ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY

Barbora Weıssova; Peter Pavúk

PREHİSTORİK DÖNEMDEN GÜNÜMÜZE ANA İLETİŞİM YOLLARININ SÜREKLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE

Year 2016, Issue: 19, 11 - 21, 01.01.2016

Abstract

Elimizdeki araştırman, İznik Gölü Ascania Lacus çevresindeki yolların sürekliliğini ana iletişim yöntemi olarak, art zamanlı bir perspektif içinde prehistorik dönemden günümüze ele almaktadır. Tüm probleme iki seviyede yaklaşılmıştır. Mikro bölgesel anlamda İznik Gölü’nün doğu kıyıları ele alınırken, makro bölgesel yönden de tüm kıyı hattı, Kuzey ve Güney dağ yamaçlarındaki merkezler ile birlikte ele alınarak incelenir. Yerleşim modelleri, antik yazarlar yanında mil taşları ve köprüler ve/veya bunların varlığına işaret eden yolların kalıntıları ile seçilmiş olan dönemlerin mekan zamansal analizi yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde yolların en olası rotaları belirlenmiştir. The Least Coast Path Analysis yöntemi gerektiğinde, özellikle de dağ yollarının rotalarını belirlemede kullanılmıştır. İki yaklaşım da karşılaştırılmış ve gözlemlenebilen modeller tartışılmıştır. Esasen, yolların yüksek sürekliliği, Erken Tunç Çağ’ından günümüze uzanan süreç içinde gözlemlenebilir.

Keywords

Küçük Asya , Bithynia , İznik Gölü Ascania Lacus , İznik Nicaea , Yollar , “Hac Yolu”

References

AVRAM, A. 2004. “The Propontic Coast of Asia Minor”, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Eds. M. H. Hansen/T. H. Nielsen). Oxford: 974-999.
BARJAMOVIC, G. 2011. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Copenhagen.
BELKE, K. 2010. “Development of Towns in Northwestern Asia Minor during Late Antiquity”, Acta Byzantina Fennica 3: 46-66.
BELL, T./LOCK, G. 2000. “Topographic and Cultural Influences on Walking the Ridgeway in Later Prehistoric Times”, Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies (Ed. G. Lock). Amsterdam: 85-100.
CORSTEN, T. 1985. Die Inschriften von Kios. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 29. Bonn.
CUNTZ, O. 1929. Itineraria Romana I: Intinerarium Antonini Augusti et Burdigalense. Leipzig.
DÜRING, B. 2011. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: from Complex HunterGatherers to Early Urban Societies. Cambridge.
EFE, T. 1988. Die Keramik 2. C: Die Frühbronzezeitliche Keramik der Jüngeren Phasen (ab Phase H). Demircihüyük III, 2: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Mainz am Rhein.
ERMİŞ, Ü. M. 2009. İznik ve Çevresi Bizans Devri Mimari Faaliyetinin Değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul.
FOSS, C. 2000. “Map 52 Byzantium”, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 2, 2: Map-by-Map Directory (Ed. R. J. A. Talbert/ R. S. Bagnall). Princeton: 785-795.
FRENCH, D. H. 1967. “Prehistoric Sites in Northwest Anatolia: I. The İznik Area”, AnSt 17: 49-100.
FRENCH, D. H. 1980. “The Roman Road System of Asia Minor”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II. Principat 7, 2 (Ed. H. Temporini/W. Haase). Berlin: 698-729.
FRENCH, D. H. 1981. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor I: The Pilgrim’s Road. Oxford.
FRENCH, D. H. 1997. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor: The Earliest Roman, Paved Roads in Asia Minor”, Arkeoloji Dergisi 5: 179-187.
FRENCH, D. H. 1998. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor: The Persian Royal Road”, Iran 36: 15–43.
FRENCH, D. H. 2013. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor III. Milestones 3, 4. Pontus et Bithynia (with Northern Galatia). Ankara http://biaa.ac.uk/publications/item/ name/electronic-monographs
HOW, W. W./WELLS, J. 1957. A Commentary on Herodotus II (Books 5–9). Oxford.
KULL, B. 1991. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, B II, 14: Kleinasien, Mittelbronzezeit. Massstab 1 : 2000000. Wiesbaden.
LEFORT, J. 1995. “Les communications entre Constantinople et la Bithynie”, Constantinople and its Hinterland (Ed. C. Mango). Cambridge: 207-218.
MASSA, M. 2016. Networks before Empires: cultural transfers in west and central Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age (PhD Thesis). London.
MILLER, C. 1916. Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana. Stuttgart.
MELLAART, J. 1955. “Some Prehistoric Sites in North-Western Anatolia”, İstanbuler Mitteilungan 6: 53-88.
MERKELBACH, R. 1987. Nikaia in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Opladen.
PAVÚK, P. 2014. Troia VI Früh und Mitte: Keramik, Stratigraphie, Chronologie. Studia Troica Monographien 3. Bonn.
PAVÚK, P. 2015. “Between the Aegean and the Hittites: The Western Anatolia in Second Millennium BC”, NOSTOI: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (Eds. N. Stampolidis/Ç. Maner/K. Kopanias). Istanbul: 81-114.
RAMSAY, W. M. 1962. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. Amsterdam.
RENNELL, J./ RODD, J. 1831. A Treatise on the Comparative Geography of Western Asia, accompanied with an Atlas of Maps. London.
ROSENSTOCK, E. 2009. Tells in Südwestasien und Südosteuropa: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung, Entstehung und Definition eines Siedlungsphänomens. Urgeschichtliche Studien 2. Remshalden.
SCHOOP, U.-D. 2005. Das anatolische Chalkolithikum: Eine chronologische Untersuchung zur vorbronzezeitlichen Kultursequenz im nördlichen Zentralanatolien und den angrenzenden Gebieten. Urgeschichtliche Studien 1. Remshalden.
SEEHER, J. 1987. Die Keramik 1. A: Neolithische & Chalkolithische Keramik, B: Frühbronzezeitliche Keramik der Älteren Phasen (bis Phase G). Demircihüyük III, 1: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Mainz am Rhein.
ŞAHİN, S. 1981. Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia) II, 1. Bonn.
ŞAHİN, S. 1987. Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia) II, 3. Bonn.
TALBERT, R. J. A./BAGNALL, R. S. (Eds.) 2000. “Map 52 Byzantium”, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 1: Atlas. Princeton.
TEXIER, C. 1862. Description géographique, historique et archéologique des provinces et des villes de la Chersonnèse d’Asie. Paris.
WEISSOVA, B./ALTIN, A. A. (in print) “Results of Pilot Project Identifying Settlement Patterns in the Hinterland of Nicaea”, Proceedings from Symposium “Iznik/Nicaea on its Way to become UNESCO World Heritage Site” held in Iznik, Turkey.
YALMAN, B. 2000. Nikaia – İznik. Istanbul.

ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY

Year 2016, Issue: 19, 11 - 21, 01.01.2016

Barbora Weıssova Peter Pavúk

Abstract

The present study examines the persistency of routes for the main communications in the territory around the Iznik Lake Ascania Lacus in a diachronic perspective: from prehistory until today. The whole problem is approached on two levels: whereas the micro-regional one targets the eastern shores of the Iznik Lake, the macro-regional one examines the entire shoreline and its interconnectivity with the main centres situated across the mountain ridges in the North and South. Based on the spatio-temporal analysis of the settlement patterns, ancient authors, as well as remnants of roads and/or finds connected with their existence, such as milestones and bridges, the most feasible routes of the main roads in selected periods are estimated. The Least Cost Path Analysis is also used when appropriate, especially for establishing the courses of the mountain routes. The results of the two approaches are compared, and the observable patterns discussed. Principally, one can state a high persistency for the routes, all the way from the Early Bronze Age till the modern times

Keywords

Asia Minor , Bithynia , Lake Iznik Ascania Lacus , Iznik Nicaea , Roads , ‘Pilgrim Road’

References

AVRAM, A. 2004. “The Propontic Coast of Asia Minor”, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (Eds. M. H. Hansen/T. H. Nielsen). Oxford: 974-999.
BARJAMOVIC, G. 2011. A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period. Copenhagen.
BELKE, K. 2010. “Development of Towns in Northwestern Asia Minor during Late Antiquity”, Acta Byzantina Fennica 3: 46-66.
BELL, T./LOCK, G. 2000. “Topographic and Cultural Influences on Walking the Ridgeway in Later Prehistoric Times”, Beyond the Map: Archaeology and Spatial Technologies (Ed. G. Lock). Amsterdam: 85-100.
CORSTEN, T. 1985. Die Inschriften von Kios. Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien 29. Bonn.
CUNTZ, O. 1929. Itineraria Romana I: Intinerarium Antonini Augusti et Burdigalense. Leipzig.
DÜRING, B. 2011. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: from Complex HunterGatherers to Early Urban Societies. Cambridge.
EFE, T. 1988. Die Keramik 2. C: Die Frühbronzezeitliche Keramik der Jüngeren Phasen (ab Phase H). Demircihüyük III, 2: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Mainz am Rhein.
ERMİŞ, Ü. M. 2009. İznik ve Çevresi Bizans Devri Mimari Faaliyetinin Değerlendirilmesi. Istanbul.
FOSS, C. 2000. “Map 52 Byzantium”, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 2, 2: Map-by-Map Directory (Ed. R. J. A. Talbert/ R. S. Bagnall). Princeton: 785-795.
FRENCH, D. H. 1967. “Prehistoric Sites in Northwest Anatolia: I. The İznik Area”, AnSt 17: 49-100.
FRENCH, D. H. 1980. “The Roman Road System of Asia Minor”, Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt II. Principat 7, 2 (Ed. H. Temporini/W. Haase). Berlin: 698-729.
FRENCH, D. H. 1981. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor I: The Pilgrim’s Road. Oxford.
FRENCH, D. H. 1997. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor: The Earliest Roman, Paved Roads in Asia Minor”, Arkeoloji Dergisi 5: 179-187.
FRENCH, D. H. 1998. “Pre- and Early-Roman Roads of Asia Minor: The Persian Royal Road”, Iran 36: 15–43.
FRENCH, D. H. 2013. Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor III. Milestones 3, 4. Pontus et Bithynia (with Northern Galatia). Ankara http://biaa.ac.uk/publications/item/ name/electronic-monographs
HOW, W. W./WELLS, J. 1957. A Commentary on Herodotus II (Books 5–9). Oxford.
KULL, B. 1991. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, B II, 14: Kleinasien, Mittelbronzezeit. Massstab 1 : 2000000. Wiesbaden.
