Research Article
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Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 204 - 211, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1701369

Abstract

Aim: Diabetes mellitus raises risks for the mother, fetus, and infant. Preconception care plays a vital role in reducing the likelihood
of miscarriage, congenital anomalies, and perinatal mortality. A higher level of knowledge before pregnancy is associated with better
glycemic control and reduced diabetes-related risks. This study aimed to assess the pre-pregnancy knowledge of women of reproductive
age with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to inform strategies for improved pregnancy planning and care in this high-risk group.
Material and Methods: This cross-sectional, single-center study included women with T1DM aged 18–45 years attending an endocrinology
outpatient clinic. Participants completed a structured questionnaire designed to evaluate their knowledge of preconception care.
Results: A total of 117 women with T1DM participated in the study. The mean knowledge score was 58.6%. Participants who had received
preconception care education scored significantly higher than those who had not (69.98% vs. 47.13%, p<0.001). Similarly, women with
previous pregnancy experience had higher scores compared to those without (65.19% vs. 50.19%, p<0.001). Positive correlations were
observed between knowledge scores and age (r = 0.29, p< 0.001), diabetes duration (r = 0.28, p< 0.001), marital status (r = 0.46, p<
0.001), pregnancy history (r = 0.37, p< 0.001), and prior education on the topic (r = 0.57, p< 0.001). No significant correlation was found
between education level and knowledge scores (p = 0.71).
Conclusion: This study revealed a moderate average knowledge level regarding preconception care among women with T1DM.
Prior pregnancy experience and receiving preconception care education were significantly associated with higher knowledge scores,
while general educational attainment showed no correlation. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted, diabetes-specific
educational interventions rather than relying solely on general education. Integrating structured preconception counseling into routine
diabetes care may help bridge knowledge gaps and improve pregnancy outcomes in this high-risk population.

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Scientific Research Evaluation and Ethics Committee of Ankara Etlik City Hospital, with the decision number AEŞH-BADEK-2024-751, dated 11/09/2024. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were by the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Supporting Institution

None.

