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Evaluation of a Clay-Covered Votive Pit from Küllüoba in Light of Interdisciplinary Research

Year 2023, Issue: 32, 35 - 46, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1265048

Abstract

Anadolu’da İlk Tunç Çağı III olarak adlandırılan MÖ 3. binyılın sonları, ilk kentsel toplumların gelişmesi ve Kuzey Suriye’den Ege’ye ve Balkanlar’a uzanan bölgeler arası değişim ağlarının yoğunlaşmasıyla bilinir. Bu ilişkilerin kanıtları arasında çömlekçi çarkı, ağırlık sistemleri, metalürji ve mühürleme uygulamaları gibi yeni teknolojilerin yayılmasının yanı sıra Suriye şişeleri, depas ve tankard gibi içki kapları, kemikten boya taşıma tüpleri veya yarı değerli taşlar gibi küçük prestij nesnelerinin dolaşımını sayabiliriz. MÖ 3. Binyıl’ın en karakteristik uygulamalarından birisi de dönemin görüldüğü pekçok yerleşmede karşımıza çıkan adak çukurlarıdır. Doğuda kuzey Suriye’den batıda Trakya ve Balkanlar’a kadar çok geniş bir coğrafyada görülen bu uygulama bugüne kadar çeşitli yayınlarla ele alınmış olmasına rağmen bu çalışmalar genellikle sadece çanak çömlek ve küçük buluntu gibi eserler üzerinden gerçekleşmiştir.
Bu çalışmada Eskişehir-Küllüoba’da 2022 yılı kazılarında saptanan ve adak çukuru olarak tanımlanan bir çukur, vaka analizi olarak, içerisinde bulunan çanak çömlek ve küçük buluntular dışında, arkeozooloji ve arkeobotani verileriyle birlikte ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu örnek üzeri kil ile kapatılmış olması açısından daha önce değerlendirilen örneklerden farklıdır. Bu çalışmada özellikle kül veya çöp gibi evsel atıkların gömüldüğü çukurlar ile ritüel karakterli çukurlar arasındaki farklılıklar söz konusu çukur verileri üzerinden genel olarak değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi

