Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights

İbrahim Bulduk; Ayşin Tokgöz; Mesut Yılmaz Karahan

doi:10.31127/tuje.1820194

Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights

Abstract

Capecitabine (CTN) is a widely used oral chemotherapeutic agent frequently detected in hospital effluents and aquatic environments, where it poses serious ecological and toxicological risks. In this study, a high surface area activated carbon derived from hemp waste-derived activated carbon waste was synthesized and evaluated for CTN removal from aqueous solutions. Under optimized conditions (adsorbent dose: 20 mg/50 mL; pH: 7.0; initial CTN concentration: 30 mg/L; contact time: 45 min; temperature: 293 K), a maximum removal efficiency of 99.12% was achieved. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo second order model (R² = 0.999; RMSE and MAE minimized), indicating that surface interactions governed the adsorption rate. Equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model (R² = 0.9999), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 167.24 mg/g, confirming monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG° = −11.05 to −15.20 kJ/mol, ΔH° = +47.12 kJ/mol, ΔS° = +197.91 J/mol·K) demonstrated that the process is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy driven, with improved adsorption at elevated temperatures. These results highlight hemp waste-derived activated carbon waste–derived activated carbon as a sustainable, low cost, and highly effective adsorbent for the removal of capecitabine from aqueous environments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmental and Sustainable Processes

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

İbrahim Bulduk
0000-0001-6172-7738
Türkiye

Ayşin Tokgöz
0009-0007-7892-5280
Türkiye

Mesut Yılmaz Karahan ^*
0000-0003-1729-161X
Türkiye

Publication Date

May 1, 2026

Submission Date

November 8, 2025

Acceptance Date

January 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1820194

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA63WD87ZJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bulduk, İ., Tokgöz, A., & Karahan, M. Y. (2026). Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights. Turkish Journal of Engineering, 10(2), 521-533. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1820194

AMA

1.Bulduk İ, Tokgöz A, Karahan MY. Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights. TUJE. 2026;10(2):521-533. doi:10.31127/tuje.1820194

Chicago

Bulduk, İbrahim, Ayşin Tokgöz, and Mesut Yılmaz Karahan. 2026. “Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 (2): 521-33. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1820194.

EndNote

Bulduk İ, Tokgöz A, Karahan MY (May 1, 2026) Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10 2 521–533.

IEEE

[1]İ. Bulduk, A. Tokgöz, and M. Y. Karahan, “Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights”, TUJE, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 521–533, May 2026, doi: 10.31127/tuje.1820194.

ISNAD

Bulduk, İbrahim - Tokgöz, Ayşin - Karahan, Mesut Yılmaz. “Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights”. Turkish Journal of Engineering 10/2 (May 1, 2026): 521-533. https://doi.org/10.31127/tuje.1820194.

JAMA

1.Bulduk İ, Tokgöz A, Karahan MY. Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights. TUJE. 2026;10:521–533.

MLA

Bulduk, İbrahim, et al. “Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights”. Turkish Journal of Engineering, vol. 10, no. 2, May 2026, pp. 521-33, doi:10.31127/tuje.1820194.

Vancouver

1.İbrahim Bulduk, Ayşin Tokgöz, Mesut Yılmaz Karahan. Hemp Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Capecitabine Removal: Kinetic and Isothermal Insights. TUJE. 2026 May 1;10(2):521-33. doi:10.31127/tuje.1820194