References

  • 1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. International Diabetes Federation, 2021.
  • 2. Holmes VA, Young IS, Patterson CC, et al.; Diabetes and Pre-eclampsia Intervention Trial Study Group. Optimal glycemic control, pre-eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in women with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes and pre-eclampsia intervention trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1683–1688
  • 3. Guerin A, Nisenbaum R, Ray JG. Use of maternal GHb concentration to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with prepregnancy diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1920-5. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0278. Epub 2007 Apr 19. PMID: 17446531.
  • 4. Jensen DM, Korsholm L, Ovesen P, Beck-Nielsen H, Moelsted- Pedersen L, Westergaard JG, Moeller M, Damm P. Peri-conceptional A1C and risk of serious adverse pregnancy outcome in 933 women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1046-8. doi: 10.2337/dc08-2061. Epub 2009 Mar 5. PMID: 19265024; PMCID: PMC2681038.
  • 5. Ludvigsson JF, Neovius M, Söderling J, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Svensson AM, Franzén S, Stephansson O, Pasternak B. Maternal Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes and the Risk for Preterm Birth: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(10):691-701. doi: 10.7326/M18-1974. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 31009941.
  • 6. Çelik S, Taşkın Yılmaz F, Anataca G, Bülbül E. Tip 2 Diyabetli Kadınların Kontrasepsiyon Kullanım Davranışları: Bir Kamu Hastanesi Örneği. Turk J Diab Obes. 2021;5(2):165-172. doi:10.25048/tudod.889587
  • 7. Willhoite MB, Bennert HW Jr, Palomaki GE, Zaremba MM, Herman WH, Williams JR, Spear NH. The impact of preconception counseling on pregnancy outcomes. The experience of the Maine Diabetes in Pregnancy Program. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):450-5. doi: 10.2337/diacare.16.2.450. PMID: 8432216.
  • 8. Pearson DW, Kernaghan D, Lee R, Penney GC; Scottish Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group. The relationship between pre-pregnancy care and early pregnancy loss, major congenital anomaly or perinatal death in type I diabetes mellitus. BJOG. 2007;114(1):104-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01145.x. PMID: 17233865.
  • 9. Mills JL, Knopp RH, Simpson JL, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Metzger BE, Holmes LB, Aarons JH, Brown Z, Reed GF, Bieber FR, et al. Lack of relation of increased malformation rates in infants of diabetic mothers to glycemic control during organogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(11):671-6. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM198803173181104. PMID: 3344018.
  • 10. Ray JG, O’Brien TE, Chan WS. Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. QJM. 2001;94(8):435-44. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/94.8.435. PMID: 11493721.
  • 11. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S282-S294. doi: 10.2337/dc24-S015. PMID: 38078583; PMCID: PMC10725801.
  • 12. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2015 Feb. (NICE Guideline, No. 3.) (Accessed date:01.04.2025, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK293625/ )
  • 13. Varughese GI, Chowdhury SR, Warner DP, Barton DM. Preconception care of women attending adult general diabetes clinics--are we doing enough? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76(1):142-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.07.025. Epub 2006 Sep 6. PMID: 16950540.
  • 14. Diabetes and Pregnancy Group. Knowledge about preconception care in French women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2005;31(5):443-7. doi: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70214- 8. PMID: 16357787.
  • 15. Hendrieckx C, Morrison M, Audehm R, Barry A, Farrell K, Houvardas E, Nankervis A, Porter C, Scibilia R, Ross G. Women with type 1 diabetes and women with type 2 diabetes differ in knowledge and beliefs about contraception and pregnancy. Diabet Med. 2021;38(4):e14521. doi: 10.1111/dme.14521. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33434298.
  • 16. Cronbach, L.J. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1995;16:297–334. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02310555
  • 17. Egan AM, Danyliv A, Carmody L, Kirwan B, Dunne FP. A Prepregnancy Care Program for Women With Diabetes: Effective and Cost Saving. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1807- 15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4046. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PMID: 26918293.
  • 18. Newman C, Egan AM, Ahern T, et al. Diabetes care and pregnancy outcomes for women with pregestational diabetes in Ireland. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;173:108685. doi: 10.1016/j. diabres.2021.108685. Epub 2021 Feb 3. PMID: 33548336.
  • 19. Holing EV, Beyer CS, Brown ZA, Connell FA. Why don’t women with diabetes plan their pregnancies? Diabetes Care. 1998;21(6):889-95. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.6.889. PMID: 9614603.
  • 20. Platt MJ, Stanisstreet M, Casson IF, Howard CV, Walkinshaw S, Pennycook S, McKendrick O. St Vincent’s Declaration 10 years on: outcomes of diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med. 2002;19(3):216-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00665.x. PMID: 11918624.
  • 21. Gourdy P. Diabetes and oral contraception. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):67-76. doi: 10.1016/j. beem.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Dec 19. PMID: 23384747.
  • 22. Schwarz EB, Sobota M, Charron-Prochownik D. Perceived access to contraception among adolescents with diabetes: barriers to preventing pregnancy complications. Diabetes Educ. 2010 ;36(3):489-94. doi: 10.1177/0145721710365171. Epub 2010 Mar 23. PMID: 20332282.
  • 23. Shawe J, Mulnier H, Nicholls P, Lawrenson R. Use of hormonal contraceptive methods by women with diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2008;2(4):195-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 18. PMID: 19019754.
  • 24. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 762: Prepregnancy Counseling. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e78-e89. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0000000000003013. PMID: 30575679.
  • 25. Combs CA, Gunderson E, Kitzmiller JL, Gavin LA, Main EK. Relationship of fetal macrosomia to maternal postprandial glucose control during pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(10):1251-7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.10.1251. PMID: 1425084.
  • 26. Sereika SM, Becker DJ, Fischl AR, Herman WH, Diaz A, Charron- Prochownik DC. Reproductive health: adolescent intentions and their association with adult intentions and behaviors in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Diabetes. 2017;66:A220.
  • 27. Çetin Avcı S, Daşıkan Z. Prekonsepsiyonel, Gebelik ve Postpartum Döngüde Maternal Obeziteyi Önlemek. Turk J Diab Obes. 2021;5(3):358-367. doi:10.25048/tudod.927026