Project Number

2021-02.BŞEÜ.04.02

References

  • Arimura, M. (2000). The Lithic Industry of the Final Pottery Neolithic: New Evidence from Tell Ain el- Kerkh, Northwest Syria. Neo- Llithics, 3/99, 7–10.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. British Museum Press.
  • Blegen, C. W., Caskey, J. L., & Rawson, M. (1950). Troy: general introduction, the first and second settlements. Excavations conducted by the University of Cincinnati 1932-1938. Princeton University Press.
  • Bottéro, J & Kramer, S. N. (2017). Mezopotamya Mitolojisi. Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Chapman, J. (2000). Pit-digging and structured deposition in the Neolithic and Copper Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 66, 61–87.
  • Collins, B. J. (2004). A Channel to the Underworld in Syria. Near Eastern Archaeology, 67(1), 54–56.
  • Cultraro, M. (2013). Food Preparation and Consumption in the Early Bronze Age of the Northern Aegean: Evidence from Poliochni, Lemnos. In Giampaolo Graziadio, Riccardo Guglielmino, Valeria Lenuzza, & Salvatore Vitale (Eds.), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology for Mario Benzi (pp. 103–111). Bar International Series 2460.
  • Efe, T., & Ay Efe, D. (2000). Early Bronze Age I Pottery from Küllüoba near Seyitgazi , Eskişehir. Anatolia Antiqua, 8, 1–87.
  • Erkanal, H., Şahoğlu, V., Tuncel, R., Kouka, O., Keskin, L., & Tuğcu, İ. (2009). Liman Tepe 2007 yılı kazısı. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 30(1), 299–322.
  • Esin, U. H. S. (1987). Değirmentepe (Malatya) Kurtarma Kazısı 1986. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 9(1), 79–126.
  • Eslick, C. (2009). Elmalı-Karataş 5: The Early Bronze Age pottery of Karataş - habitation deposits. Archaeopress.
  • Goldman, H. (1956). Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus: From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press.
  • Karamurat, C. (2018). Ritual And Social Structure During The Late Neolithic And Early Chalcolithic: Pit Rituals Of Uğurlu Höyük-Gökçeada.
  • Kouka, O. (2011). Symbolism, ritual feasting and ethnicity in Early Bronze Age Cyprus and Anatolia. In O. Kouka & V. Karageorghis (Eds.), On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: An International Archaeological Symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th – 7th 2010 (pp. 43–56). Leventis Foundation.
  • Leonardi, G., Miglavacca, M., & Nardi, S. (1999). Soil Phosphorus Analysis as an Integrative Tool for Recognizing Buried Ancient Ploughsoils. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(4), 343–352.
  • Leshtakov, K. (2002). Galabovo Pottery and a New Synchronization for the Bronze Age in Upper Thrace within Anatolia. Anatolica, XXVIII, 171–211.
  • Marchetti, N., & Nigro, L. (1997). Cultic Activities in the Sacred Area of Ishtar at Ebla during the Old Syrian Period: The “Favissae” F. 5327 and F. 5238. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 49, 1–44.
  • Mellink, M. J. (1964). Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1963. American Journal of Archaeology, 68(3), 269–278. http://www.jstor.org/stable/502389
  • Nikolov, V. (2010). Early Bronze Age sanctuary at Tell Kazanlak. Studia Praehistorica, 13, 319–337.
  • Nikolov, V. (2011). A reinterpretation of Neolithic complexes with dug-out features: pit sanctuaries. Studia Praehistorica, 14, 91–119.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2015). Laodikeia-Kandilkırı verileri ışığında Güneybatı Anadolu’da Erken Tunç Çağı 2 ve 3: Vol. Unpublished Phd Thesis.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2019). Çukurun Dibinde Erken Tunç Çağı: Güneybatı Anadolu’dan Bazı Çukur Örnekleri ve Sembolik Anlamları Üzerine Düşünceler. In Ç. Atakuman (Ed.), Arkeoloji’de Ritüel ve Toplum (pp. 191–202). Ege Yayınları.
  • Ökse, T. (2003). Gre Virike. Arkeoatlas, 2, 162.
  • Ökse, T. (2005). Gre Virike Kazısı. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, 19, 13–14.
  • Özdoğan, M., & Parzinger, H. (2012). Die frühbronzezeitliche Siedlung von Kanlıgeçit bei Kırklareli: Ostthrakien während des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im Spannungsfeld von anatolischer und balkanischer Kulturentwicklung. P. von Zabern.
  • Özdoğan, M., Parzinger, H., Özdoğan, E., & Shwarzberg, H. (2008). Kırklareli Höyüğü Aşağı Pınar Kazısı 2007 Yılı Çalışmaları. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 30(II), 233–248.
  • Psimogiannou, K. (2012). Creating identities in the mortuary arena of the Greek Final Neolithic: a contextual definition of practices in Central and Southern Greece. Documenta Praehistorica , XXXIX, 185–201.
  • Sevinç-Erbaşı, F. (2013). Hititlerde Öteki Kurban ve Büyü, Cenaze/Diğer Ritüeller. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Süel, A., & Süel, M. (2011). Başkent Şapinuva: Hitit Dünyasındaki Yeri ve Önemi. Çorum Kazı ve Araştırmalar Sempozyumu, 1(5), 93–110.
  • Türkteki, M., & Başkurt, R. (2016). Anadolu’da İlk Tunç Çağı sonunda geleneksel bir ritual uygulaması: Küllüoba kazı ışığında adak çukurları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Anadolu, 42, 1–28.
  • Türkteki, M., Tarhan, İ., Kara, H., & Tuna, Y. (2022). Possible Uses of Depas Amphikypellon from Küllüoba in Western Central Anatolia through Gc- Ms Analysis of Organic Residues. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 22(1), 127–154.
  • Türkteki, M; Türkteki, S. (2021). Anatolian–Balkan Connections at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC: A Ritual Perspective. In . Leshtakov, K; Andonova,M (Ed.), Galabovo in Southeast Europe and Beyond. Cultural Interactions during the 3rd-2nd Millennium BC Proceedings of the International Conference 24- 27 October 2018 in the Town of Galabovo (pp. 376– 385). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
  • Türkteki, Murat; Sarı, Deniz; Şahin Fatma; Türkteki, Sinem, Tuna, Y. (2021). Anadolu’da Bir İlk Tunç Çağı Kenti: Küllüoba, Genel Değerlendirme ve 2020 Yılı Çalışmaları An Early Bronze Age City in Anatolia: Küllüoba, General Evaluation and 2020 Season Work. Lycus Journal, June(3), 105–128.
  • Warner, J. (1994). Elmalı-Karataş 2: The Early Bronze Age Village of Karataş. In Archaeological Monographs. Bryn Mawr College.

EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH

Year 2023, Issue: 32, 35 - 46, 01.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1265048

Abstract

The end of the 3rd millennium BCE, known as the Early Bronze Age (EBA) III in Anatolia, is the period when the first urban societies developed and the inter-regional exchange networks that extended from Northern Syria to the Aegean region and the Balkans increased. The spread of new technologies such as the potter’s wheel, the weight systems, metallurgy, and the practice of sealing, as well as the circulation of small prestige objects such as the Syrian bottles, drinking vessels such as depas and tankard, bone tubes that were used to carry pigments, or semi-precious stones can be counted as indications of these relations. One of the most characteristic practices of the 3rd millennium BCE is the votive pits seen in many of the period’s settlements. Although this practice, which was observed in a wide geographical area extending from Northern Syria in the east to Thrace and the Balkans in the west, has been discussed in various publications so far, they were generally just about artefacts such as pottery and small finds.
In this study, the pit that was discovered during the 2022 excavations in Eskişehir-Küllüoba and identified as a votive pit, as well as the pottery and the small finds found inside it, are discussed as a case analysis, using archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data. The layer of clay covering the above-mentioned pit distinguishes it from the previously evaluated pits. This study in general aims to evaluate, through the data gathered on the said pit, the differences particularly between the domestic refuse pits to which remains such as ash or rubbish are deposited and the ritual pits.

