Karanlık Sosyal Medya ve Sosyal Medyanın Karanlık Yüzü: Kavramlar, Araştırmalar ve Stratejiler

Year 2022, , 411 - 429, 30.06.2022

İlker Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1048522

Abstract

Sosyal medya araştırmalarının pek çoğu, sosyal medyanın hem bireylere (tüketicilere) hem de şirketlere sağladığı avantajlardan bahsederken sosyal medyanın aydınlık yüzüne odaklanmaktadır. Ancak, sosyal medyanın sağladığı sayısız avantaja rağmen, sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzüne odaklanan sosyal medya araştırmalarının sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Türkçe alanyazında ise hem “karanlık sosyal medya” kavramına hem de sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzüne odaklanan çok az sayıda örnek olay araştırması ya da ampirik araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’de akademik bir boşluk söz konusudur. Bu makalenin amacı, “karanlık sosyal medya” ve sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzü ile ilgili uluslararası alanyazın taraması yapmaktır. Bu amaçla, makale, “karanlık sosyal medya”ya ilişkin kavramsal yaklaşımlara odaklanmakta ve sosyal medyanın işlevselliğine (paylaşım, mevcudiyet, sohbetler, kimlik, ilişkiler, gruplar ve itibar) dayanan kavramsal ve teorik bir çerçeveyi irdelemektedir. Makalede, sosyal medyanın karanlık yüzüne odaklanan araştırmaların bulgularına yer verilmekte ve sosyal medyanın neden olduğu tahribat gözler önüne serilmektedir. Ayrıca, makalede hem bu araştırmaların geleceğine ışık tutan önermeler hem de sosyal medyadan kaynaklanan riskleri azaltmak için geliştirilmiş stratejiler vurgulanmaktadır.

Keywords

Sosyal Medya, Karanlık Sosyal Medya, Sosyal Medyanın Karanlık Yüzü, Sosyal Medya Kullanıcıları, Sosyal Medya İçeriği

Dark Social Media and the Dark Side of Social Media: Concepts, Researches and Strategies

Abstract

Most social media research has focused on the bright side of social media, along with the advantages that social media both would bring to individuals (consumers) and companies. But although social media provides the numerous advantages, the amount of social media research focusing on the dark side of social media has gradually increased. However, there have been a few case studies or empirical studies focusing on both the concept of ‘dark social media’ and the dark side of social media in the Turkish literature. In this context, there is an academic gap in Turkey. The purpose of this article is to review international literature on ‘dark social media’ and the dark side of social media. For this purpose, the article focuses on conceptual approaches to ‘dark social media’, and examines a conceptual and theoretical framework based on functionality (sharing, presence, conversations, identity, relationships, groups and reputation) of social media. In this article, the findings of research focusing on the dark side of social media are included and the damage caused by social media is revealed. In addition, in this article, both the propositions that shed light on the future of these studies and the strategies developed to reduce the risks that stem from social media have been highlighted.

Keywords

Social Media, Dark Social Media, The Dark Side of Social Media, Social Media Users, Social Media Content