Tip 1 Diyabet Mellitus Tanılı Kadınlarda Gebelik Öncesi Bakım Bilgi ve Farkındalık Düzeyinin Değerlendirilmesi: Anne ve Fetüs Sağlık Sonuçlarını İyileştirmeye Yönelik Çıkarımlar

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 204 - 211, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1701369

Abstract

Amaç: Diyabetes mellitus, anne, fetüs ve yenidoğan için riskleri artırmaktadır. Gebelik öncesi bakım, düşük, konjenital anomaliler ve
perinatal mortalite olasılığını azaltmada kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Gebelikten önce edinilen daha yüksek bilgi düzeyi, daha iyi glisemik
kontrol ve diyabetle ilişkili risklerin azalması ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma, tip 1 diabetes mellitus tanılı, üreme çağındaki kadınların gebelik
öncesi bilgi düzeyini değerlendirmeyi ve bu yüksek riskli grupta gebelik planlaması ve bakımının iyileştirilmesine yönelik stratejilere
katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel ve tek merkezli olarak yürütülen bu çalışmaya, 18–45 yaş aralığında olup bir endokrinoloji polikliniğine
başvuran T1DM tanılı kadınlar dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, gebelik öncesi bakıma ilişkin bilgi düzeylerini değerlendirmeye yönelik
yapılandırılmış bir anket doldurmuştur.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 117 T1DM tanılı kadın katılmıştır. Ortalama bilgi puanı 58,6 olarak bulunmuştur. Gebelik öncesi bakım
eğitimi almış katılımcılar, almayanlara kıyasla anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek puan almıştır ( 69,98’e karşı 47,13; p<0,001). Benzer şekilde,
daha önce gebelik yaşamış kadınların puanları, gebelik yaşamamış olanlara göre daha yüksektir ( 65,19’a karşı 50,19; p<0,001). Bilgi puanları ile yaş (r = 0,29; p<0,001), diyabet süresi (r = 0,28; p<0,001), medeni durum (r = 0,46; p<0,001), gebelik öyküsü (r = 0,37;
p<0,001) ve konuya ilişkin daha önce eğitim alma (r = 0,57; p<0,001) arasında pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır. Genel eğitim düzeyi ile
bilgi puanı arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır (p = 0,71).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, T1DM tanılı kadınlar arasında gebelik öncesi bakıma ilişkin bilgi düzeyinin orta düzeyde olduğunu ortaya
koymuştur. Önceki gebelik deneyimi ve gebelik öncesi bakım eğitimi alma, bilgi düzeyinin artmasıyla anlamlı şekilde ilişkilidir; ancak
genel eğitim seviyesi bu düzey üzerinde etkili değildir. Bulgular, genel eğitim yerine diyabete özgü hedeflenmiş eğitim müdahalelerinin
önemini vurgulamaktadır. Yapılandırılmış gebelik öncesi danışmanlığın rutin diyabet bakımına entegre edilmesi, bilgi eksikliklerinin
giderilmesine ve bu yüksek riskli grupta gebelik sonuçlarının iyileştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.

Ethical Statement

Ankara Etlik Şehir Hastanesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Değerlendirme ve Etik Kurulu 11/09/24 tarihli AEŞH-BADEK-2024-751 karar numaralı onayı mevcuttur. Çalışmamız 1964 Helsinki Bildirgesi ile onun sonraki revizyonlarına ya da karşılaştırılabilir etik standartlara uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Supporting Institution

Yoktur.

