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Dil ve Söylem Çalışmalarına Toplumsal Cinsiyet Açısından Bakmak: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlara İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Issue: 48, 235 - 256, 26.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1627978

Abstract

Dil ve toplumsal cinsiyet araştırmalarına bakıldığında meselenin yaklaşık bir asır önce “kadın dili” odağında tartışılmaya başlandığı görülmektedir. Süreç içerisinde bu bakış açısına karşı ortaya çıkan eleştirilerin ve postmodernizm akımının etkisiyle kadın dili odak noktası olmaktan çıkmış bireylerin dili kullanma şeklinin toplumsal cinsiyet kimlikleri üzerindeki rolünün sorgulandığı bir anlayış egemen olmuştur. Toplumsal cinsiyet kimliklerinin ortaya çıkmasında söylemlerin önemli rol oynaması ise dil ve toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarını, söylem ve toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarına kaydırmış; toplumsal cinsiyetin söylemde bağlamsal olarak üretildiği vurgulanmıştır. Bugün dil ve söylemin, toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı eşitsizlik ve ayrımcılıkların sürdürülmesinde önemli rol oynadığı görülmektedir. Bu durum, akademinin çeşitli alanlarında toplumsal cinsiyet, dil ve söylem ilişkisine yönelik çalışmaların da önemli bir ivme kazanmasını sağlamıştır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışma, dil ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisini eksiklik, tahakküm, farklılık ve sosyal inşa yaklaşımları üzerinden tartışmaktadır. Böyle bir makalenin, bu alanda çalışma yapmak isteyen özellikle yeni araştırmacılara katkısının olabileceği düşüncesinden hareketle bu çalışma, alan yazına katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Aydınoğlu, N. (2015). Kadın ve dil. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 217–230. Beauvoir, S. de. (2021). İkinci cinsiyet (G. Acar Savran, Çev.). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bell, A., Sharma, D. & Britain, D. (2016). Labov in sociolinguistics: An introduction. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12199
  • Bilous, F. R. & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behaviors of same- and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8(3–4), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(88)90016-X
  • Borker, A. R. & Maltz, D. N. (1989). Anthropological perspevtives on gender and language. S. Morgen (Ed.), Gender and anthropology içinde (ss. 411–437). American Anthropological Association.
  • Bucholtz, M. (2003). Theories of discourse as theories of gender: Discourse analysis in language and gender studies. J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Ed.), The handbook of language and gender içinde (ss. 43–69). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Bucholtz, M. (1999). Bad examples: Transgression and progress in language and gender studies. M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang & L. Sutton (Ed.), Reinventing identities: The gendered self in discourse içinde (ss. 3–24). Oxford University Press.
  • Butler, J. (2011). Bodies that matter. Routledge.
  • Butler, J. (2007). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
  • Butler, J. (1988). Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.2307/3207893
  • Butler, J. (1997). Excitable speech: A politics of the performative. Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2005a). The Feminist critique of language: A reader. Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2005b). Introduction to part three. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 215–221). Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2003). Gender and language ideologies. J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff (Ed.), The handbook of language and gender içinde (ss. 447–468). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Cameron, D. (1998). Gender, language, and discourse: A review essay. Signs: Journal of Women In Culture And Society, 23(4), 945–973. https://doi.org/10.1086/495297
  • Cameron, D. (1997a). Theoretical debates in feminist linguistics: Questions of sex and gender. R. Wodak (Ed.), Gender and discourse içinde (ss. 21–36). Sage Publications.
  • Cameron, D. (1997b). Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. S. Johnson & U. H. Meinhof (Ed.), Language and masculinity içinde (ss. 47–64). Blackwell.
  • Cameron, D. (1992). Review of Tannen. Feminism and Psychology, 2(3), 465–489.
  • Chambers, I. (2019). Göç, kültür, kimlik (İ. Türkmen & M. Beşikçi, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Coates, J. (2013). Women, men and manguage. Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (2012). Gender and discourse analysis. J. P. Gee & M. Handford (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis içinde (ss. 90–103). Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (2005). Thank God I’m a woman: The construction of differing femininities. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (1996). Women talk. Blackwell.