References

• Alkiviadou, N. (2019). Hate speech on social media networks: Towards a regulatory framework? Information and Communications Technology Law, 28 (1), 19-35.
• Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2), 211-236.
• Baccarella, C. V., Wagner, T. F., Kietzmann, J. H. & McCarthy, I. P. (2020). Averting the rise of the dark side of social media: The role of sensitization and regulation. European Management Journal, 38 (1), 3-6.
• Baccarella, C. V., Wagner, T. F., Kietzmann, J. H. & McCarthy, I. P. (2018). Social media? It’s serious! Understanding the dark side of social media. European Management Journal, 36 (4), 431-438.
• Bakalis, C. (2018). Rethinking cyberhate laws. Information and Communications Technology Law, 27 (1), 86-110. Barbera, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A. & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting from left to right: Is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science, 26 (10), 1531-1542.
• Bevan, J. L., Gomez, R. & Sparks, L. (2014). Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life. Computers in Human Behavior, 39, 246-253.
• Blackwell, D., Leaman, C., Tramposch, R., Osborne, C. & Liss, M. (2017). Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 69-72.
• Bridle, J. (2018). New dark age: Technology and the end of the future. New York: Verso Books.
• Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D. & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102.
• Chertoff, M. (2017). A public policy perspective of the dark web. Journal of Cyber Policy, 2 (1), 26-38.
• Demetis, D. S. (2020). Breaking bad online: A synthesis of the darker sides of social networking sites. European Management Journal, 38 (1), 33-44.
• Dwyer, R. J., Kushlev, K. & Dunn, E. W. (2018). Smartphone use undermines enjoyment of face-to-face social interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 233-239.
• Elueze, I. & Quan-Haase, A. (2018). Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults: Westin’s privacy attitude typology revisited. American Behavioral Scientist, 62 (10), 1372-1391.
• Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F. & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59 (7), 96-104.
• Fox, J. & Rooney, M. C. (2015). The dark triad and trait self-objectification as predictors of men’s use and self- presentation behaviors on social networking sites. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 161-165.
• Frischlich, L., Boberg, S. & Quandt, T. (2019). Comment sections as targets of dark participation? Journalists’ evaluation and moderation of deviant user comments. Journalism Studies, 20 (14), 2014-2033.
• Garcia, D. & Sikström, S. (2014). The dark side of Facebook: Semantic representations of status updates predict the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 92-96.
• Gehl, R. W. (2016). Power/freedom on the dark web: A digital ethnography of the dark web social network. New Media&Society, 18 (7), 1219–1235.
• He, Q., Turel, O. & Bechara, A. (2017). Brain anatomy alterations associated with social networking site (SNS) addiction. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-8.
• Honeycutt, J. M. & Sheldon, P. (2018). Scripts and communication for relationships. New York: Peter Lang. Immordino-Yang, M., Christodoulou, J. A. & Singh, V. (2012). Rest is not idleness: Implications of the brain’s default mode for human development and education. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7 (4), 352-364.
• Kietzmann, J. H., Hermkens, K., McCarthy, I. P. & Silvestre, B. S. (2011). Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Business Horizons, 54 (3), 241-251.
• Kozinets, R. V. (2020). Netnography: The essential guide to qualitative social media research. London: Sage. Kozinets, R. V., Dolbec, P. & Earley, A. (2014). Netnographic analysis: Understanding culture through social media data. Uwe Flick (Ed.). Sage Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis (ss. 262-275). London: Sage.
• Krasnova, H., Günther, O., Spiekermann, S. & Koroleva, K. (2009). Privacy concerns and identity in online social networks. Identity in the Information Society, 2 (1), 39-63.
• Kushlev, K. & Dunn, E. W. (2019). Smartphones distract parents from cultivating feelings of connection when spending time with their children. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36 (6), 1619-1639.
• Kwon, K. H., Xu, W. W. & Wellman, B. (2021). The dark social web: Responsibility, manipulation, and participation in global digital spaces. American Behavioral Scientist, 65 (5), 683-688.
• Livingstone, S., Kirwil, L., Ponte, C. & Staksrud, E. (2014). In their own words: What bothers children online? European Journal of Communication, 29 (3), 271-288.
• Levenson, J. C., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B. & Primack, B. A. (2016). The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults. Preventive Medicine, 85, 36-41.
