ANADOLU HİSARI’NDAN ALINAN MEŞE ÖRNEKLERİNİN TARİHLENDİRİLMESİ, İSTANBUL-TÜRKİYE
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 29, 79 - 86, 28.06.2024
Ünal Akkemik
,
Yasemin Özarslan
Tomasz Wazny
Öz
Anadolu Hisarı, İstanbul Boğazı’nın Anadolu yakasında, ünlü Rumeli Hisarı’nın karşısında yer alan önemli bir tarihi yapıdır. Hisarın, Osmanlı Padişahı Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde, 1395 yılında inşa edildiği bilinmektedir. 2022 yılında yapılan restorasyonu sırasında, Hisarın bahçesine depolanan meşe hatıllarının 6 tanesinden dendrokronolojik tarihleme için disk şeklinde gövde kesitleri alınmıştır. Standart dendrokronoloji yöntemleri uygulandıktan sonra ahşaplar 1395 yılına tarihlendirilmiştir. Bu sonuç, tarihi kayıtlarda geçen inşaatın tamamlanma tarihi olan 1395/1396 ile tutarlıdır. Tarihlendirme sonucuna göre, Hisardan alınan örneklerin orijinal yerlerinin yapının ilk dönemine ait olduğu ve bu restorasyonla ilk defa değiştirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmamız, İstanbul’daki bu tür tarihi binaların restorasyonu sırasında kaldırılan mimari ahşabın tam bağlamının belirlenmesinin, bunların orijinal parçalarının ve geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olabilecek restorasyon faaliyetlerinin zamanının belirlenmesine yardımcı olabileceğini göstermiştir.
Proje Numarası
2016/22/A/HS3/00285.
Kaynakça
- Akkemik, Ü. (2004). Dendrochronology, İlkeleriBiyolojik-Temelleri-Yöntemleri-UygulamaAlanları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:
4484/479.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Güzel, S. (2004). Kastamonu civarındaki
bazı ahşap yapıların dendrokronolojik yöntemlerle
tarihlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve
Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 65–71.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2013). Woods of the
old galleys of Yenikapı, Istanbul. Mediterranean
Archaeology & Archaeometry, 13(2), 31–41.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2014). Woods of
Byzantine trade ships of Yenikapı (Istanbul) and
changes in wood use from 6th to 11th century.
Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry,
14(2), 301–311.
- Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Ważny, T., Kızıltan, Z., & Öncü,
Ö.E. (2019). Dating and dendroprovenancing of the
timbers used in Yenikapı historical jetty (İstanbul,
Türkiye). Dendrochronologia 57, 125628.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Dağdeviren, N. (2004). Using
Dendrochronological Methods to Date the Wooden
Materials Used in Balkapanı Han. İstanbul
Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), s.
45-53.
- Anonymous (1991). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Volume 3:
147-149.
- Baillie, M. G. L., & Pilcher, J. R. (1973). A simple
cross-dating program for tree-ring research. TreeRing Bulletin, 33, 7–14.
- Christopoulou, A., Ważny, T., Moody, J., Tzigounaki,
A., Giapitsoglou, K., Fraidhaki, A., & Fiolitaki, A.
(2021). Dendrochronology of a scrapheap, or how
the history of preveli monastery was reconstructed.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15
(10), 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1558305
8.2019.1685023.
- Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree rings and Climate. Academic
Press, New York, San Francisco
- Hollstein, E. (1980). Mitteleuropäische
Eichenchronologie: Trierer dendrochronologis-che
Forschungen zur Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte.
P. von Zabern, Mainz.
- Kızıltan, Z. (2010). Excavations at Yenikapı, Sirkeci and
Üsküdar within Marmaray and Metro project. In U.
Kocabaş (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Symposium
on Marmaray-Metro Salvage Excavations, 5th–
6th May 2008 (pp. 1–17). İstanbul: Directorate of
Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
- Kuban, D. (2007). Osmanlı Mimarisi. YEM Yayınları,
No:134, İstanbul.
- Kunihom, P.I. (2000). Dendrochronological1y dated
ottoman monuments, A Historical Archaeology of
the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. In
U. Baram, & L. Carrol (Eds). Kluwer Academic
Plenum Publishers.
- Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., & Ważny, T. J. (2014).
Yenikapı ve diğer Marmaray proje alanlarında
dendrokronoloji araştırmaları. In Ş. Balta, & Ş.