  • Crawford, M. (2001). Gender and language. R. K. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender içinde (ss. 228–244). Wiley Publishing.
  • Durna, T. & Kubilay, Ç. (2010). Söylem kuramları ve eleştirel söylem çözümlemeleri. T. Durna (Ed.), Medyadan söylemler içinde (ss. 47–82). Libra Kitap.
  • Eckert, P. & McConnell–Ginet, S. (1994). Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as a community based practice. C. Roman, S. Juhasz & C. Miller (Ed.), The woman and language debate içinde (ss. 432–460). Rutgers University Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
  • Fishman, P. M. (2005). Conversational insecurity. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Fishman, P. M. (1983). Interaction: The work women do. B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Henley (Ed.), Language, gender, and society içinde (ss. 89–102). Newbury House.
  • Foucault, M. (2022). Bilginin arkeolojisi (V. Urhan, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Goffman, E. (1976). Gender display. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, 3, 69–77.
  • Hall, K. (2005). Lip service on the fantasy lines. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 321–358). Routledge.
  • Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge.
  • Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. Longman.
  • James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, man, and interruptions: A critical review. D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and conversational interaction içinde (ss. 231–274). Oxford University Press.
  • Jespersen, O. (2005). The woman. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 225–241). Routledge.
  • Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and women’s place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45–80.
  • Labov, W. (2010). Principles of linguistic change. Wiley–Blackwell.
  • Labov, W. (1978). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Litosseliti, L. (2006). Gender and language: Theory and practice. Routledge.
  • Lorber, J. & Farrell, S. A (1991). The social construction of gender. Sage.
  • Maltz, D. R. & Borker, R. A. (1998). A cultural approach to male–female miscommunication. J. Coates (Ed.), Language and gender: A reader içinde (ss. 196–215). Blackwell.
  • Mathieu, N. (2005). Sexual, sexed and sex–class identities: Three ways of conceptualising the relationship between sex and gender. D. Leonard & L. Adkins (Ed.), Sex in question: French materialist feminism içinde (ss. 43–72). Taylor & Francis.
  • Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society. Gower Publishing Company Limited.
  • O’Barr, W. M. & Atkins, B. K. (1998). Women’s language or powerless language. BBAenglish. https://bbaenglish.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/7-obarr-womens-language-or-powerless-language.pdf
  • Scott, J. W. (2007). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Faydalı bir tarihsel analiz kategorisi. Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Simkins–Bullock, J. A. & Wildman, B. G. (1991). An investigation into the relationships between gender and language. Sex Roles, 24, 149–160.
  • Spender, D. (1985). Man made language. Pandora.
  • Spender, D. (2005). Extracts from man made language. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Spivak, G. C. (2020). Madun konuşabilir mi? (E. Koyuncu, Çev.). Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Stoller, R. J. (1968). Sex and gender. Science House.
  • Şimşek, B. (2006). Kadınlararası konuşma sürecinde toplumsal cinsiyetin dil üzerinden sergilenmesi (Yayın no. 191442) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Talbot, M. (1998). Language and gender. Polity Press.
  • Tannen, D. (2013). Beni hiç anlamıyorsun (O. Ç. Deniztekin, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Tannen, D. (2005). The relativity of linguistic strategies: Rethinking power and solidarity in gender and dominance. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 261–279). Routledge.
  • Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. Penguin Books.
  • Uchida, A. (2005). When ‘difference’ is ‘dominance’: A critique of the ‘anti-power-based’ cultural approach to sex. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 280–292). Routledge.
  • van Dijk, T. A. (2003). Söylem ve ideoloji: Çok alanlı bir yaklaşım. B. Çoban & Z. Özarslan (Ed.), Söylem ve ideoloji: Mitoloji, din, ideoloji içinde (ss. 13–112). Su Yayınları.
  • Weatherall, A. (2002). Gender language and discourse. Routledge.
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society 1(2), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted. B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Henley (Ed.), Language, gender and society içinde (ss. 103–117). Newbury House.
  • Wodak, R. (1997). Gender and discourse. Sage.
  • Zimmerman, D. H. & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences conversation. B. Thorne & N. Henley (Ed.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance içinde (ss. 105–129). Newbury House Publishers.