References

  • 1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. International Diabetes Federation, 2021.
  • 2. Holmes VA, Young IS, Patterson CC, et al.; Diabetes and Pre-eclampsia Intervention Trial Study Group. Optimal glycemic control, pre-eclampsia, and gestational hypertension in women with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes and pre-eclampsia intervention trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1683–1688
  • 3. Guerin A, Nisenbaum R, Ray JG. Use of maternal GHb concentration to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with prepregnancy diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(7):1920-5. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0278. Epub 2007 Apr 19. PMID: 17446531.
  • 4. Jensen DM, Korsholm L, Ovesen P, Beck-Nielsen H, Moelsted- Pedersen L, Westergaard JG, Moeller M, Damm P. Peri-conceptional A1C and risk of serious adverse pregnancy outcome in 933 women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1046-8. doi: 10.2337/dc08-2061. Epub 2009 Mar 5. PMID: 19265024; PMCID: PMC2681038.
  • 5. Ludvigsson JF, Neovius M, Söderling J, Gudbjörnsdottir S, Svensson AM, Franzén S, Stephansson O, Pasternak B. Maternal Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes and the Risk for Preterm Birth: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019;170(10):691-701. doi: 10.7326/M18-1974. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 31009941.
  • 6. Çelik S, Taşkın Yılmaz F, Anataca G, Bülbül E. Tip 2 Diyabetli Kadınların Kontrasepsiyon Kullanım Davranışları: Bir Kamu Hastanesi Örneği. Turk J Diab Obes. 2021;5(2):165-172. doi:10.25048/tudod.889587
  • 7. Willhoite MB, Bennert HW Jr, Palomaki GE, Zaremba MM, Herman WH, Williams JR, Spear NH. The impact of preconception counseling on pregnancy outcomes. The experience of the Maine Diabetes in Pregnancy Program. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):450-5. doi: 10.2337/diacare.16.2.450. PMID: 8432216.
  • 8. Pearson DW, Kernaghan D, Lee R, Penney GC; Scottish Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group. The relationship between pre-pregnancy care and early pregnancy loss, major congenital anomaly or perinatal death in type I diabetes mellitus. BJOG. 2007;114(1):104-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01145.x. PMID: 17233865.
  • 9. Mills JL, Knopp RH, Simpson JL, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Metzger BE, Holmes LB, Aarons JH, Brown Z, Reed GF, Bieber FR, et al. Lack of relation of increased malformation rates in infants of diabetic mothers to glycemic control during organogenesis. N Engl J Med. 1988;318(11):671-6. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM198803173181104. PMID: 3344018.
  • 10. Ray JG, O’Brien TE, Chan WS. Preconception care and the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. QJM. 2001;94(8):435-44. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/94.8.435. PMID: 11493721.
  • 11. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 15. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1):S282-S294. doi: 10.2337/dc24-S015. PMID: 38078583; PMCID: PMC10725801.
  • 12. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Diabetes in Pregnancy: Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Preconception to the Postnatal Period. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2015 Feb. (NICE Guideline, No. 3.) (Accessed date:01.04.2025, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK293625/ )
  • 13. Varughese GI, Chowdhury SR, Warner DP, Barton DM. Preconception care of women attending adult general diabetes clinics--are we doing enough? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76(1):142-5. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.07.025. Epub 2006 Sep 6. PMID: 16950540.
  • 14. Diabetes and Pregnancy Group. Knowledge about preconception care in French women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2005;31(5):443-7. doi: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70214- 8. PMID: 16357787.
  • 15. Hendrieckx C, Morrison M, Audehm R, Barry A, Farrell K, Houvardas E, Nankervis A, Porter C, Scibilia R, Ross G. Women with type 1 diabetes and women with type 2 diabetes differ in knowledge and beliefs about contraception and pregnancy. Diabet Med. 2021;38(4):e14521. doi: 10.1111/dme.14521. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PMID: 33434298.
  • 16. Cronbach, L.J. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1995;16:297–334. https://doi. org/10.1007/BF02310555
  • 17. Egan AM, Danyliv A, Carmody L, Kirwan B, Dunne FP. A Prepregnancy Care Program for Women With Diabetes: Effective and Cost Saving. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(4):1807- 15. doi: 10.1210/jc.2015-4046. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PMID: 26918293.
  • 18. Newman C, Egan AM, Ahern T, et al. Diabetes care and pregnancy outcomes for women with pregestational diabetes in Ireland. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;173:108685. doi: 10.1016/j. diabres.2021.108685. Epub 2021 Feb 3. PMID: 33548336.
  • 19. Holing EV, Beyer CS, Brown ZA, Connell FA. Why don’t women with diabetes plan their pregnancies? Diabetes Care. 1998;21(6):889-95. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.6.889. PMID: 9614603.
  • 20. Platt MJ, Stanisstreet M, Casson IF, Howard CV, Walkinshaw S, Pennycook S, McKendrick O. St Vincent’s Declaration 10 years on: outcomes of diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med. 2002;19(3):216-20. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00665.x. PMID: 11918624.
  • 21. Gourdy P. Diabetes and oral contraception. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):67-76. doi: 10.1016/j. beem.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Dec 19. PMID: 23384747.
  • 22. Schwarz EB, Sobota M, Charron-Prochownik D. Perceived access to contraception among adolescents with diabetes: barriers to preventing pregnancy complications. Diabetes Educ. 2010 ;36(3):489-94. doi: 10.1177/0145721710365171. Epub 2010 Mar 23. PMID: 20332282.
  • 23. Shawe J, Mulnier H, Nicholls P, Lawrenson R. Use of hormonal contraceptive methods by women with diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2008;2(4):195-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2008.10.003. Epub 2008 Nov 18. PMID: 19019754.
  • 24. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 762: Prepregnancy Counseling. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(1):e78-e89. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0000000000003013. PMID: 30575679.
  • 25. Combs CA, Gunderson E, Kitzmiller JL, Gavin LA, Main EK. Relationship of fetal macrosomia to maternal postprandial glucose control during pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 1992;15(10):1251-7. doi: 10.2337/diacare.15.10.1251. PMID: 1425084.
  • 26. Sereika SM, Becker DJ, Fischl AR, Herman WH, Diaz A, Charron- Prochownik DC. Reproductive health: adolescent intentions and their association with adult intentions and behaviors in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Diabetes. 2017;66:A220.
  • 27. Çetin Avcı S, Daşıkan Z. Prekonsepsiyonel, Gebelik ve Postpartum Döngüde Maternal Obeziteyi Önlemek. Turk J Diab Obes. 2021;5(3):358-367. doi:10.25048/tudod.927026
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Endocrinology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Burçak Cavnar Helvacı 0000-0002-8356-4463

