The article is devoted to an ancient tradition in the burial practices of the peoples of Asia Minor and Central Asia,
dating back to the Neolithic Period, namely exposing the dead to be eaten by birds or animals. Exposing the dead
was performed at designated areas of natural character (mountains, hills), and special constructions, described in
ancient Persian sources (Avesta) with a special term, “dakhma”. After the “purification” of bones from the flesh,
the remains were buried in rooms (the sanctuary of Çatal Hüyük) or in graves (Bactria). The practice of exposing
the dead to the mercy of birds of prey - vultures - is recorded on monuments with figurative representations of the
Neolithic Period in ancient Anatolia (reliefs of Göbeklitepe and murals of Çatal Hüyük). Çatal Hüyük’s paintings
clearly illustrate the custom and at the same time are the earliest examples of narrative art. This burial tradition is
observed also in the archaeological material and in works of small forms of Central Asia (Bactria, Margiana) of Late
Bronze Age. Of great interest in this respect are two seals originating from Bactria. However, the custom of exposing
the dead for purification continued in Central Asian and Iran regions for many centuries until the arrival of Islam in
these lands. This is evidenced by the data of ancient authors and medieval written sources. One variety of this rite in
Central Asia can be observed in the ossuary rite of burial. Remnants of this ancient custom of purification bones are
fixed also in the ethnographic material of Central Asia until the late of Middle Ages.
Anatolia Çatal Hüyük Bactria Margiana Sapallitepa Jarkutan Gonur Togolok Dakhma Vulture Burial Rite
Bu makale Küçük Asya ve Orta Asya toplumlarında görülen, Neolitik Dönem’e tarihlenen, ölülerin kuşlar ve hayvanlar
tarafından tüketilmesi ile şekillenen eski ölü gömme geleneğine adanmıştır. Eski Pers kaynaklarında “dakhma”
olarak adlandırılan bu uygulamada ölüler bu iş için belirlenmiş olan açık alanlara (dağlar, tepeler) bırakılırlardı.
Kemiklerin etlerden “arındırılmasının” ardından kalıntılar odalara (Çatal Höyük tapınağı) ya da mezarlara (Bactria)
gömülürdü. Ölülerin alıcı kuşların insafına terk edilmesi temsili olarak Neolitik Döneme tarihlenen eski Anadolu’da
görülen anıtlarda (Göbeklitepe kabartmaları ve Çatal Höyük duvar resimleri) karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çatal Höyük
resimleri açıkça bu geleneği resmederken aynı zamanda sanatsal anlatımın en eski örneklerini teşkil eder. Bu ölü
gömme geleneği aynı zamanda Geç Tunç Çağı’nda Orta Asya’da (Bactria, Margiana) bulunmuş olan arkeolojik
materyal ve küçük eserlerde de karşımıza çıkar. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Bactria menşeli iki mühür ilgi çekicidir.
Bununla birlikte ölülerin arındırılma amacıyla dış mekânlarda bırakılması geleneği İslamiyet’in bölgede yayılmasına
kadar Orta Asya ve İran’da yüzyıllarca devam etmiştir. Bu aynı zamanda antik yazarlar ve ortaçağ kaynakları ile
de kanıtlanmaktadır. Orta Asya’da bu geleneğin bir türevi de ölü kemiklerinin gömülmesi geleneğidir. Bu eski kemik
arındırılması geleneğinin örneklerine ortaçağa kadar Orta Asya’nın etnografik materyali içinde rastlanmaktadır.
Anadolu Çatal Hüyük Bactria Margiana Sapallitepa Jarkutan Gonur Togolok Dakhma Akbaba Ölü Gömme Geleneği
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Neolithic Age Archeology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2017 |
| Submission Date | January 2, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Issue: 20 |
Publisher
Vedat Dalokay Caddesi No: 112 Çankaya 06670 ANKARA
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