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Tip-2 Diyabetli Bireylerde Faz Açısının Fiziksel Aktivite ve Antropometrik Ölçümler ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 277 - 285, 31.12.2025

Öz

Amaç: Biyoelektrik impedans analizi ile elde edilen faz açısı, hücresel sağlık, beslenme durumu, fonksiyon kaybı ve mortalite ile ilişkilidir.
Bu çalışmada, tip 2 diyabetli bireylerde faz açısının fiziksel aktivite ve antropometrik ölçümlerle ilişkisi ve fonksiyonel durumun
belirlenmesinde potansiyel biyomarker olarak kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 18–65 yaş arası, tip 2 diyabet tanılı, en az 4 saattir aç, son 24 saatte alkol almamış ve 24–48 saatte ağır
fiziksel aktivite yapmamış 125 gönüllü katılmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu ve faz açısı InBody S10 (Biospace, Seul, Kore), boy SECA-
213 stadiyometre (SECA, Hamburg, Almanya), ağırlık Honor Scale-2 tartı; bel ve üst kol çevresi esmeyen mezura aracılığıyla standart
antropometrik protokollerle ölçülmüştür. Katılımcıların fiziksel aktiviteye ilişkin düzeyleri, Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi kısa
formu kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Erkek ve kadın katılımcılar arasındaki karşılaştırmalar, verilerin dağılım özelliklerine bağlı
olarak Bağımsız Örneklem t-testi veya Mann–Whitney U testi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sürekli değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler
ise, veri dağılımına göre Pearson veya Spearman korelasyon katsayıları ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Tüm vücut faz açısı ortalaması 5.54 ± 0.78°, fiziksel aktivite ortalama MET skoru ise 1121.15 ± 981.04 olarak saptanmıştır.
Fiziksel Aktivite MET-skoru ile tüm vücut faz açısı arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli, pozitif yönde, yüksek düzeyde bir ilişki
bulunmuştur (r: 0.677, p<0.05). Hastaların vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ yüzdesi, vücut yağ kütlesi, kemik mineral içeriği, yağsız vücut
kütlesi, toplam vücut suyu, segmental faz açıları ile tüm vücut faz açısı arasında istatistiksel açıdan önemli bir korelasyon bulunmuştur
(p<0.05).
Sonuç: Faz açısı, tip 2 diyabetli bireylerde fiziksel aktivite, antropometrik ölçümler ve genel durum hakkında bilgi sağlayan non-invaziv
bir parametre olarak kullanılabilir. Ancak hastalık, yaş, cinsiyet ve beden kütle indeksine özgü referans standartlar ile sınır değerlerin
belirlenmesi için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Etik Beyan

Kongre: Bu çalışma, Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Anabilim Dalı, Tezli Yüksek Lisans Programı’na sunulan “Tip 2 Diyabetli Bireylerde Faz Açısının Diyet Kalitesi, Fiziksel Aktivite, Ruh Hali ve Antropometrik Ölçümler ile İlişkisinin Araştırılması” (Tez No: 753099) başlıklı tezden türetilmiştir. Çalışma ayrıca 2. Uluslararası Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Kongresi (15–17 Aralık 2022, Çevrim içi) ve XIV. Kepan Kongresi-2025 (17–20 Nisan 2025, Antalya) kapsamında sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. Etik Kurul Onayı: Bu makale, derginin yazar yönergeleri, yayın politikaları, araştırma ve yayın etiği ile derginin etik standartlarına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Yazarlar, bu makaleyle ilgili olası ihlallerin tüm sorumluluğunu kabul etmektedir. Çalışma için etik onay, Lokman Hekim Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır. Tarih: 27.04.2021, sayı: 2021/053.

Destekleyen Kurum

Bulunmamaktadır.

