (2007). The theory of planned behavior as mediator of the effect of parental supervision: A study of intentions to violate driving rules in a representative sample of adolescents. Journal of Safety Research, 38(4), 447–452.
• Ehsani, J. P., Simons-Morton, B., Xie, Y., Klauer, S. G. ve Albert, P. S. (2014). The association between kinematic risky driving among parents and their teenage children: Moderation by shared personality characteristics. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 69, 56-61.
• Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Trafik Hizmetleri Başkanlığı ve Trafik Eğitim ve Araştırma Dairesi Başkanlığı ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2016. Trafik İstatistik Bülteni, 2016.
• Evans-Whipp, T. J., Plenty, S. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Olsson, C., Rowland, B. ve Hemphill, S. A. (2013). Adolescent exposure to drink driving as a predictor of young adults’ drink driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 51, 185–191.
• Ferguson, S. A., Williams, A. F., Chapline, J. F., Reinfurt, D. W. ve De Leonardis, D. M. (2001). Relationship of parent driving records to the driving records of their children. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33(2), 229–234.
• Gardner, M. ve Steinberg, L. (2005). Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: An experimental study. Developmental Psychology, 41, 625–635.
• Ginsburg, K. R., Durbin, D. R., Garcia-Espana, J. F., Kalicka, E. A. ve Winston, F. K. (2009). Associations between parenting styles and teen driving, safety-related behaviors and attitudes. Pediatrics, 124(4), 1040–1051.
• Hartos, J. L., Eitel, P. ve Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Do parent-imposed delayed licensure and restricted driving reduce risky driving behaviors among newly licensed teens?. Prevention Science, 2(2), 113–122.
• Huang, P. ve Winston, F. K. (2011). Young drivers. B. E. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (s. 315-338). London: Academic Press.
• Jacobsohn, L. (2007). Explaining the boomerang effect of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. Philadelphia: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. 2229–2236.
• Jessor, R. ve Jessor, S. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development. New York: Academic Press.
• Jonah, B. A. (1986). Accident risk and risk-taking behavior among young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18(4), 255–271.
• Lee, B. ve Schofer, J. (2003). Restraint use and age and sex characteristics of persons involved in fatal motor vehicle crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1830), 10–17.
• Li, X., Stanton, B. ve Feigelman, S. (2000). Impact of perceived parental monitoring on adolescent risk behavior over 4 years. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(1), 49–56.
• Milech, D., Glencross, D. ve Hartley, L. (1989). Skills acquisition by young drivers: perceiving, interpreting and responding to the driving environment.
• Miller, G. ve Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2010). Driving styles among young novice drivers—The contribution of parental driving styles and personal characteristics. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(2), 558–570.
• Mirman, J. H., Albert, D., Jacobsohn, L. S. ve Winston, F. K. (2012). Factors associated with adolescents' propensity to drive with multiple passengers and to engage in risky driving behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(6), 634–640.
• Moe, D., (1986). Young Drivers. Relation Between Perceived and Real Ability. Behavioural Studies (Report STF63 A92002). SINTEF Samferdselsteknikk, Trondheim. (In Norwegian).
• Morrissey, D. ve Mello, M. J. (2014). Commentary: reducing teen motor vehicle crash fatalities: do parents hold the key?. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 4(64), 413–415.
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2007. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2007, 1-12.
• Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Policy Brief, October, 2006. Young Drivers: The Road to Safety. OECD, 2006, 1-8.
• Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. (2011). Person and environment: Traffic culture. B. E. Porter (Ed.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology içinde (s. 179-192). London: Academic Press.
• Parker, D. ve Manstead, A.S.R., (1996). The social psychology of driver behaviour. In: Semin, G., Fiedler, K. (Eds.), Applied Social Psychology. Sage Publications, London, 198–224.
• Parker, D., Lajunen, T. ve Stradling, S. (1998). Attitudinal predictors of interpersonal violations on the road. Transportation Research Part F, 1, 11–24.
• Prato, C., Lotan, T. ve Toledo, T. (2009). Intrafamilial transmission of driving behavior: evidence from in-vehicle data recorders. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2138), 54–65.
• Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J. ve Campbell, K., 1990. Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, 33, 1315–1332.
• Scott-Parker, B., Watson, B. ve King, M. J. (2009). Understanding the psychosocial factors influencing the risky behaviour of young drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(6), 470–482.
