Research Article

Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Volume: 9 Number: 3 December 31, 2025
TR EN

Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Aim: Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is associated with cellular health, nutritional status, functional decline, and mortality. This study evaluated its relationship with physical activity and anthropometric measures in type 2 diabetes and its potential as a biomarker of functional status. Material and Methods: The study recruited 125 volunteers aged 18–65 years with type 2 diabetes, fasting ≥4 h, without alcohol in the past 24 h or vigorous activity in 24–48 h. Body composition and phase angle were measured by InBody S10 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea); height by SECA-213 stadiometer (SECA, Hamburg, Germany); weight by Honor Scale-2; waist and mid-arm circumferences by nonelastic tape using standard anthropometric protocols. Physical activity levels were determined using data obtained from the short-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Sex-based differences were analyzed using either the Independent Samples t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test, according to the distributional characteristics of the data. Associations between continuous variables were examined using Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation analyses based on data distribution. Results: Mean whole-body phase angle was 5.54 ± 0.78° and mean physical activity MET score 1121.15 ± 981.04. A significant positive high correlation was found between MET score and phase angle (r =0.677, p<0.05). Whole-body phase angle also correlated significantly with body weight, body fat percentage, fat mass, bone mineral content, fat-free mass, total body water, and segmental phase angles (p<0.05). Conclusion: Phase angle may serve as a non-invasive indicator of physical activity, anthropometry, and overall status in type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to establish disease-, age-, sex-, and BMI-specific reference standards and cut-off values

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None.

Ethical Statement

This manuscript complies with the journal’s writing guidelines, publication principles, research and publication ethics, and the journal’s ethical standards. The authors are responsible for any violations that may arise in relation to the manuscript. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Lokman Hekim University/Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 27.04.2021, with decision number 2021/053. This study was derived from the thesis entitled “Investigation of the Relationship Between Phase Angle and Diet Quality, Physical Activity, Mood, and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes” (Thesis No: 753099), submitted to the Master’s Program with Thesis in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University. The findings of this study were presented as oral presentations at the 2nd International Gazi Health Sciences Congress (15–17 December 2022, Online) and the XIV. KEPAN Congress-2025 (17–20 April 2025, Antalya).

Thanks

None.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Nutritional Science, Sport and Exercise Nutrition, Nutrition and Dietetics (Other), Endocrinology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

September 23, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 15, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: 3

APA
Kartal, M. E., Aktaş, N., & Kaya, M. G. (2025). Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 9(3), 277-285. https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW
AMA
1.Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9(3):277-285. https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW
Chicago
Kartal, Muhammed Enes, Nevin Aktaş, and Mina Gülfem Kaya. 2025. “Association of Phase Angle With Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9 (3): 277-85. https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW.
EndNote
Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG (December 1, 2025) Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9 3 277–285.
IEEE
[1]M. E. Kartal, N. Aktaş, and M. G. Kaya, “Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes”, Turk J Diab Obes, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 277–285, Dec. 2025, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW
ISNAD
Kartal, Muhammed Enes - Aktaş, Nevin - Kaya, Mina Gülfem. “Association of Phase Angle With Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9/3 (December 1, 2025): 277-285. https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW.
JAMA
1.Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9:277–285.
MLA
Kartal, Muhammed Enes, et al. “Association of Phase Angle With Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 9, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 277-85, https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW.
Vancouver
1.Muhammed Enes Kartal, Nevin Aktaş, Mina Gülfem Kaya. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;9(3):277-85. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA92BM36AW

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