Teşekkür

Bulunmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-22.
  • 2. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2021.
  • 3. Mori Y, Tachi T, Koizumi H, Matsumoto K, Sakurai H. Association of bio-impedance phase angle and a nutritional indicator in community-dwelling patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023;23(2):1839-44.
  • 4. Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):88-98.
  • 5. Bae JH, Han KD, Ko SH, Yang YS, Choi JH, Choi KM, Kwon HS, Won KC. Diabetes fact sheet in Korea 2021. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2022; 46(3):417–426.
  • 6. Muramae N, Matsuda T, Inagaki S, Takahashi H, Abe K, Nakatani S, Takahashi M, Kato K, Sakaguchi K, Ogawa W. Determinants of phase angle in Japanese patients with diabetes. Diabetol Int. 2023;14(4):339-43.
  • 7. da Silva BR, Gonzalez MC, Cereda E, Prado CM. Exploring the potential role of phase angle as a marker of oxidative stress: a narrative review. Nutrition. 2022;93:111493.
  • 8. Xia XX, Li CX, Xue XX, Chen YJ, He F, Guo HR. Association between phase angle and all-cause mortality in adults aged 18–49 years: NHANES 1999–2004. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):2785.
  • 9. Owari G, Kono K, Nonaka T, Watabe Y, Nishida Y, Takemoto M, Kakuda W. Phase angle as an independent predictor of sarcopenia and glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional observational study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2025;24(1):1-7.
  • 10. Hu Y, Jin H. Association between phase angle, body mass index and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18815.
  • 11. Więch P, Bazaliński D, Sałacińska I, Binkowska-Bury M, Korczowski B, Mazur A, Kózka M, Dąbrowski M. Decreased bioelectrical impedance phase angle in hospitalized children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a case-control study. J Clin Med. 2018;7(12):516.
  • 12. Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Valentini L, Schulzke JD, Norman K. Determinants of bioelectrical phase angle in disease. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(8):1217-20.
  • 13. Myatchin I, Abraham P, Malbrain MLNG. Bio-electrical impedance analysis in critically ill patients: are we ready for prime time? J Clin Monit Comput. 2020;34(3):401-10.
  • 14. Ayyıldız F, Köksal E. Hastalık riski, beslenme ve hidrasyon durumunun değerlendirilmesinde güncel yaklaşım: bioelektrik impedans vektör analizi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016; 25 (3):155-160.
  • 15. Jun MH, Ku B, Kim J, Kim KH, Kim JU. Mediation effect of the duration of diabetes mellitus on the decrease in bioimpedance phase angles in ethnically Korean people: a multicenter clinical study. J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(5):790-802.
  • 16. Ahmadi MRH, Javedani M, Ghiasi B, Ghavam S. Investigation of the relationship between phase angle and micro-albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with a history of more than 5 years of the disease in Ilam Province, Iran. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2017;33(2):351-357.
  • 17. Unterberger S, Aschauer R, Zöhrer PA, Draxler A, Aschauer M, Kager B, Franzke B, Strasser EM, Wagner KH, Wessner B. Association of bioelectrical impedance phase angle with physical performance and nutrient intake of older adults. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1458.
  • 18. Mat S, Tan MP, Mohktar MS, Kamaruzzaman SB, Ibrahim F. Phase angle and diabetes in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional analysis from the Malaysian elders longitudinal research (MELoR) study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76:680-4.
  • 19. Silva-Tinoco R, Castillo-Martínez L, Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi T, De La Torre-Saldaña VA, Rosales-Rosas D, González-Cantú A, Romero-Ibarguengoitia ME, León-García E, Serna-Alvarado J. Bioimpedance phase angle and body composition parameters associated with number of diabetes-related complications. Rev Mex Endocrinol Metab Nutr. 2021;8(2):57-64.
  • 20. Buffa R, Saragat B, Succa V, Ruggiu R, Carboni L, Putzu PF, Marini E. Elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes show altered tissue electrical properties. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2013; 29(1):132–137.
  • 21. Jun MH, Kim S, Ku B, Cho J, Kim K, Yoo HR, Kim JU. Glucose- independent segmental phase angles from multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis to discriminate diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):648.
  • 22. Choi HN, Kim KA, Kim YS, Yim JE. Independent association of phase angle with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c in Korean type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Nutr Res. 2020;9(3):205-212.
  • 23. Dittmar M, Reber H, Kahaly GJ. Bioimpedance phase angle indicates catabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015;32(9):1177-85.
  • 24. Gonzalez MC, Barbosa-Silva TG, Bielemann RM, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Phase angle and its determinants in healthy subjects: influence of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3): 712-6.
  • 25. Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Later W, Wiese S, Müller MJ. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. JPEN. Journal Of Parenteral And Enteral Nutrition. 2006; 30(4):309–316.
  • 26. Martins PC, Moraes MS, Silva DAS. How is the phase angle associated with total and regional bone mineral density in university athletes? Physiol Meas. 2021;42(8):085001.
  • 27. Martins AD, Brito JP, Batalha N, Oliveira R, Parraca JA, Fernandes O. Phase angle as a key marker of muscular and bone quality in community-dwelling independent older adults: A cross-sectional exploratory pilot study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Jun 24;9(7):e17593.
  • 28. Akamatsu Y, Kusakabe T, Arai H, Yamamoto Y, Nakao K, Ikeue K. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful indicator of muscle quality. Journal Of Cachexia, Sarcopenia And Muscle. 2022;13(1):180-189.
  • 29. Ding Y, Chang L, Zhang H, Wang S. Predictive value of phase angle in sarcopenia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Nutrition [Internet]. 2021;94:111527.
  • 30. Açıkgöz B, Zorlu İ, Ekemen A, Bayraktaroğlu T, Ayoğlu FN. Tip 2 Diyabetlilerde Metabolik Kontrol ve Komplikasyonlarla Segmental Vücut Yağ Dağılımı Arasındaki İlişki. Turk J Diab Obes. Nisan 2019;3(1):23-30.
  • 31. Gönülalan G, Saçkan F. The Importance of New Anthropometric Measurements in Detecting Cardio Metabolic Risk and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Single Center Experience. Turk J Diab Obes. Nisan 2021;5(1):25-32.

Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 277 - 285, 31.12.2025

Öz

Aim: Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is associated with cellular health, nutritional status, functional decline, and
mortality. This study evaluated its relationship with physical activity and anthropometric measures in type 2 diabetes and its potential
as a biomarker of functional status.
Material and Methods: The study recruited 125 volunteers aged 18–65 years with type 2 diabetes, fasting ≥4 h, without alcohol in the
past 24 h or vigorous activity in 24–48 h. Body composition and phase angle were measured by InBody S10 (Biospace, Seoul, Korea);
height by SECA-213 stadiometer (SECA, Hamburg, Germany); weight by Honor Scale-2; waist and mid-arm circumferences by nonelastic
tape using standard anthropometric protocols. Physical activity levels were determined using data obtained from the short-form
International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). Sex-based differences were analyzed using either the Independent Samples
t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test, according to the distributional characteristics of the data. Associations between continuous variables
were examined using Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation analyses based on data distribution. Results: Mean whole-body phase angle was 5.54 ± 0.78° and mean physical activity MET score 1121.15 ± 981.04. A significant positive
high correlation was found between MET score and phase angle (r =0.677, p<0.05). Whole-body phase angle also correlated significantly
with body weight, body fat percentage, fat mass, bone mineral content, fat-free mass, total body water, and segmental phase angles
(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Phase angle may serve as a non-invasive indicator of physical activity, anthropometry, and overall status in type 2 diabetes.
However, further studies are needed to establish disease-, age-, sex-, and BMI-specific reference standards and cut-off values

Etik Beyan

This manuscript complies with the journal’s writing guidelines, publication principles, research and publication ethics, and the journal’s ethical standards. The authors are responsible for any violations that may arise in relation to the manuscript. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Lokman Hekim University/Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 27.04.2021, with decision number 2021/053. This study was derived from the thesis entitled “Investigation of the Relationship Between Phase Angle and Diet Quality, Physical Activity, Mood, and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes” (Thesis No: 753099), submitted to the Master’s Program with Thesis in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Lokman Hekim University. The findings of this study were presented as oral presentations at the 2nd International Gazi Health Sciences Congress (15–17 December 2022, Online) and the XIV. KEPAN Congress-2025 (17–20 April 2025, Antalya).