• Longstreet, P. & Brooks, S. (2017). Life satisfaction: A key to managing internet&social media addiction. Technology in Society, 50, 73-77.
• Milani, L., Osualdella, D. & Di Blasio, P. (2009). Quality of interpersonal relationships and problematic internet use in adolescence. Cyberpsychology&Behavior, 12 (6), 681-684.
• Paramboukis, O., Skues, J. & Wise, L. (2016). An exploratory study of the relationships between narcissism, self- esteem and Instagram use. Social Networking, 5 (2), 82-92.
• Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. & Carley, K. M. (2014). Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks. Journal of Marketing Communications, 20 (1-2), 117-128.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B. & James, E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B. D. & Miller, E. (2017). Depressed adolescents’ positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 5-15.
• Rauschnabel, P. A., Kammerlander, N. & Ivens, B. S. (2016). Collaborative brand attacks in social media: Exploring the antecedents, characteristics and consequences of a new form of brand crises. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 24 (4), 381-410.
• Rost, K., Stahel, L. & Frey, B. S. (2016). Digital social norm enforcement: Online firestorms in social media. Plos One, 11 (6), 1-26.
• Royne, M. B., Rademaker, C. & Kelly, G. E. (2018). Powerful bullies and silent victims in cyber space: The darkness of social media. Angeline Close Scheinbaum (Ed.). The Dark Side of Social Media: A Consumer Psychology Perspective (ss. 57-72). New York: Routledge.
• Sands, S., Campbell, C., Ferraro, C. & Mavrommatis, A. (2020). Seeing light in the dark: Investigating the dark side of social media and user response strategies. European Management Journal, 38 (1), 45-53.
• Scheinbaum, A. C. (2018). A framework for the dark side of social media: From digital drama to digital over- engagement. Angeline Close Scheinbaum (Ed.). The Dark Side of Social Media: A Consumer Psychology Perspective (ss. 3-10). New York: Routledge.
• Scheiner, C. W., Krämer, K. & Baccarella, C. V. (2016). Cruel intentions? The role of moral awareness, moral disengagement and regulatory focus in the unethical use of social media by entrepreneurs. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 9742, 437-448.
• Sheldon, P., Antony, M. G. & Sykes, B. (2021). Predictors of problematic social media use: Personality and life- position indicators. Psychological Reports, 124 (3), 1110-1133.
• Sheldon, P., Rauschnabel, P. A. & Honeycutt, J. M. (2019). The Dark side of social media: Psychological, managerial and societal perspectives. London: Academic Press.
• Sheldon, P. & Bryant, K. (2016). Instagram: Motives for its use and relationship to narcissism and contextual age. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 89-97.
• Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Hoffman, B., Hanmer, J. & Primack, B. A. (2016). The association between social media use and eating concerns among U.S. young adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition&Dietetics, 116 (9), 1465-1472.
• Stefanone, M. A., Lackaff, D. & Rosen, D. (2011). Contingencies of self-worth and social networking site behavior. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 14 (1-2), 41-49.
• Swart, J., Peters, C. & Broersma, M. (2018). Shedding light on the dark social: The connective role of news and journalism in social media communities. New Media&Society, 20 (11), 4329-4345.
• Syed-Abdul, S., Fernandez-Luque, L., Jian, W., Li, Y., Crain, S., Hsu, M., Wang, Y., Khandregzen, D., Chuluunbaatar, E., Nguyen, P. A. & Liou, D. (2013). Misleading health-related information promoted through video-based social media: anorexia on YouTube. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15 (2), 137-149.
• Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Zafar, N. & Alrasheedy, M. (2019). Why do people share fake news? Associations between the dark side of social media use and fake news sharing behavior. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 51, 72-82.
• Turel, O. & Serenko, A. (2012). The benefits and dangers of enjoyment with social networking websites. European Journal of Information Systems, 21, 512-528.
• Ueda, M., Mori, K., Matsubayashi, T. & Sawada, Y. (2017). Tweeting celebrity suicides: Users’ reaction to prominent suicide deaths on twitter and subsequent increases in actual suicides. Social Science&Medicine, 189, 158-166.
• Vanucci, A., Flannery, K. M. & Ohannessian, C. M. (2017). Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 163-166.
• Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R. & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3 (4), 206-222.
• Zalaquett, C. P. & Chatter, S. J. (2014). Cyberbullying in college: Frequency, characteristics and practical implications. Sage Open, 4 (1), 1-8.