The Role of Digital Feedback on the Self-Esteem of Digital Natives

Year 2020, , 46 - 62, 30.06.2020

Murat Sezgin , Şakir Güler

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.593767

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The development of web technologies makes virtual platforms as an inseparable part of human life. This situation makes digital feedback highly effective on the self-esteem of individuals. For this reason, the present research explores the relationship between the self-esteem of digital natives and their feedback from digital platforms. The participants of this study include 310 high school students in Isparta, Turkey and the study adopts Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Digital Feedback Form (DFF), and Personal Information Form (PIF) in order to demonstrate the role of digital feedback on the self-esteem of digital natives. The previous studies in the literature were carried out on specific social media platforms, therefore they could not include all of the interaction opportunities. Since this research considers different types of feedback on social media, it provides a comprehensive knowledge in the field. This research demonstrates that there is a significant relation between the self-esteem levels of digital natives and the feedback that they receive in terms of “friend requests they send” and “posts they share being retweeted/reposted”. Thus, the results reveal that the self-esteem levels of adolescents vary based on the feedback that is related to the friendship requests, direct messages, reception of positive comments on posts and their tweets being retweeted/reposted.

Keywords

Self-Esteem, Social Media, Digital Feedback, Digital Natives, Adolescents

Thanks

Special thanks to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zihni Tunca and Dr. Erhan Aydın for their contributions in the academic writing process.

