HALAF VE OBEYD DÖNEMLERİNİN TOPLUMSAL ÖRGÜTLENME GELİŞKENLİĞİ AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI VE TELL KURDU ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2010, Issue: 13, 39 - 59, 01.01.2010

Rana Özbal

Abstract

MÖ 6. ve 5. binyılları kapsayan Halaf ve Obeyd dönemleri, Kuzey Mezopotamya kentleşme sürecinin öncü­leri sayıldıklarından önemlidir. Gerek belirgin çanak çömlek özelliklerinin, gerekse özgün mimari öğele­rinin Mezopotamya dışında Anadolu'nun doğu ve güneydoğusu ile Doğu Akdeniz sahilini de kapsayan geniş bir coğrafi alana yayılmış olması dikkat çekicidir. Halaf ve Obeyd dönemlerinde birbirinden uzak olan yer­leşimlerde biçim ve bezeme açısından birbirine benzer çanak çömlek ve yapı türlerinin görülmüş olması, birçok araştırmacının bunların arasındaki ilişki ve yayılımıyla ilgili kuramlar geliştirmesine neden olmuş­tur. Burada olduğu gibi geniş bir coğrafya içinde görülen benzerlikler, çoğu kez kuramsal yaklaşımlara daya­lı genellemelerle açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır; ancak bu yazıda, her iki kültürün etkisi altında kalmış olan Hatay ili, Reyhanlı ilçesi, Tell Kurdu yerleşiminde Halaf ile ilişkili MÖ 6. ve Obeyd ile ilişkili MÖ 5. Bin yıl tabakaları karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmasıyla yetinilecektir. Bu bağlamda Tell Kurdu yerleşiminin iki evresi arasında idari ve politik oluşumlar açısından görülen farklılıklar, Halaf ve Obeid dönemlerinin genel yapılanması içinde ele alınacaktır.

Keywords

Halaf dönemi , Obeyd dönemi , kentleşmenin öncüleri , gelişkin toplumsal örgütlenme ve yönetim , Tell Kurdu

A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT HALAF AND UBAID PERIOD SOCIAL COMPLEXITY AND THE TELL KURDU CASE

Abstract

While the Uruk Period is generally accepted as the earliest state society in the Near East, assessing the social, political and economic organization of the antecedent Halaf and Ubaid phases has been a matter of long­standing debate. Over-schematized evolutionary categories like "tribes" or "chiefdoms" provide little resolve in characterizing the socio-political complexity of Near Eastern prehistory because they fail to account for the variability these phases encompass. This paper invites us to move beyond typological categories, yet considers issues of political economy and explores conscious strategies towards social complexity between these two well-known phases of Near Eastern prehistory. Located in the Hatay province of southern Turkey, Tell Kurdu has relatively wide horizontal exposures dating both to the Halaf-related and to the Ubaid-related phases, providing a unique opportunity to explore at a single settlement the contrasting levels of social complexity in the sixth and fifth millennia BC

Keywords

Halaf Period , Ubaid Period , pre-state societies , social and administrative complexity