Project Number

2021-02.BŞEÜ.04.02

References

  • Arimura, M. (2000). The Lithic Industry of the Final Pottery Neolithic: New Evidence from Tell Ain el- Kerkh, Northwest Syria. Neo- Llithics, 3/99, 7–10.
  • Black, J. & Green, A. (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. British Museum Press.
  • Blegen, C. W., Caskey, J. L., & Rawson, M. (1950). Troy: general introduction, the first and second settlements. Excavations conducted by the University of Cincinnati 1932-1938. Princeton University Press.
  • Bottéro, J & Kramer, S. N. (2017). Mezopotamya Mitolojisi. Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Chapman, J. (2000). Pit-digging and structured deposition in the Neolithic and Copper Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 66, 61–87.
  • Collins, B. J. (2004). A Channel to the Underworld in Syria. Near Eastern Archaeology, 67(1), 54–56.
  • Cultraro, M. (2013). Food Preparation and Consumption in the Early Bronze Age of the Northern Aegean: Evidence from Poliochni, Lemnos. In Giampaolo Graziadio, Riccardo Guglielmino, Valeria Lenuzza, & Salvatore Vitale (Eds.), Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology for Mario Benzi (pp. 103–111). Bar International Series 2460.
  • Efe, T., & Ay Efe, D. (2000). Early Bronze Age I Pottery from Küllüoba near Seyitgazi , Eskişehir. Anatolia Antiqua, 8, 1–87.
  • Erkanal, H., Şahoğlu, V., Tuncel, R., Kouka, O., Keskin, L., & Tuğcu, İ. (2009). Liman Tepe 2007 yılı kazısı. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 30(1), 299–322.
  • Esin, U. H. S. (1987). Değirmentepe (Malatya) Kurtarma Kazısı 1986. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 9(1), 79–126.
  • Eslick, C. (2009). Elmalı-Karataş 5: The Early Bronze Age pottery of Karataş - habitation deposits. Archaeopress.
  • Goldman, H. (1956). Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus: From the Neolithic through the Bronze Age (Vol. 2). Princeton University Press.
  • Karamurat, C. (2018). Ritual And Social Structure During The Late Neolithic And Early Chalcolithic: Pit Rituals Of Uğurlu Höyük-Gökçeada.
  • Kouka, O. (2011). Symbolism, ritual feasting and ethnicity in Early Bronze Age Cyprus and Anatolia. In O. Kouka & V. Karageorghis (Eds.), On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and neighbouring regions: An International Archaeological Symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th – 7th 2010 (pp. 43–56). Leventis Foundation.
  • Leonardi, G., Miglavacca, M., & Nardi, S. (1999). Soil Phosphorus Analysis as an Integrative Tool for Recognizing Buried Ancient Ploughsoils. Journal of Archaeological Science, 26(4), 343–352.
  • Leshtakov, K. (2002). Galabovo Pottery and a New Synchronization for the Bronze Age in Upper Thrace within Anatolia. Anatolica, XXVIII, 171–211.
  • Marchetti, N., & Nigro, L. (1997). Cultic Activities in the Sacred Area of Ishtar at Ebla during the Old Syrian Period: The “Favissae” F. 5327 and F. 5238. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 49, 1–44.
  • Mellink, M. J. (1964). Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1963. American Journal of Archaeology, 68(3), 269–278. http://www.jstor.org/stable/502389
  • Nikolov, V. (2010). Early Bronze Age sanctuary at Tell Kazanlak. Studia Praehistorica, 13, 319–337.
  • Nikolov, V. (2011). A reinterpretation of Neolithic complexes with dug-out features: pit sanctuaries. Studia Praehistorica, 14, 91–119.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2015). Laodikeia-Kandilkırı verileri ışığında Güneybatı Anadolu’da Erken Tunç Çağı 2 ve 3: Vol. Unpublished Phd Thesis.
  • Oğuzhanoğlu, U. (2019). Çukurun Dibinde Erken Tunç Çağı: Güneybatı Anadolu’dan Bazı Çukur Örnekleri ve Sembolik Anlamları Üzerine Düşünceler. In Ç. Atakuman (Ed.), Arkeoloji’de Ritüel ve Toplum (pp. 191–202). Ege Yayınları.
  • Ökse, T. (2003). Gre Virike. Arkeoatlas, 2, 162.
  • Ökse, T. (2005). Gre Virike Kazısı. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Haberler, 19, 13–14.
  • Özdoğan, M., & Parzinger, H. (2012). Die frühbronzezeitliche Siedlung von Kanlıgeçit bei Kırklareli: Ostthrakien während des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im Spannungsfeld von anatolischer und balkanischer Kulturentwicklung. P. von Zabern.
  • Özdoğan, M., Parzinger, H., Özdoğan, E., & Shwarzberg, H. (2008). Kırklareli Höyüğü Aşağı Pınar Kazısı 2007 Yılı Çalışmaları. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, 30(II), 233–248.
  • Psimogiannou, K. (2012). Creating identities in the mortuary arena of the Greek Final Neolithic: a contextual definition of practices in Central and Southern Greece. Documenta Praehistorica , XXXIX, 185–201.
  • Sevinç-Erbaşı, F. (2013). Hititlerde Öteki Kurban ve Büyü, Cenaze/Diğer Ritüeller. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Süel, A., & Süel, M. (2011). Başkent Şapinuva: Hitit Dünyasındaki Yeri ve Önemi. Çorum Kazı ve Araştırmalar Sempozyumu, 1(5), 93–110.
  • Türkteki, M., & Başkurt, R. (2016). Anadolu’da İlk Tunç Çağı sonunda geleneksel bir ritual uygulaması: Küllüoba kazı ışığında adak çukurları üzerine bir değerlendirme. Anadolu, 42, 1–28.
  • Türkteki, M., Tarhan, İ., Kara, H., & Tuna, Y. (2022). Possible Uses of Depas Amphikypellon from Küllüoba in Western Central Anatolia through Gc- Ms Analysis of Organic Residues. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 22(1), 127–154.
  • Türkteki, M; Türkteki, S. (2021). Anatolian–Balkan Connections at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC: A Ritual Perspective. In . Leshtakov, K; Andonova,M (Ed.), Galabovo in Southeast Europe and Beyond. Cultural Interactions during the 3rd-2nd Millennium BC Proceedings of the International Conference 24- 27 October 2018 in the Town of Galabovo (pp. 376– 385). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
  • Türkteki, Murat; Sarı, Deniz; Şahin Fatma; Türkteki, Sinem, Tuna, Y. (2021). Anadolu’da Bir İlk Tunç Çağı Kenti: Küllüoba, Genel Değerlendirme ve 2020 Yılı Çalışmaları An Early Bronze Age City in Anatolia: Küllüoba, General Evaluation and 2020 Season Work. Lycus Journal, June(3), 105–128.
  • Warner, J. (1994). Elmalı-Karataş 2: The Early Bronze Age Village of Karataş. In Archaeological Monographs. Bryn Mawr College.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Murat Türkteki 0000-0001-5584-3572