References

• Agosto, D. E., & Abbas, J. (2010, October). High School Seniors' Social Network and Other ICT Use Preferences and Concerns. In Proceedings of The 73rd ASIS&T Annual Meeting On Navigating Streams In An Information Ecosystem-Volume 47 (P. 65). American Society for Information Science.
• Balat, U. G. ve Akman, B. (2004). Farklı Sosyo-Ekonomik Düzeydeki Lise Öğrencilerinin Benlik Saygısı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 175-183.
• Barker, V. (2009). Older Adolescents' Motivations for Social Network Site Use: The Influence of Gender, Group Identity, and Collective Self-Esteem. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12(2), 209-213.
• Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship Quality and Social Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(1), 7-10.
• Best, P., Manktelow, R., & Taylor, B. (2014). Online Communication, Social Media and Adolescent Wellbeing: A Systematic Narrative Review. Children and Youth Services Review, 41, 27-36.
• Bishop, J. A., & Inderbitzen, H. M. (1995). Peer Acceptance and Friendship: An Investigation Of Their Relation To Self-Esteem. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 15(4), 476-489.
• Buckingham, D. (2008). “Introducing Identity." Youth, Identity, and Digital Media. Edited by David Buckingham. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 1–24. doi: 10.1162/dmal.9780262524834.001.
• Çalışır, G. (2015). Kişilerarası İletişimde Kullanılan Bir Araç Olarak Sosyal Medya: Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Öğrencilerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Humanities Sciences, 10(3), 115-144.
• Comunello, F., & Anzera, G. (2012). Will the Revolution Be Tweeted? A Conceptual Framework for Understanding The Social Media And The Arab Spring. Islam And Christian–Muslim Relations, 23(4), 453-470.
• Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986) Adölesanlarda Benlik Saygısı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Ana Bilim Dalı, Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara, 1986.
• Cvencek, D., Fryberg, S. A., Covarrubias, R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2018). Self‐concepts, Self‐Esteem, and Academic Achievement of Minority and Majority North American Elementary School Children. Child Development, 89(4), 1099-1109.
• Davidson, J., & Martellozzo, E. (2013). Exploring Young People's Use of Social Networking Sites and Digital Media In The Internet Safety Context: A Comparison of the UK and Bahrain. Information, Communication & Society, 16(9), 1456-1476.
• Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low Self-Esteem is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, And Delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
• Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and The Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(11), 631-635.
• Gasser, U., Maclay, C. M., & Palfrey, J. G. (2010). Working Towards A Deeper Understanding of Digital Safety for Children and Young People in Developing Nations. Berkman Center Research Publication, (2010-7), 10-36.
• Gonzales, A. L., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). Mirror, Mirror on My Facebook Wall: Effects of Exposure to Facebook on Self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(1-2), 79-83.
• Goodchild, M. F. (2007). Citizens as Voluntary Sensors: Spatial Data Infrastructure in the World Of Web 2.0. IJSDIR 2: 24–32.
• Gürbüz, S. (2015). Generational Differences: A Myth or Reality? The Journal of Human and Work, 2(1), 39-57.
• Helsper, E. J., & Eynon, R. (2010). Digital Natives: Where Is the Evidence? British Educational Research Journal, 36(3), 503-520.
• Herdağdelen, A., Zuo, W., Gard‐Murray, A., & Bar‐Yam, Y. (2013). An Exploration of Social Identity: The Geography and Politics of News‐Sharing Communities in Twitter. Complexity, 19(2), 10-20.
• Hu, Y., Manikonda, L., & Kambhampati, S. (2014, May). What We Instagram: A First Analysis of Instagram Photo Content and User Types. In Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
• Jackson, L. A., von Eye, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Zhao, Y., & Witt, E. A. (2010). Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, Gender, Race and Information Technology Use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 323-328.
• James, W. (1983). The Principles of Psychology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Johnson, G. M. (2011). Internet Activities and Developmental Predictors: Gender Differences Among Digital Natives. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 10(2), 64-76.
• Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of The World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
• Karabulut, B. (2015). Bilgi Toplumu Çağında Dijital Yerliler, Göçmenler ve Melezler. Pamukkale Üniversitesi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21, 11-23.
• Kaya, A., ve Saçkes, M. (2004). Benlik Saygısı Geliştirme Programının İlköğretim 8. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Benlik Saygısı Düzeylerine Etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 21, 49-56.
• Keefe, K., & Berndt, T. J. (1996). Relations of Friendship Quality to Self-Esteem in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 16(1), 110-129.
• Kennedy, G. E., Judd, T. S., Churchward, A., Gray, K., & Krause, K. L. (2008). First Year Students' Experiences with Technology: Are They Really Digital Natives? Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(1), 108-122.
• Krämer, N. C., & Winter, S. (2008). Impression Management 2.0: The Relationship of Self-Esteem, Extraversion, Self-Efficacy, And Self-Presentation Within Social Networking Sites. Journal of Media Psychology, 20(3), 106-116.
• Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Moon, J. H., & Sung, Y. (2015). Pictures Speak Louder Than Words: Motivations for Using Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, 18(9), 552-556.
• Lenhart, A., Smith, A.., Anderson, M., Duggan, M., Perrin, A. (2015). Teens, Technology and Friendships. Pew Research Center. Accessed: 01. 03. 2019 http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/08/06/teens-technology-and-friendships/.
• Mehdizadeh, S. (2010). Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 13(4), 357-364.
• Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-Esteem Research, Theory, and Practice: Toward a Positive Psychology of Self-Esteem. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
• Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., & Sedikides, C. (2003). The Genetic Bases of Optimal Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 63-65.
• Neuman, L. W. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. U.S.A: Pearson.
• O'dea, J. A., & Caputi, P. (2001). Association Between Socioeconomic Status, Weight, Age and Gender, and The Body Image and Weight Control Practices of 6-To 19-Year-Old Children and Adolescents. Health Education Research, 16(5), 521-532.
• Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social Media Effects on Young Women’s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and An Agenda for Research. Sex Roles, 71(11-12), 363-377.
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1. On the Horizon, 9(5), 1-6.Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Sage.
• Raacke, J., & Bonds-Raacke, J. (2008). Myspace And Facebook: Applying the Uses and Gratifications Theory to Exploring Friend-Networking Sites. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 169-174.
• Raboteg-Saric, Z., & Sakic, M. (2014). Relations of Parenting Styles and Friendship Quality to Self-Esteem, Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 749-765.
• Robins, K. (1992). Into The Image Culture and Politics in The Field of Vision. London: Routledge.
• Rodewalt, F. and Tragakis, M.W. (2003) Self-Esteem and Self-Regulation: Toward Optimal Studies of Self-Esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 66-70.
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and The Adolescent Self-Image. NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C. and Schoenbach, C. (1989). Self-Esteem and Adolescent Problems: Modeling Reciprocal Effects. American Sociological Review, 54, 1004-1018.
• Sagolla, D. (2009). 140 Characters a Style Guide for the Short Form. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Salmela-Aro, K., Muotka, J., Alho, K., Hakkarainen, K., & Lonka, K. (2016). School Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Digital Natives in Finland: A Person-Oriented Approach. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(6), 704-718.
• Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous Administration Of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale İn 53 Nations: Exploring The Universal And Culture-Specific Features Of Global Self-Esteem. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 89(4), 623.
• Smith, L. R., & Sanderson, J. (2015). I'm going to Instagram it! An analysis of athlete self-presentation on Instagram. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(2), 342-358.
• Tezci, E., & İçen, M. (2017). High School Students' Social Media Usage Habits. Online Submission, 8(27), 99-108.
• Thomas, J. J., & Daubman, K. A. (2001). The Relationship Between Friendship Quality and Self-Esteem in Adolescent Girls and Boys. Sex Roles, 45(1-2), 53-65.
• Tonta, Y. (2009). Digital Natives, Social Networks and the Future of Libraries. Tukish Librarianship, 23(4), 742-768.
• Tremblay, M. S., Inman, J. W., & Willms, J. D. (2000). The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement in 12-Year-Old Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(3), 312-323.
• TURKSTAT, (17.03.2019). Turkish Statistical Institute (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30567.
• Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2008). Adolescents' Identity Experiments on The Internet: Consequences for Social Competence and Self-Concept Unity. Communication Research, 35(2), 208-231.
• Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend Networking Sites and Their Relationship to Adolescents' Well-Being and Social Self-Esteem. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 584-590.
• Valkenburg, P. M., Schouten, A. P., & Peter, J. (2005). Adolescents’ Identity Experiments on The Internet. New Media & Society, 7(3), 383-402.
• Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social Comparison, Social Media, And Self-Esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206.
• Vural, Z., & Bat, M. (2010). Yeni Bir İletişim Ortamı Olarak Sosyal Medya: Ege Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Journal of Yasar University, 5(20).
• Wang, S. K., Hsu, H. Y., Campbell, T., Coster, D. C., & Longhurst, M. (2014). An Investigation of Middle School Science Teachers and Students Use of Technology Inside and Outside of Classrooms: Considering Whether Digital Natives Are More Technology Savvy Than Their Teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development, 62(6), 637-662.
• Wearesocial, (15.11.2018). Digital in 2018. https://wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018.
• Williams, D. L., Crittenden, V. L., Keo, T., & McCarty, P. (2012). The Use of Social Media: An Exploratory Study of Usage Among Digital Natives. Journal of Public Affairs, 12(2), 127-136.
• Zhou, S. X., & Leung, L. (2012). Gratification, Loneliness, Leisure Boredom, And Self-Esteem as Predictors of SNS-Game Addiction and Usage Pattern Among Chinese College Students. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 2(4), 34-48.
• Zywica, J., Danowski, J. (2008). The Faces of Facebookers: Investigating Social Enhancement and Social Compensation Hypotheses; Predicting Facebook TM and Offline Popularity from Sociability and Self-Esteem, and Mapping the Meanings of Popularity with Semantic Networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(1), 1-34.