References

• Algaze, G., 1989. Akkermans, P. M . M . G . and M . Verhoeven, 1995.
• Near Eastern Studies 48/4: 241-281. Algaze, G., R . Brueninger, C. Lightfoot and M . Rosen­ berg, 1991.
• Akkermans, P. M . M . G., 1989a.
• Akkermans, P. M . M. G., 1989c.
• Villages in the Steppe: Later Neolithic Settlement and Subsistence in the Balikh Valley, Northern Syria. Archae­ ological Series 5, International Monographs in Pre­ history. Akkermans, P. M . M . G . and K . Duistermaat, 1997.
• The Archaeology of Syria: from Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC). Cambridge Unpublished report on the Systematic Survey of Tell Kurdu University Press. Archaeology 99: 5-32. Akkermans, P. M . M . G . and B . Wittmann, 1993.
• Excavations at Tell Ziyadeh, Syria: the Northern Ubaid Reconsidered. PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthro­ pology, Yale University. Berman, J., 1994.
• Bernbeck, R., S. Pollock et al., 2003.
• Excavations in the Plain ofAntioch. University of Chicaı go Press. Branting, S., 1996. located in the Tell Kurdu Excavation Archives. Breniquet, C., 1991.
• La disparition de la culture de Halaf: les origines de la cul­ ture d'Obeid dans de la Mésopotamie. Editions Recherche sur les civilizations. Brumfiel, E . M . and T . K . Earle, 1987.
• Regional Variation within the Halaf Ceramic Tradition. PhD Dissertation, University of Edinburgh. Edens, C. and K . A . Yener, 2000a.
• Journal of Archaeology 104:198-215. Buccellati, G., D . Buia and S. Reimer, 1991.
• Sonuçları Toplantısı V I I : 53-85. Akdenizi Arkeoloji Haberleri 6: 79-86. Carter, E . and S. Campbell, 2008.
• Sonuçları Toplantısı I X / I : 79-125. Flannery, K., 1999.
• Recherche sur les civilizations. Forest, J . D., 1991.
• Recherche sur les civilizations. Forest, J . D., 1996.
• Mésopotamie: L'apparition Méditerranée. de l'état. Éditions Paris- Frangipane, M., 2007.
• TellKurdu, The Ubaid-Related Pottery (AmuqE) and the Organization of Pottery Production. Unpublished M A paper. University of Chicago. Gerritsen, F . , A . De Giorgi, A . Eger, R . Ozbal and T . Vorderstrasse, 2008.
• Hammade, H . and Y . Yamazaki, 1995.
• Hammade, H . and Y . Yamazaki, 2006.
• Tell al-'Abr (Syria) Ubaid and Uruk Periods. Peeters. Hijjara, I . , 1997.
• The HalafPeriod in Northern Mesopotamia. Edubba 6, N A B U . Hole, F., 1983.
• Telul eth Thalathat: The excavation ofTell II. The Third Season (1964). The Institute of Oriental Culture, The Uni- versity of Tokyo. Garstang, J . , 1953.
• Prehistoric Mersin, Yumuktepe in Southern Turkey. Clarenı don Press. Hole, F . and J . Arzt, 1998.
• Larsa (8eme et 9eme campagnes, 1978 et 1981) et Oueili
• (2eme et 3eme campagnes, 1978 et 1981 ) : rapportprelimiı naire. Editions Recherche sur les civilisations.
• _59 -60 bos/D.3-RANA OZBAL:TUBA-AR 11/23/10 11:09 PM Sayfea54 Jasim, S. A., 1983.
• Lloyd, S. and F . Safar, 1943.
• The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Theories andApproach- es. Routledge. Matsumoto, K . and S. Yokoyama, 1995.
• Plain and Painted Pottery: The Rise of Late Neolithic Ceramic Style on the Syrian and Northern Mesopotamian Plains. Brepols. Nissen, H . J . , 1988.
• The Early History of the Ancient Near East 9000-2000 B. C.
• University of Chicago Press. Nissen, H . J . , 1989.
• Households, Daily Practice and Cultural Appropriation at Sixth Millennium Tell Kurdu. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University. Özbal, R., 2010.
• Özbal, R., F . Gerritsen, B . Diebold, E . Healey, N. Aydın, M . Loyet, F . Nardulli, D . Reese, H . Ekstrom, S. Sholts, N. Mekel-Bobrov and B . Lahn, 2004.
• Özbal, R . and E . Healey, 2008.
• Unpublished Report on the Lithic Microdebitage from Tell Kurdu located in the Tell Kurdu Excavation Archives. Perkins, L . A., 1949.
• The Comparative Archaeology of Early Mesopotamia. The University of Chicago Press. Pollock, S., 1983.
• The Rise ofCivilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East. W. H . Freeman. Rothman, M . S., 2010.
• Eridu. Ministry of Culture and Information. Saxe, A . A., 1970.
• Social Dimensions ofMortuary Practices. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan. Saxe, A . A., 1971.
• Wailes (ed.) Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: 38. University of Pennsylvania Museum, University Museum Monograph 93. Stein, G . J . , 1998.
• Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden that Never Was. Camı bridge University Press. Stein, G . J . , 2009.
• Stein, G . J . and R . Özbal, 2007.
• Excavations at Tepe Gawra, Volume 2. University of Pennsylvania. Tsuneki, A . et al., 1998.
• Orient Museum X V I I I : 1-40. Tsuneki, A . and Y . Miyake, 1998.
• Excavations at Tell Umm Qseir in the Middle Khabur Val- ley, North Syria: Report of the 1996 Season. A l Shark I , Uni- versity of Tsukuba Studies for West Asian Archaeology.
• Watkins, T . and S. Campbell, 1987.
• TheAmuq Valley Regional Projects: Surveys in the plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995-2002. Oriental
• Institute Publications, Vol. 131. Yener, K . A., T. J . Wilkinson, S. Branting, E . Friedman, J . Lyon and C. Reichel, 1996.
• Yener, K . A . , C. Edens, J . Casana, B . Diebold, H . Ekstrom, M . Loyet and R . Özbal, 2000.
• Watson, P. J . and S. A . LeBlanc, 1973.
• Girikihaciyan: A Halafian Site in Southeastern Turkey. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Publications. Yoffee, N., 1993.
• Myths of the Archaic State. Cambridge University Press. Fig. 1 - Examples of Amuq C painted pottery from Tell Kurdu (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives) Fig. 2 - Examples of Amuq E painted pottery from Tell Kurdu (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives) Fig. 3 - Map of southern Turkey indicating the location of the Amuq Valley (adapted from Gerritsen et al. : fig. 1) Fig. 4 - Map of the Hatay region and the Amuq Valley (adapted from Gerritsen et al. 2008: fig 2)
• Fig. 6 - Plan of Trenches 1,6,9 on the summit of the mound (after Yener et al. 2000a: 24)
• Fig. 5 - Map of Tell Kurdu showing the location of the current excavations (after Ôzbal et al. 2004: fig 1)
• Fig. 10 - Plan of the kiln area in Trenches 11 and 15 (after Yener at al. 2000b:fig.3)
• _59-60 bos/D.3-RANA OZBAL:TUBA-AR 11/23/10 11:09 PM Sayfdp Fig. 11 - Plan of Trench 2 architecture (after Yener et al. a:fig. 20) Fig. 13 - Plan of Area A (in the North Mound, after Özbal 2006 fig.4.4)
• Fig. 14 - Photo of room R05. Notice the oven on the left and the platform with an in situ grinding stone on the right. (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives) Fig. 15 - Photo of the artifacts found in situ on the floor from room R05 (photo: Tell Kurdu excavation archives)