LEFORT, J. 1995. “Les communications entre Constantinople et la Bithynie”, Constantinople and its Hinterland (Ed. C. Mango). Cambridge: 207-218.
MASSA, M. 2016. Networks before Empires: cultural transfers in west and central Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age (PhD Thesis). London.
MILLER, C. 1916. Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der Tabula Peutingeriana. Stuttgart.
MELLAART, J. 1955. “Some Prehistoric Sites in North-Western Anatolia”, İstanbuler Mitteilungan 6: 53-88.
MERKELBACH, R. 1987. Nikaia in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Opladen.
PAVÚK, P. 2014. Troia VI Früh und Mitte: Keramik, Stratigraphie, Chronologie. Studia Troica Monographien 3. Bonn.
PAVÚK, P. 2015. “Between the Aegean and the Hittites: The Western Anatolia in Second Millennium BC”, NOSTOI: Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age (Eds. N. Stampolidis/Ç. Maner/K. Kopanias). Istanbul: 81-114.
RAMSAY, W. M. 1962. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. Amsterdam.
RENNELL, J./ RODD, J. 1831. A Treatise on the Comparative Geography of Western Asia, accompanied with an Atlas of Maps. London.
ROSENSTOCK, E. 2009. Tells in Südwestasien und Südosteuropa: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung, Entstehung und Definition eines Siedlungsphänomens. Urgeschichtliche Studien 2. Remshalden.
SCHOOP, U.-D. 2005. Das anatolische Chalkolithikum: Eine chronologische Untersuchung zur vorbronzezeitlichen Kultursequenz im nördlichen Zentralanatolien und den angrenzenden Gebieten. Urgeschichtliche Studien 1. Remshalden.
SEEHER, J. 1987. Die Keramik 1. A: Neolithische & Chalkolithische Keramik, B: Frühbronzezeitliche Keramik der Älteren Phasen (bis Phase G). Demircihüyük III, 1: die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1975-1978. Mainz am Rhein.
ŞAHİN, S. 1981. Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia) II, 1. Bonn.
ŞAHİN, S. 1987. Katalog der antiken Inschriften des Museums von Iznik (Nikaia) II, 3. Bonn.
TALBERT, R. J. A./BAGNALL, R. S. (Eds.) 2000. “Map 52 Byzantium”, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 1: Atlas. Princeton.
TEXIER, C. 1862. Description géographique, historique et archéologique des provinces et des villes de la Chersonnèse d’Asie. Paris.
WEISSOVA, B./ALTIN, A. A. (in print) “Results of Pilot Project Identifying Settlement Patterns in the Hinterland of Nicaea”, Proceedings from Symposium “Iznik/Nicaea on its Way to become UNESCO World Heritage Site” held in Iznik, Turkey.
YALMAN, B. 2000. Nikaia – İznik. Istanbul.

There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Authors	Barbora Weıssova This is me Peter Pavúk This is me
Publication Date	January 1, 2016
Published in Issue	Year 2016 Issue: 19

Cite

APA	Weıssova, B., & Pavúk, P. (2016). ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(19), 11-21.
AMA	Weıssova B, Pavúk P. ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY. TÜBA-AR. January 2016;(19):11-21.
Chicago	Weıssova, Barbora, and Peter Pavúk. “ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 19 (January 2016): 11-21.
EndNote	Weıssova B, Pavúk P (January 1, 2016) ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 19 11–21.
IEEE	B. Weıssova and P. Pavúk, “ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY”, TÜBA-AR, no. 19, pp. 11–21, January2016.
ISNAD	Weıssova, Barbora - Pavúk, Peter. “ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 19 (January2016), 11-21.
JAMA	Weıssova B, Pavúk P. ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY. TÜBA-AR. 2016;:11–21.
MLA	Weıssova, Barbora and Peter Pavúk. “ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 19, 2016, pp. 11-21.
Vancouver	Weıssova B, Pavúk P. ON PERSISTENCY OF THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTES FROM PREHISTORY UNTIL TODAY. TÜBA-AR. 2016(19):11-2.

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