• Scott-Parker, B., Watson, B., King, M. J. ve Hyde, M. K. (2014). “I drove after drinking alcohol” and other risky driving behaviors reported by young novice drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 70, 65–73.
• Shope, J. T., Waller, P. F., Raghunathan, T. E. ve Patil, S. M. (2001). Adolescent antecedents of high-risk driving behavior into young adulthood: substance use and parental influences. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33(5), 649–658.
• Simons-Morton, B., Ouimet, M. ve Catalano, R. (2008). Parenting and the young driver problem. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3S), 294–303.
• Smith, W. A. (2006). Social marketing: An overview of approach and effects. Injury Prevention, 12(Suppl. 1), 38–43.
• Smorti, M., Guarnieri, S. ve Ingoglia, S. (2014). The parental bond, resistance to peer influence, and risky driving in adolescence. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior, 22, 184–195.
• Steinberg, L. ve Monahan, K. C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1531–1543.
• Strukcinskiene, B., Giedraitis, V., Raistenskis, J., Martinkenas, A., Strukcinskaite, V., Stukas, R. ve Baysal, S. U. (2014). Similarities between self-reported road safety behavior of teenage drivers and their perceptions concerning road safety behavior of their parents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 24, 8–16.
• Sümer, N., Lajunen, T. ve Özkan, T. (2005). Big Five Personality Traits as the Distal Predictors of Road Accident. Traffic and Transport Psychology: Theory and Application, 215-227.
• Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. (2011). The contribution of perceived parental and familial characteristics to attitudes toward accompanied driving among young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(5), 1720–1729.
• Taubman–Ben-Ari, O., Kaplan, S., Lotan, T. ve Prato, C. G. (2015). Parents’ and peers’ contribution to risky driving of male teen drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 78, 81–86.
• Taubman–Ben-Ari, O., Kaplan, S., Lotan, T. ve Prato, C. G. (2016). The combined contribution of personality, family traits, and reckless driving intentions to young men’s risky driving: What role does anger play?. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 42, 299-306.
• Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. ve Katz-Ben-Ami, L. (2012). The contribution of family climate for road safety and social environment to the reported driving behavior of young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 47, 1–10.
• Taubman-Ben-Ari, O. ve Katz-Ben-Ami, L. (2013). Family climate for road safety: A new concept and measure. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 54, 1–14.
• Taubman–Ben-Ari, O., Lotan, T. ve Prato, C. G. (2017). Young male drivers’ risky driving 15 months after licensure–The role of intervention, attitudes towards accompanied driving, and parents’ risk. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 51, 73–80.
• Taubman-Ben-Ari, O., Musicant, O., Lotan, T. ve Farah, H. (2014). The contribution of parents’ driving behavior, family climate for road safety, and parent-targeted intervention to young male driving behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 72, 296–301.
• Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts, 2010 Data: Young Drivers. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2012, 1-6.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu ve Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, 2016. Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2015.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu ve Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü, 2013. Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri Karayolu.
• Vassallo, S., Smart, D., Sanson, A., Cockfield, S., Harris, A., McIntyre, A. ve Harrison, W. (2008). Risky driving among young Australian drivers II: Co-occurrence with other problem behaviours. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40(1), 376–386.
• Wang, Z., Zheng, Z. ve Fleiter, J. J. (2016). Does family background impact driving attitudes and risky behaviours? An investigation on Chinese young drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 95, 67–77.
• West, R. ve Hall, J. (1997). The role of personality and attitudes in traffic accident risk. Applied Psychology, 46(3), 253–264.
• White, J. W., Smith, P. H., Koss, M. P., & Figueredo, A. J. (2000). Intimate partner aggression—what have we learned? Comment on Archer (2000). Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 690–696.
• Williams, A. F. (1998). Risky driving behaviors among adolescents. New Perspectives on Adolescent Risk Behavior, 221–237.
• Williams, A. F. (2003). Teenage drivers: patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research, 34(1), 5–15.
• Wilson, R. J., Meckle, W., Wiggins, S. ve Cooper, P. J. (2006). Young driver risk in relation to parents' retrospective driving record. Journal of Safety Research, 37(4), 325–332.
• World Health Organization. (2019). Global status report on road safety 2018. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
• Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96.