Can Yümni Gündem 0000-0002-6369-0913

Hüreyla Balcı 0000-0001-7290-5077

İsmail Tarhan 0000-0003-3353-8635

Sinem Türkteki 0000-0002-3918-8050

Ebedin Ferhat Emlük 0000-0002-5746-7731

Abdurrahim Cavit Özcan 0000-0002-0789-0232

Project Number 2021-02.BŞEÜ.04.02
Early Pub Date July 14, 2023
Publication Date August 1, 2023
Submission Date March 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 32

Cite

APA Türkteki, M., Gündem, C. Y., Balcı, H., Tarhan, İ., et al. (2023). EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(32), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1265048
AMA Türkteki M, Gündem CY, Balcı H, Tarhan İ, Türkteki S, Emlük EF, Özcan AC. EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. TÜBA-AR. August 2023;(32):35-46. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1265048
Chicago Türkteki, Murat, Can Yümni Gündem, Hüreyla Balcı, İsmail Tarhan, Sinem Türkteki, Ebedin Ferhat Emlük, and Abdurrahim Cavit Özcan. “EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 32 (August 2023): 35-46. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1265048.
EndNote Türkteki M, Gündem CY, Balcı H, Tarhan İ, Türkteki S, Emlük EF, Özcan AC (August 1, 2023) EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 32 35–46.
IEEE M. Türkteki, C. Y. Gündem, H. Balcı, İ. Tarhan, S. Türkteki, E. F. Emlük, and A. C. Özcan, “EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH”, TÜBA-AR, no. 32, pp. 35–46, August 2023, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1265048.
ISNAD Türkteki, Murat et al. “EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 32 (August 2023), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1265048.
JAMA Türkteki M, Gündem CY, Balcı H, Tarhan İ, Türkteki S, Emlük EF, Özcan AC. EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. TÜBA-AR. 2023;:35–46.
MLA Türkteki, Murat et al. “EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 32, 2023, pp. 35-46, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1265048.
Vancouver Türkteki M, Gündem CY, Balcı H, Tarhan İ, Türkteki S, Emlük EF, Özcan AC. EVALUATION OF A CLAY-COVERED VOTIVE PIT FROM KÜLLÜOBA IN LIGHT OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH. TÜBA-AR. 2023(32):35-46.

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