RED-FIGURE POTTERY FROM AINOS/THRACE (ENEZ): ITS SPECTRUM FROM THE EARLIEST FINDS UNTIL THE END OF THE 5th CENTURY BC

Abstract

The main subject of this article is red-figure pottery from Ainos (Enez) in eastern Thrace from the late 6th century to the late 5th century BC. The material comes from the fill layers of the necropolis and a limited number of grave contexts as well as from the ancient acropolis, which is known today as the Medieval Castle. Ainos was a member of the Delian League and an ally of Athens in the 5th century BC. Available finds indicate that Athenian red figure pottery was being imported throughout the 5th century BC. The identified painters, shapes and subjects on the vases show parallelism with Athens. Calyx and bell crater, skyphos and cups are the most represented shapes. The earliest red figure pottery can be attributed to the Pioneer Group. However, the finds from the timespan between 500 to 480 BC constitute 4% of all the sherds. Available finds indicate that red figure and black figure pottery were in use simultaneously until the middle of the 5th century BC. In the second half of the 5th century, red figure shows an obvious increase. In contrast to some settlements in western Asia Minor, Ainos continued to import Athenian red figure pottery through the course of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The city’s location on important trade routes between the North Aegean and the Black Sea and its large hinterland must have contributed to this situation. A remarkable increase in the quantity of red figure pottery in Ainos can be detected at the end of the 5th century BC in parallel with the trade boom between the Black Sea ports and Athens. Among the various subjects depicted on the vases, Dionysos and related scenes are popular from the beginning until the end of the 5th century BC. Also, scenes from women’s daily life, komos, soldiers’ farewells and sacrificial offerings are identified. Context graves in limited availability give us information about the intended purpose of the red figure pottery in Ainos. Accordingly, pelikai and hydriai were used as urns for cremation graves and lekythoi were used as grave goods. Although the examples of local productions in black figure technique from the late 6th and 5th century BC were identified in Ainos, available examples of red figure pottery from this period show the features of the Athenian clay, glaze and the painting style. The finds, which differ from Athenian imports, can be classified as belonging to the 4th century BC. On the other hand, the earliest examples of the local red figure pottery in Mainland Greece can be traced to the second half of the 5th century BC.

Keywords

• Eastern Thrace
• Ainos (Enez)
• Red Figure
• Athenian Pottery
• Archaic Period
• Classical Period

AİNOS (ENEZ)’ TAN ELE GEÇEN KIRMIZI FİGÜRLÜ KERAMİKLER: GEÇ ARKAİK DÖNEM’DEN MÖ 5. YÜZYIL SONUNA KADAR TARİHLENEN BULUNTULAR

Abstract

Bu makaleninin konusunu Ainos (Enez) Kazısı’nda bulunan kırmızı figürlü keramikler oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen buluntular MÖ 6. yüzyıl sonundan MÖ 5. yüzyıl sonuna kadar tarihlenen örnekleri kapsamaktadır. Buluntular Antik Kent Nekropolis alanınındaki dolgu tabakalarından, sınırlı sayıdaki kontekst mezar buluntusundan ve günümüzde Orta Çağ Kalesinin yer aldığı Antik Çağ Akropolünden ele geçen örneklerden oluşmaktadır. Attika–Delos Deniz birliği üyesi olan Ainos MÖ 5. yüzyıl boyunca Attika’nın müttefiklerinden biriydi. Eldeki buluntular Attika üretimi kırmızı figürlü keramiklerin MÖ 6. yüzyıl sonundan itibaren MÖ 5. yüzyıl boyunca ithal edildiklerini göstermektedir. Tespit edilen ressamlar, kap formları ve kaplar üzerinde tasvir edilen konular Atina ile paralellik göstermektedir. Kalyks ve çan kraterler, skyphoslar, kyliksler en çok sayıda belgelenmiş olan kap formlarıdır. En erken kırmızı figürlü buluntular Öncüler Grubu ressamlarının üslup özelliklerini göstermektedir. Öte yandan MÖ 500- 480 arasına tarihlenen örnekler tüm buluntuların yalnızca %4’lük bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Mevcut bulgular Enez’de kırmızı figürlü ve siyah figürlü kapların MÖ 5. yy ortalarına kadar eş zamanlı olarak kullanıldığını göstermektedir. MÖ 5. yüzyılın 2. yarısında kırmızı figürlü keramiklerin sayısında belirgin bir artış gözlemlenir. Küçük Asya’nın batısında yer alan bazı kentlerden farklı olarak, Ainos’ta MÖ 5. ve 4. yüzyıllar boyunca Attika üretimi kırmızı figürlü keramik ithalatının devam ettiği görülür. Ege ve Karadeniz arasında, önemli yol güzergahları üzerinde yer alan kentin aynı zamanda geniş bir hinterlanda sahip oluşunun bu duruma önemli ölçüde katkısı olmuş omalıdır. Atina ile Karadeniz limanları arasındaki artan ticaret ilişkilerine paralel olarak Ainos’tan ele geçen ithal kırmızı figürlü keramiklerin MÖ 5. yüzyıl sonunda belirgin bir biçimde arttığı gözlemlenir. Kaplar üzerinde tasvir edilen sahnelerde Dionysos ve Dionysos ile bağlantılı konular belirgin bir çoğunluktadır. Kadınların günlük yaşamlarından sahneler, komos, vedalaşma sunusu ve kurban sunusu gibi sahneler de tespit edilen konular arasında yer almaktadır. Sınırlı sayıdaki kontekst mezar bizlere kırmızı figürlü kapların kullanım amaçları ile ilgili bilgi vermektedir. Buna göre pelike ve hydria kremasyon gömülerde urne olarak kullanılan kap formlarıdır. Lekythoslar ise mezar hediyesi olarak kullanılmışlardır. Ainos’ta, MÖ 6. yüzyıllar sonlarına ve 5. yüzyıla tarihlenen buluntular arasında siyah figürün yerel üretim örneklerine rastlamamıza rağmen, kırmızı figürlü vazolarda MÖ 6. yüzyıl sonundan 5. yüzyıl sonuna tarihlenen buluntular kil, astar ve üslup özellikleri göz önünde bulundurularak Attika üretimi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ainos kırmızı figürlü buluntuları arasında yerel üretim olması muhtemel örnekler MÖ 4. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir. Öte yandan Kıta Yunanistan’da farklı bölgelerdeki yerel üretim örnekleri MÖ 5. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren görülebilmektedir.

Keywords

• Doğu Trakya
• Ainos (Enez)
• Kırmızı Figür
• Attika Üretimi Keramik
• Arkaik Dönem
• Klasik Dönem

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