Destekleyen Kurum

None.

Teşekkür

None.

Kaynakça

  • 1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-22.
  • 2. International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 10th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2021.
  • 3. Mori Y, Tachi T, Koizumi H, Matsumoto K, Sakurai H. Association of bio-impedance phase angle and a nutritional indicator in community-dwelling patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023;23(2):1839-44.
  • 4. Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(2):88-98.
  • 5. Bae JH, Han KD, Ko SH, Yang YS, Choi JH, Choi KM, Kwon HS, Won KC. Diabetes fact sheet in Korea 2021. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal. 2022; 46(3):417–426.
  • 6. Muramae N, Matsuda T, Inagaki S, Takahashi H, Abe K, Nakatani S, Takahashi M, Kato K, Sakaguchi K, Ogawa W. Determinants of phase angle in Japanese patients with diabetes. Diabetol Int. 2023;14(4):339-43.
  • 7. da Silva BR, Gonzalez MC, Cereda E, Prado CM. Exploring the potential role of phase angle as a marker of oxidative stress: a narrative review. Nutrition. 2022;93:111493.
  • 8. Xia XX, Li CX, Xue XX, Chen YJ, He F, Guo HR. Association between phase angle and all-cause mortality in adults aged 18–49 years: NHANES 1999–2004. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):2785.
  • 9. Owari G, Kono K, Nonaka T, Watabe Y, Nishida Y, Takemoto M, Kakuda W. Phase angle as an independent predictor of sarcopenia and glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional observational study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2025;24(1):1-7.
  • 10. Hu Y, Jin H. Association between phase angle, body mass index and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2025;13:e18815.
  • 11. Więch P, Bazaliński D, Sałacińska I, Binkowska-Bury M, Korczowski B, Mazur A, Kózka M, Dąbrowski M. Decreased bioelectrical impedance phase angle in hospitalized children and adolescents with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: a case-control study. J Clin Med. 2018;7(12):516.
  • 12. Stobäus N, Pirlich M, Valentini L, Schulzke JD, Norman K. Determinants of bioelectrical phase angle in disease. Br J Nutr. 2012;107(8):1217-20.
  • 13. Myatchin I, Abraham P, Malbrain MLNG. Bio-electrical impedance analysis in critically ill patients: are we ready for prime time? J Clin Monit Comput. 2020;34(3):401-10.
  • 14. Ayyıldız F, Köksal E. Hastalık riski, beslenme ve hidrasyon durumunun değerlendirilmesinde güncel yaklaşım: bioelektrik impedans vektör analizi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016; 25 (3):155-160.
  • 15. Jun MH, Ku B, Kim J, Kim KH, Kim JU. Mediation effect of the duration of diabetes mellitus on the decrease in bioimpedance phase angles in ethnically Korean people: a multicenter clinical study. J Diabetes Investig. 2021;12(5):790-802.
  • 16. Ahmadi MRH, Javedani M, Ghiasi B, Ghavam S. Investigation of the relationship between phase angle and micro-albuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients with a history of more than 5 years of the disease in Ilam Province, Iran. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2017;33(2):351-357.
  • 17. Unterberger S, Aschauer R, Zöhrer PA, Draxler A, Aschauer M, Kager B, Franzke B, Strasser EM, Wagner KH, Wessner B. Association of bioelectrical impedance phase angle with physical performance and nutrient intake of older adults. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1458.
  • 18. Mat S, Tan MP, Mohktar MS, Kamaruzzaman SB, Ibrahim F. Phase angle and diabetes in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional analysis from the Malaysian elders longitudinal research (MELoR) study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022;76:680-4.
  • 19. Silva-Tinoco R, Castillo-Martínez L, Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi T, De La Torre-Saldaña VA, Rosales-Rosas D, González-Cantú A, Romero-Ibarguengoitia ME, León-García E, Serna-Alvarado J. Bioimpedance phase angle and body composition parameters associated with number of diabetes-related complications. Rev Mex Endocrinol Metab Nutr. 2021;8(2):57-64.
  • 20. Buffa R, Saragat B, Succa V, Ruggiu R, Carboni L, Putzu PF, Marini E. Elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes show altered tissue electrical properties. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2013; 29(1):132–137.