Altun (Eds.), Hayalden Gerçeğe Bir İstanbul
Öyküsü-Marmaray (pp.154–159). Gama Holding.
- Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., Ważny, T.J., & Griggs,
C. B. (2015). Of harbors and trees: The Marmaray
contribution to a 2367-year Oak-Tree-Ring
Chronology from 97 Sites for the Aegean, East
Mediterranean, and Black Seas. In P. Magdalino, &
N. Ergin (Eds.), Istanbul and Water (47, pp. 47–90).
Peeters Press.
- Ljungqvist, F.C., Seim, A., Tegel, W., Krusic, P.J.,
Baittinger, C., Belingard, C., Bernabei, M., Bonde,
N., Borghaerts, P., Couturier, Y., Crone, A., van
Daalen, S., Daly, A., Doeve, P., Domínguez-Delmas,
M., Edouard, J.-L., Frank, T., Ginzler, C., Grabner,
M., …Büntgen, U. (2022). Regional patterns of
late medieval and early Modern European building
activity revealed by felling dates. Frontier in
Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fevo.2021.825751.
- Savvides, A.G.C. (1997). Constantinople in a vice: Some
notes on Anadolu Hisar (1395/1396) and Rumeli
Hisar (1452). Acta Patristica et Byzantina, 8. 144-
149.
- Schweingruber, F.H. (1988). Tree Rings, Basics and
Applications of Dendrochronology. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London.
- Pearson, C. L., Griggs, C. B., Kuniholm, P. I.,
Brewer, P. W., Ważny, T., & Canady, L. (2012).
Dendroarchaeology of the Mid-First Millennium
AD in Constantinople. Journal of Archaeological
Science, 39, 3402–3414.
- Rybníček, M., Vavrčík, H., & Hubený R. (2006).
Determination of the number of sapwood annual
rings in oak in the region of southern Moravia.
Journal of Forest Science, 52, 2006 (3), 141–146.
- Yalçın, N.M., Sezerer-Bulut, M., Pearson, C., Kuniholm,
P.I., Algan, O., & Ważny, T. (2019). Establishing
a high-resolution stratigraphy in the Holocene
marine sequence of the ancient Theodosian harbor
of Istanbul with the help of dendrochronology.
Geoarchaeology, 34:360–374. https://doi.
org/10.1002/gea.21729
DATING OF OAK TIMBERS FROM ANADOLU HİSARI (ANATOLIAN FORTRESS), İSTANBUL-TÜRKİYE
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 29, 79 - 86, 28.06.2024
Ünal Akkemik
,
Yasemin Özarslan
Tomasz Wazny
Öz
Anadolu Hisarı, or the Anatolian Fortress, is a prominent historic building located on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus, Istanbul, right across the well-known Rumeli Hisarı (the Rumeli Fortress). The fortress is known to have been built during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan, Yıldırım Bayezid, in 1395. In 2022 during the restoration of the fortress we collected a group of stem discs from 6 timbers stored in its garden for dendrochronological dating. The timbers were dated to 1395 after standard dendrochronological methods were applied. This result is consistent with the completion dates of the construction, 1395/1396, mentioned in historical records. The part of the walls from which the sampled timbers had been removed are from the original construction and were replaced during the recent restoration work. Our study shows that identifying the exact context of architectural wood removed during the restoration of such historical buildings in Istanbul can help identify their original parts and the time of restoration activities that may have taken place in the past.
Destekleyen Kurum
Part of this study was founded by the National Science Center, Poland
Proje Numarası
2016/22/A/HS3/00285.
Teşekkür
We would like to thank Yeşim Kalkan Güngör (Architect) and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Cultural Heritage Department for their support in providing the materials. Part of this study was founded by the National Science Center, Poland, project nr 2016/22/A/HS3/00285
Kaynakça
- Akkemik, Ü. (2004). Dendrochronology, İlkeleriBiyolojik-Temelleri-Yöntemleri-UygulamaAlanları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No:
4484/479.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Güzel, S. (2004). Kastamonu civarındaki
bazı ahşap yapıların dendrokronolojik yöntemlerle
tarihlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve
Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 65–71.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2013). Woods of the
old galleys of Yenikapı, Istanbul. Mediterranean
Archaeology & Archaeometry, 13(2), 31–41.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2014). Woods of
Byzantine trade ships of Yenikapı (Istanbul) and
changes in wood use from 6th to 11th century.
Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry,
14(2), 301–311.
- Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Ważny, T., Kızıltan, Z., & Öncü,
Ö.E. (2019). Dating and dendroprovenancing of the
timbers used in Yenikapı historical jetty (İstanbul,
Türkiye). Dendrochronologia 57, 125628.
- Akkemik, Ü., & Dağdeviren, N. (2004). Using
Dendrochronological Methods to Date the Wooden
Materials Used in Balkapanı Han. İstanbul
Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), s.
45-53.
- Anonymous (1991). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Volume 3:
147-149.
- Baillie, M. G. L., & Pilcher, J. R. (1973). A simple
cross-dating program for tree-ring research. TreeRing Bulletin, 33, 7–14.
- Christopoulou, A., Ważny, T., Moody, J., Tzigounaki,
A., Giapitsoglou, K., Fraidhaki, A., & Fiolitaki, A.
(2021). Dendrochronology of a scrapheap, or how
the history of preveli monastery was reconstructed.
International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15
(10), 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1558305
8.2019.1685023.
- Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree rings and Climate. Academic
Press, New York, San Francisco
- Hollstein, E. (1980). Mitteleuropäische
Eichenchronologie: Trierer dendrochronologis-che
Forschungen zur Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte.
P. von Zabern, Mainz.
- Kızıltan, Z. (2010). Excavations at Yenikapı, Sirkeci and
Üsküdar within Marmaray and Metro project. In U.
Kocabaş (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Symposium
on Marmaray-Metro Salvage Excavations, 5th–
6th May 2008 (pp. 1–17). İstanbul: Directorate of
Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
- Kuban, D. (2007). Osmanlı Mimarisi. YEM Yayınları,
No:134, İstanbul.
- Kunihom, P.I. (2000). Dendrochronological1y dated
ottoman monuments, A Historical Archaeology of
the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. In
U. Baram, & L. Carrol (Eds). Kluwer Academic
Plenum Publishers.
- Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., & Ważny, T. J. (2014).
Yenikapı ve diğer Marmaray proje alanlarında
dendrokronoloji araştırmaları. In Ş. Balta, & Ş.
Altun (Eds.), Hayalden Gerçeğe Bir İstanbul
Öyküsü-Marmaray (pp.154–159). Gama Holding.
- Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., Ważny, T.J., & Griggs,
C. B. (2015). Of harbors and trees: The Marmaray
contribution to a 2367-year Oak-Tree-Ring
Chronology from 97 Sites for the Aegean, East
Mediterranean, and Black Seas. In P. Magdalino, &
N. Ergin (Eds.), Istanbul and Water (47, pp. 47–90).
Peeters Press.
- Ljungqvist, F.C., Seim, A., Tegel, W., Krusic, P.J.,
Baittinger, C., Belingard, C., Bernabei, M., Bonde,
N., Borghaerts, P., Couturier, Y., Crone, A., van
Daalen, S., Daly, A., Doeve, P., Domínguez-Delmas,
M., Edouard, J.-L., Frank, T., Ginzler, C., Grabner,
M., …Büntgen, U. (2022). Regional patterns of
late medieval and early Modern European building
activity revealed by felling dates. Frontier in
Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fevo.2021.825751.
- Savvides, A.G.C. (1997). Constantinople in a vice: Some
notes on Anadolu Hisar (1395/1396) and Rumeli
Hisar (1452). Acta Patristica et Byzantina, 8. 144-
149.
- Schweingruber, F.H. (1988). Tree Rings, Basics and
Applications of Dendrochronology. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London.
- Pearson, C. L., Griggs, C. B., Kuniholm, P. I.,
Brewer, P. W., Ważny, T., & Canady, L. (2012).
Dendroarchaeology of the Mid-First Millennium
AD in Constantinople. Journal of Archaeological
Science, 39, 3402–3414.
- Rybníček, M., Vavrčík, H., & Hubený R. (2006).
Determination of the number of sapwood annual
rings in oak in the region of southern Moravia.
Journal of Forest Science, 52, 2006 (3), 141–146.
- Yalçın, N.M., Sezerer-Bulut, M., Pearson, C., Kuniholm,
P.I., Algan, O., & Ważny, T. (2019). Establishing
a high-resolution stratigraphy in the Holocene
marine sequence of the ancient Theodosian harbor
of Istanbul with the help of dendrochronology.
Geoarchaeology, 34:360–374. https://doi.
org/10.1002/gea.21729