Language and Discourse Studies From A Gender Perspective: An Evaluation of Theoretical Article Approaches

Year 2025, Issue: 48, 235 - 256, 26.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1627978

Abstract

Discussions surrounding the research into language and gender began around a century ago, with a distinct concern for “women’s language.” Over time, critiques of this perspective and the influence of postmodernism have shifted the focus away from women’s language to understanding and questioning the impact of language use on gender. The fact that discourse plays a vital role in the emergence of gender identities has shifted language and gender studies to focus on this aspect. It has been emphasized that gender is produced contextually in discourse. Today, it is recognized that language and discourse play an important role in perpetuating gender–based inequalities and discrimination. This recognition has led to a significant increase in studies examining the relationship between gender, language, and discourse across various academic fields. From this point of view, this study discusses the relationship between language and gender through the approaches of deficiency, dominance, difference, and social construction. This study aims to contribute to the field, motivated by the belief that such work could benefit new researchers interested in this area.

References

  • Aydınoğlu, N. (2015). Kadın ve dil. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 217–230. Beauvoir, S. de. (2021). İkinci cinsiyet (G. Acar Savran, Çev.). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bell, A., Sharma, D. & Britain, D. (2016). Labov in sociolinguistics: An introduction. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12199
  • Bilous, F. R. & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behaviors of same- and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8(3–4), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(88)90016-X
  • Borker, A. R. & Maltz, D. N. (1989). Anthropological perspevtives on gender and language. S. Morgen (Ed.), Gender and anthropology içinde (ss. 411–437). American Anthropological Association.
  • Bucholtz, M. (2003). Theories of discourse as theories of gender: Discourse analysis in language and gender studies. J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Ed.), The handbook of language and gender içinde (ss. 43–69). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Bucholtz, M. (1999). Bad examples: Transgression and progress in language and gender studies. M. Bucholtz, A.C. Liang & L. Sutton (Ed.), Reinventing identities: The gendered self in discourse içinde (ss. 3–24). Oxford University Press.
  • Butler, J. (2011). Bodies that matter. Routledge.
  • Butler, J. (2007). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.
  • Butler, J. (1988). Performative acts and gender constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. Theatre Journal, 40(4), 519–531. https://doi.org/10.2307/3207893
  • Butler, J. (1997). Excitable speech: A politics of the performative. Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2005a). The Feminist critique of language: A reader. Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2005b). Introduction to part three. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 215–221). Routledge.
  • Cameron, D. (2003). Gender and language ideologies. J. Holmes, & M. Meyerhoff (Ed.), The handbook of language and gender içinde (ss. 447–468). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Cameron, D. (1998). Gender, language, and discourse: A review essay. Signs: Journal of Women In Culture And Society, 23(4), 945–973. https://doi.org/10.1086/495297
  • Cameron, D. (1997a). Theoretical debates in feminist linguistics: Questions of sex and gender. R. Wodak (Ed.), Gender and discourse içinde (ss. 21–36). Sage Publications.
  • Cameron, D. (1997b). Performing gender identity: Young men’s talk and the construction of heterosexual masculinity. S. Johnson & U. H. Meinhof (Ed.), Language and masculinity içinde (ss. 47–64). Blackwell.
  • Cameron, D. (1992). Review of Tannen. Feminism and Psychology, 2(3), 465–489.
  • Chambers, I. (2019). Göç, kültür, kimlik (İ. Türkmen & M. Beşikçi, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Coates, J. (2013). Women, men and manguage. Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (2012). Gender and discourse analysis. J. P. Gee & M. Handford (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis içinde (ss. 90–103). Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (2005). Thank God I’m a woman: The construction of differing femininities. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Coates, J. (1996). Women talk. Blackwell.
  • Crawford, M. (2001). Gender and language. R. K. Unger (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of women and gender içinde (ss. 228–244). Wiley Publishing.
  • Durna, T. & Kubilay, Ç. (2010). Söylem kuramları ve eleştirel söylem çözümlemeleri. T. Durna (Ed.), Medyadan söylemler içinde (ss. 47–82). Libra Kitap.
  • Eckert, P. & McConnell–Ginet, S. (1994). Think practically and look locally: Language and gender as a community based practice. C. Roman, S. Juhasz & C. Miller (Ed.), The woman and language debate içinde (ss. 432–460). Rutgers University Press.
  • Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
  • Fishman, P. M. (2005). Conversational insecurity. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Fishman, P. M. (1983). Interaction: The work women do. B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Henley (Ed.), Language, gender, and society içinde (ss. 89–102). Newbury House.
  • Foucault, M. (2022). Bilginin arkeolojisi (V. Urhan, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Goffman, E. (1976). Gender display. Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, 3, 69–77.
  • Hall, K. (2005). Lip service on the fantasy lines. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 321–358). Routledge.
  • Holmes, J., & Wilson, N. (2017). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Routledge.
  • Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. Longman.
  • James, D., & Clarke, S. (1993). Women, man, and interruptions: A critical review. D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and conversational interaction içinde (ss. 231–274). Oxford University Press.
  • Jespersen, O. (2005). The woman. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 225–241). Routledge.
  • Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and women’s place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45–80.
  • Labov, W. (2010). Principles of linguistic change. Wiley–Blackwell.
  • Labov, W. (1978). Sociolinguistic patterns. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Litosseliti, L. (2006). Gender and language: Theory and practice. Routledge.
  • Lorber, J. & Farrell, S. A (1991). The social construction of gender. Sage.
  • Maltz, D. R. & Borker, R. A. (1998). A cultural approach to male–female miscommunication. J. Coates (Ed.), Language and gender: A reader içinde (ss. 196–215). Blackwell.
  • Mathieu, N. (2005). Sexual, sexed and sex–class identities: Three ways of conceptualising the relationship between sex and gender. D. Leonard & L. Adkins (Ed.), Sex in question: French materialist feminism içinde (ss. 43–72). Taylor & Francis.
  • Oakley, A. (1985). Sex, gender and society. Gower Publishing Company Limited.
  • O’Barr, W. M. & Atkins, B. K. (1998). Women’s language or powerless language. BBAenglish. https://bbaenglish.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/7-obarr-womens-language-or-powerless-language.pdf
  • Scott, J. W. (2007). Toplumsal cinsiyet: Faydalı bir tarihsel analiz kategorisi. Agora Kitaplığı.
  • Simkins–Bullock, J. A. & Wildman, B. G. (1991). An investigation into the relationships between gender and language. Sex Roles, 24, 149–160.
  • Spender, D. (1985). Man made language. Pandora.
  • Spender, D. (2005). Extracts from man made language. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 295–320). Routledge.
  • Spivak, G. C. (2020). Madun konuşabilir mi? (E. Koyuncu, Çev.). Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Stoller, R. J. (1968). Sex and gender. Science House.
  • Şimşek, B. (2006). Kadınlararası konuşma sürecinde toplumsal cinsiyetin dil üzerinden sergilenmesi (Yayın no. 191442) [Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  • Talbot, M. (1998). Language and gender. Polity Press.
  • Tannen, D. (2013). Beni hiç anlamıyorsun (O. Ç. Deniztekin, Çev.). Varlık Yayınları.
  • Tannen, D. (2005). The relativity of linguistic strategies: Rethinking power and solidarity in gender and dominance. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 261–279). Routledge.
  • Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. Penguin Books.
  • Uchida, A. (2005). When ‘difference’ is ‘dominance’: A critique of the ‘anti-power-based’ cultural approach to sex. D. Cameron (Ed.), The feminist critique of language içinde (ss. 280–292). Routledge.
  • van Dijk, T. A. (2003). Söylem ve ideoloji: Çok alanlı bir yaklaşım. B. Çoban & Z. Özarslan (Ed.), Söylem ve ideoloji: Mitoloji, din, ideoloji içinde (ss. 13–112). Su Yayınları.
  • Weatherall, A. (2002). Gender language and discourse. Routledge.
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society 1(2), 125–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243287001002002
  • West, C. & Zimmerman, D. H. (1983). Small insults: A study of interruptions in cross-sex conversations between unacquainted. B. Thorne, C. Kramarae & N. Henley (Ed.), Language, gender and society içinde (ss. 103–117). Newbury House.
  • Wodak, R. (1997). Gender and discourse. Sage.
  • Zimmerman, D. H. & West, C. (1975). Sex roles, interruptions and silences conversation. B. Thorne & N. Henley (Ed.), Language and sex: Difference and dominance içinde (ss. 105–129). Newbury House Publishers.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication Studies
Journal Section Theoretical Article
Authors

Dilek Keleş 0000-0003-1477-9951

Submission Date January 27, 2025
Acceptance Date July 23, 2025
Publication Date December 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 48

Cite

APA Keleş, D. (2025). Dil ve Söylem Çalışmalarına Toplumsal Cinsiyet Açısından Bakmak: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlara İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi(48), 235-256. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1627978

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