  • 21. Jun MH, Kim S, Ku B, Cho J, Kim K, Yoo HR, Kim JU. Glucose- independent segmental phase angles from multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis to discriminate diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):648.
  • 22. Choi HN, Kim KA, Kim YS, Yim JE. Independent association of phase angle with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c in Korean type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Nutr Res. 2020;9(3):205-212.
  • 23. Dittmar M, Reber H, Kahaly GJ. Bioimpedance phase angle indicates catabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2015;32(9):1177-85.
  • 24. Gonzalez MC, Barbosa-Silva TG, Bielemann RM, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB. Phase angle and its determinants in healthy subjects: influence of body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3): 712-6.
  • 25. Bosy-Westphal A, Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, Later W, Wiese S, Müller MJ. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis: population reference values by age, sex, and body mass index. JPEN. Journal Of Parenteral And Enteral Nutrition. 2006; 30(4):309–316.
  • 26. Martins PC, Moraes MS, Silva DAS. How is the phase angle associated with total and regional bone mineral density in university athletes? Physiol Meas. 2021;42(8):085001.
  • 27. Martins AD, Brito JP, Batalha N, Oliveira R, Parraca JA, Fernandes O. Phase angle as a key marker of muscular and bone quality in community-dwelling independent older adults: A cross-sectional exploratory pilot study. Heliyon [Internet]. 2023 Jun 24;9(7):e17593.
  • 28. Akamatsu Y, Kusakabe T, Arai H, Yamamoto Y, Nakao K, Ikeue K. Phase angle from bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful indicator of muscle quality. Journal Of Cachexia, Sarcopenia And Muscle. 2022;13(1):180-189.
  • 29. Ding Y, Chang L, Zhang H, Wang S. Predictive value of phase angle in sarcopenia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Nutrition [Internet]. 2021;94:111527.
  • 30. Açıkgöz B, Zorlu İ, Ekemen A, Bayraktaroğlu T, Ayoğlu FN. Tip 2 Diyabetlilerde Metabolik Kontrol ve Komplikasyonlarla Segmental Vücut Yağ Dağılımı Arasındaki İlişki. Turk J Diab Obes. Nisan 2019;3(1):23-30.
  • 31. Gönülalan G, Saçkan F. The Importance of New Anthropometric Measurements in Detecting Cardio Metabolic Risk and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Single Center Experience. Turk J Diab Obes. Nisan 2021;5(1):25-32.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beslenme Bilimi, Spor ve Egzersiz Beslenmesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik (Diğer), Endokrinoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Enes Kartal 0000-0001-9015-1491

Nevin Aktaş 0000-0002-6960-7383

Mina Gülfem Kaya 0000-0002-7135-9526

Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kartal, M. E., Aktaş, N., & Kaya, M. G. (2025). Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 9(3), 277-285.
AMA Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. Aralık 2025;9(3):277-285.
Chicago Kartal, Muhammed Enes, Nevin Aktaş, ve Mina Gülfem Kaya. “Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 277-85.
EndNote Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG (01 Aralık 2025) Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9 3 277–285.
IEEE M. E. Kartal, N. Aktaş, ve M. G. Kaya, “Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes”, Turk J Diab Obes, c. 9, sy. 3, ss. 277–285, 2025.
ISNAD Kartal, Muhammed Enes vd. “Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9/3 (Aralık2025), 277-285.
JAMA Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9:277–285.
MLA Kartal, Muhammed Enes vd. “Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, c. 9, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 277-85.
Vancouver Kartal ME, Aktaş N, Kaya MG. Association of Phase Angle with Physical Activity and Anthropometric Measurements in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9(3):277-85.

Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Obezite ve Diyabet Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nin bilimsel yayım organıdır.

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