Burcu Candemir 0000-0003-1800-6235

Murat Cinel 0000-0001-9241-7900

Sema Hepşen 0000-0002-8375-7409

Şule Canlar 0000-0001-7695-9611

Murat Dağdeviren 0000-0003-4715-2557

Erman Çakal 0000-0003-4455-7276

Publication Date August 31, 2025
Submission Date May 17, 2025
Acceptance Date August 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Cavnar Helvacı, B., Candemir, B., Cinel, M., … Hepşen, S. (2025). Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 9(2), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1701369
AMA Cavnar Helvacı B, Candemir B, Cinel M, et al. Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes. Turk J Diab Obes. August 2025;9(2):204-211. doi:10.25048/tudod.1701369
Chicago Cavnar Helvacı, Burçak, Burcu Candemir, Murat Cinel, Sema Hepşen, Şule Canlar, Murat Dağdeviren, and Erman Çakal. “Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9, no. 2 (August 2025): 204-11. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1701369.
EndNote Cavnar Helvacı B, Candemir B, Cinel M, Hepşen S, Canlar Ş, Dağdeviren M, Çakal E (August 1, 2025) Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9 2 204–211.
IEEE B. Cavnar Helvacı, B. Candemir, M. Cinel, S. Hepşen, Ş. Canlar, M. Dağdeviren, and E. Çakal, “Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes”, Turk J Diab Obes, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 204–211, 2025, doi: 10.25048/tudod.1701369.
ISNAD Cavnar Helvacı, Burçak et al. “Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity 9/2 (August2025), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.1701369.
JAMA Cavnar Helvacı B, Candemir B, Cinel M, Hepşen S, Canlar Ş, Dağdeviren M, Çakal E. Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9:204–211.
MLA Cavnar Helvacı, Burçak et al. “Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes”. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 9, no. 2, 2025, pp. 204-11, doi:10.25048/tudod.1701369.
Vancouver Cavnar Helvacı B, Candemir B, Cinel M, Hepşen S, Canlar Ş, Dağdeviren M, et al. Assessing Knowledge and Awareness of Preconception Care Among Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Optimizing Maternal and Fetal Health Outcomes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2025;9(2):204-11.

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